Palamedes ( Ancient Greek : Παλαμήδης ) was a Euboean prince, son of King Nauplius in Greek mythology . He joined the rest of the Greeks in the expedition against Troy . He was associated with the invention of dice, numbers, and letters.
27-461: Kypria may refer to: Cypria (AKA Kypria ), an epic poem of ancient Greek literature Kypria festival , an annual international festival in Cyprus Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kypria . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
54-598: A Defense of Palamedes , describing the defense speech that Palamedes gave when charged with treason. Dares the Phrygian , Palamedes was illustrated as ". . .tall and slender, wise, magnanimous, and charming." Pausanias in his Description of Greece (2.20.3) says that in Argos there is a Temple of Fortune to which Palamedes dedicated the dice that he had invented; Plato in The Republic (Book 7) remarks (through
81-441: A donkey and an ox both hitched to the same plow, so the beasts of different sizes caused the plow to pull chaotically. Palamedes guessed what was happening and put Odysseus' son, Telemachus , in front of the plow. Odysseus stopped working and revealed his sanity. The ancient sources give different accounts of how Palamedes met his death. By Hyginus 's account, Odysseus never forgave Palamedes for ruining his attempt to stay out of
108-414: A meeting between them. The Achaeans next desire to return home, but are restrained by Achilles, who afterwards drives off the cattle of Aeneas, sacks neighbouring cities, and kills Troilus . Patroclus carries away Lycaon to Lemnos and sells him as a slave, and out of the spoils Achilles receives Briseis as a prize, and Agamemnon Chryseis . Then follow the death of Palamedes, the plan of Zeus to relieve
135-774: A well in search of treasure, and then was crushed by stones. Ovid discusses Palamedes' role in the Trojan War in the Metamorphoses . Palamedes' fate is described in Virgil 's Aeneid . In the Apology , Plato describes Socrates as looking forward to speaking with Palamedes after death, and intimates in the Phaedrus that Palamedes authored a work on rhetoric . Euripides and many other dramatists have written dramas about his fate. The orator Gorgias also wrote
162-579: Is a lost epic poem of ancient Greek literature , which has been attributed to Stasinus and was quite well known in classical antiquity and fixed in a received text, but which subsequently was lost to view. It was part of the Epic Cycle , which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic hexameter verse. The story of the Cypria comes chronologically at the beginning of the Epic Cycle, and
189-547: Is followed by that of the Iliad ; the composition of the two was apparently in the reverse order. The poem comprised eleven books of verse in epic dactylic hexameters . The Cypria , in the written form in which it was known in classical Greece , was probably composed in the late seventh century BCE, but there is much uncertainty. The Cyclic Poets, as the translator of Homerica Hugh G. Evelyn-White noted, "were careful not to trespass upon ground already occupied by Homer ," one of
216-638: The Aethiopis , also lost, but which even in its quoted fragments is more independent of the Iliad as text. The stories contained in the Cypria , on the other hand, were fixed much earlier than that, and the same problems of dating oral traditions associated with the Homeric epics also apply to the Cypria . Many or all of the stories in the Cypria were known to the composer(s) of the Iliad and Odyssey . The Cypria , in presupposing an acquaintance with
243-523: The Cypria' s original text, quoted by others. For the content we are almost entirely dependent on a prose summary of the Cyclic epics contained in the Chrestomathy attributed to an unknown "Proclus" (possibly to be identified with the 2nd-century AD grammarian Eutychius Proclus , or else with an otherwise unknown 5th-century grammarian). Many other passing references give further minor indications of
270-560: The Troad is repulsed by the Trojans, and Protesilaus is killed by Hector . Achilles then kills Cycnus , the son of Poseidon , and drives the Trojans back. The Greeks take up their dead and send envoys to the Trojans demanding the surrender of Helen and the treasure. The Trojans refusing, they first attempt an assault upon the city, and then lay waste the country round about. Achilles desires to see Helen, and Aphrodite and Thetis contrive
297-454: The Trojan War . When Palamedes advised the Greeks to return home, Odysseus hid gold in his tent and wrote a fake letter purportedly from Priam . Thus Palamedes was accused of treason and stoned to death by the Greeks. In Pausanias 's version, Palamedes was drowned by Odysseus and Diomedes during a fishing expedition. Still another version by Dictys Cretensis relates that he was lured into
SECTION 10
#1732772326227324-569: The Trojans by detaching Achilles from the Hellenic confederacy, and a catalogue of the Trojan allies. The Cypria was considered to be a lesser work than Homer 's two masterpieces: Aristotle criticised it for its lack of narrative cohesion and focus. It was rather a catalogue of events than a unified story. Palamedes (mythology) Palamedes's mother was either Clymene (daughter of King Catreus of Crete ), Hesione , or Philyra . He
351-405: The cattle of Idas and Lynceus , are caught and killed: Zeus gives them immortality that they share every other day. Iris informs Menelaus, who returns to plan an expedition against Ilium with his brother Agamemnon . They set out to assemble the former suitors of Helen, who had sworn an oath to defend the rights of whichever one won her hand. Nestor in a digression tells Menelaus how Epopeus
378-528: The character of Socrates ) that Palamedes claimed to have invented numbers. Hyginus claims Palamedes created eleven letters of the Greek alphabet : The Fates , Clotho , Lachesis , and Atropo , created seven Greek letters: Α Β Η Τ Ι Υ. Others say that Mercury did it from the flight of cranes which make the shape of letters when they fly. However, Palamedes the son of Nauplius invented 11 letters. The major Dutch playwright Joost van den Vondel wrote in 1625
405-475: The city's rescue and is wounded by Achilles . The fleet scattered by storm, Achilles puts in at Skyros and marries Deidameia , the daughter of Lycomedes , then heals Telephus, so that he might be their guide to Ilium. When the Achaeans have been mustered a second time at Aulis, Agamemnon is persuaded by Calchas to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia to appease the goddess Artemis and obtain safe passage for
432-406: The epic was said in one ancient tradition to have been given by Homer as a dowry to his son-in-law, a Stasinus of Cyprus mentioned in no other context; there was apparently an allusion to this in a lost Nemean ode by Pindar . Some later writers repeated the story. It did at least serve to explain why the Cypria was attributed by some to Homer and by others to Stasinus. Others, however, ascribed
459-530: The events of the Homeric poem, in the received view thus formed a kind of introduction to the Iliad though there is an overlap in events from the death of Palamedes , including the catalogue of Trojan allies. J. Marks observes that "Indeed, the junction would be seamless if the Kypria simply ended with the death of Palamedes." The title Cypria , associating the epic with Cyprus , demanded some explanation:
486-466: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kypria&oldid=932954666 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cypria The Cypria ( / ˈ s ɪ p r i . ə / ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Κύπρια Kúpria ; Latin : Cypria )
513-440: The outcome. In Lacedaemon the Trojans are entertained by the sons of Tyndareus , Castor and Pollux , and by Menelaus, who then sets sail for Crete, ordering Helen to furnish the guests with all they require. Aphrodite brings Helen and Paris together, and he takes her and her dowry back to his home of Troy with an episode at Sidon , which Paris and his men successfully storm. In the meantime Castor and Pollux, while stealing
540-552: The play Palamedes , based on the Greek myth. The play had a clear topical political connotation: the unjust killing of Palamedes stands for the execution of the statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt six years earlier, which Vondel, like others in the Dutch Republic , considered a judicial murder. In Vondel's version, responsibility for Palamedes' killing is attributed mainly to Agamemnon . The play's harsh and tyrannical Agamemnon
567-565: The poem to Hegesias (or Hegesinus) of Salamis in Cyprus or to Cyprias of Halicarnassus (see Cyclic Poets ). It is possible that the " Trojan Battle Order " (the list of Trojans and their allies, of Iliad 2.816–876, which forms an appendix to the Catalogue of Ships ) is abridged from that in the Cypria , which was known to contain in its final book a list of the Trojan allies. In current critical editions only about fifty lines survive of
SECTION 20
#1732772326227594-552: The poem's storyline. What follows embeds reports of known content of the Cypria in a retelling of the known events leading up to the anger of Achilles. The poem narrates the origins of the Trojan War and its first events. It begins with the decision of Zeus to relieve the Earth of the burden of population through war, a decision with familiar Mesopotamian parallels. The war of the Seven against Thebes ensues. The Cypria described
621-453: The reasons for dating the final, literary form of Cypria as post-Homeric, in effect a " prequel ". "The author of the Kypria already regarded the Iliad as a text. Any reading of the Kypria will show it preparing for events for (specifically) the Iliad in order to refer back to them, for instance the sale of Lycaon to Lemnos or the kitting out of Achilles with Briseis and Agamemnon with Chryseis ". A comparison can be made with
648-552: The ships, after he offends her by killing a stag. Iphigeneia is fetched as though for marriage with Achilles. Artemis, however, snatches her away, substituting a deer on the altar, and transports her to the land of the Tauri , making her immortal. Next they sail as far as Tenedos , where while they are feasting, Philoctetes is bitten by a snake and is left behind in Lemnos . Here, too, Achilles quarrels with Agamemnon. A first landing at
675-457: The wedding of Peleus and Thetis ; in the Judgement of Paris among the goddesses Athena , Hera , and Aphrodite : Paris awards the prize for beauty to Aphrodite, and as a prize is awarded Helen , wife of Menelaus . Then Paris builds his ships at Aphrodite's suggestion, and Helenus foretells the future to him, and Aphrodite orders Aeneas to sail with him, while Cassandra prophesies
702-503: Was destroyed after seducing the daughter of Lycus , the story of Oedipus , the madness of Heracles , and the story of Theseus and Ariadne . In gathering the leaders, they detect Odysseus ' feigned madness. The assembled leaders offer ill-omened sacrifice at Aulis , where the prophet Calchas warns the Greeks that the war will last ten years. They reach the city of Teuthras in Mysia and sack it in error for Ilium: Telephus comes to
729-511: Was the brother of Oeax and Nausimedon . Although he is a major character in some accounts of the Trojan War, Palamedes is not mentioned in Homer 's Iliad . After Paris took Helen to Troy, Agamemnon sent Palamedes to Ithaca to retrieve Odysseus , who had promised to defend the marriage of Helen and Menelaus . Odysseus did not want to honor his oath, so he plowed his fields with
#226773