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25-437: H2A , H-2A or H-IIA can refer to: Histone H2A , a component of DNA higher structure in eukaryotic cells H-IIA , a family of Japanese rockets. H-2A Visa , a temporary, nonimmigrant visa allowing foreign nationals entry into the U.S. for seasonal agricultural work. [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

50-528: A dimer with H2B; the core molecule is complete when H3-H4 also attaches to form a tetramer. Histone H2A is composed of non-allelic variants. The term "Histone H2A" is intentionally non-specific and refers to a variety of closely related proteins that vary often by only a few amino acids. Apart from the canonical form, notable variants include H2A.1, H2A.2, H2A.X , and H2A.Z . H2A variants can be explored using "HistoneDB with Variants" database Changes in variant composition occur in differentiating cells. This

75-509: A role in the recruitment of DNA repair proteins to DNA double strand breaks which then may be repaired by either homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining. In the DNA damage response, it is thought that ubiquitination of H2A by the BRCA1 / BARD1 heterodimer promotes homologous recombination, and that ubiquitination of H2A by RNF168 protein promotes non-homologous end joining . H2A

100-526: A shorter C-terminal domain compared to the large C-terminal found on H2A. The two C terminals are about 48% identical. H2ABbd functions with active chromosomes. Thus far, it is missing from Xi chromosomes in fibroblast cells. Lastly, it found to be associated with acetylated H4. Different functions of H2A.Z compared to H2A are correlated with genetic differences between H2A and the variant. Resistance to nucleosomes occurs in H2A.Z by binding to H1 factor. H2A.Z gene

125-468: Is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AFY gene . Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes . Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through

150-438: Is also used to transport of H2A into the nucleus so it can wrap DNA. Other functions of H2A have been seen in the histone variant H2A.Z. This variant is associated with gene activation, silencing and suppression of antisense RNA . In addition, when H2A.Z was studied in human and yeast cells, it was used to promote RNA polymerase II recruitment. Antimicrobial peptide: Histones are conserved eukaryotic cationic proteins present in

175-445: Is an essential gene in yeast and it is denoted as Htz1. Comparatively, vertebrates have two H2A.Z genes. These genes, H2A.Z1 and H2A.Z2 encode for proteins that differ from H2A.Z by three residues. At first researchers figured that these genes were redundant; however, when a mutant H2A.Z1 was created, it resulted in lethality during mammalian tests. Therefore, H2A.Z1 is an essential gene. On the other hand, researchers have not identified

200-440: Is coded by many genes in the human genome, including: H2AFB1 , H2AFB2 , H2AFB3 , H2AFJ , H2AFV , H2AFX , H2AFY , H2AFY2 , and H2AFZ . Genetic patterns among the different H2A molecules are mostly conserved among variants. The variability in gene expression exists among the regulatory machinery that manages H2A expression. Researchers studied eukaryotic evolutionary lineages of histone proteins and found diversification among

225-435: Is under current research. However, modification of H2A does occur. Serine phosphorylation sites have been identified on H2A. Threonine O -GlcNAc has also been identified on H2A. Large differences exist between the modified residues of H2A variants. For example, H2ABbd lacks modified residues that exist in H2A. The differences in modification change the function of H2ABbd compared to H2A. As previously mentioned, variant H2AX

250-399: The addition of a fold domain in its C-terminal tail. MacroH2A is expressed in the inactive X chromosome in females. H2A consists of a main globular domain, an N-terminal tail and a C-terminal tail. Both tails are the location of post-translational modification . Thus far, researchers have not identified any secondary structures that arise in the tails. H2A utilizes a protein fold known as

275-418: The cells and are involved in the antimicrobial activities. In vertebrates and invertebrates, Histone H2A variant is reported to be involved in host immune response by acting as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). H2A are α-helical molecule, amphipathic protein with hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues on opposing sides that enhances the antimicrobial activity of H2A. Site specific ubiquitination of histone H2A has

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300-493: The divergence of variants from their ancestors. The divergence of variant, H2A.X, from H2A occurred at multiple origins in a phylogenetic tree. Acquisition of the phosphorylation motif was consistent with the many origins of H2A that arose from an ancestral H2A.X. Finally, the presence of H2A.X and absence of H2A in fungi leads researchers to believe that H2A.X was the original ancestor of the histone protein H2A H2A modification

325-458: The function of H2A.Z2 variant. It is known that it is transcribed in mammals and this gene expression is conserved among mammalian species. This conservation suggests that the gene is functional. When studying H2A.Z in plants species, the protein different among residues from species to species. These differences contribute to differences in cell-cycle regulation. This phenomenon was only observed in plants. Phylogenetic trees were created to show

350-456: The interaction of a linker histone, H1 , with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. This gene encodes a member of the histone H2A family. It replaces conventional H2A histones in a subset of nucleosomes where it represses transcription and participates in stable X chromosome inactivation . Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Expression of these isoforms

375-434: The nucleosome that make the histone differ from H2A. Recent research suggests that H2AZ is incorporated into the nucleosome using a Swr1, a Swi2/Snf2- related adenosine triphosphatase. Another H2A variant that has been identified is H2AX. This variant has a C-terminal extension that is utilized for DNA repair. The method of repair this variant employs is non-homologous end joining . Direct DNA damage can induce changes to

400-460: The packaging process will affect gene expression. H2A has been correlated with DNA modification and epigenetics . H2A plays a major role in determining the overall structure of chromatin. Inadvertently, H2A has been found to regulate gene expression. DNA modification by H2A occurs in the cell nucleus . Proteins responsible for nuclear import of H2A protein are karyopherin and importin . Recent studies also show that nucleosome assembly protein 1

425-528: The regulatory genes. The greatest differences were observed in core histone gene cis-regulatory sequence motifs and associated protein factors. Variability in gene sequence was seen in bacterial, fungi, plant, and mammalian genes. One variant of H2A protein is H2ABbd ( Barr body deficient) variant. This variant is composed of a different genetic sequence compared to H2A. The variant functions with transcriptionally active domains. Other variations associated with H2ABbd are located within its C-terminus . H2ABbd has

450-668: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H2A&oldid=817321119 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Histone H2A The other histone proteins are: H1 , H2B , H3 and H4 . Histones are proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes . Histones are responsible for maintaining

475-400: The sequence variants. Experiments performed with ionizing radiation linked γ- phosphorylation of H2AX to DNA double-strand break. A large amount of chromatin is involved with each DNA double-strand break; a response to DNA damage is the formation of γ- H2AX. Lastly, MacroH2A variant is a variant that is similar to H2A; it is encoded by the H2AFY gene. This variant differs from H2A because of

500-782: The serine residue; if this phosphorylation occurs the variant becomes γH2A.X. Phosphorylation occurs due to dsDNA breaks. Modification on histone proteins can sometimes result in a change in function. Different H2A variants were exploited to have different functions, genetic sequences, and modifications. H2AFY 1U35 , 1ZR3 , 1ZR5 , 2F8N , 2FXK , 3HQH , 3HSV , 3IID , 3IIF , 3IVB , 5IIT 9555 26914 ENSG00000113648 ENSMUSG00000015937 O75367 Q9QZQ8 NM_001040158 NM_004893 NM_138609 NM_138610 NM_001159513 NM_001159514 NM_001159515 NM_012015 NP_001035248 NP_004884 NP_613075 NP_613258 NP_001152985 NP_001152986 NP_001152987 NP_036145 Core histone macro-H2A.1

525-401: The shape and structure of a nucleosome. One chromatin molecule is composed of at least one of each core histones per 100 base pairs of DNA. There are five families of histones known to date; these histones are termed H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. H2A is considered a core histone, along with H2B, H3 and H4. Core formation first occurs through the interaction of two H2A molecules. Then, H2A forms

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550-438: The ‘ histone fold ’. The histone fold is a three-helix core domain that is connected by two loops. This connection forms a ‘handshake arrangement.’ Most notably, this is termed the helix-turn-helix motif, which allows for dimerization with H2B. The ‘histone fold’ is conserved among H2A at the structural level; however the genetic sequence that encodes for this structure differs between variants. The structure of macroH2A variant

575-427: Was exposed through X-ray crystallography . The conserved domain contains a DNA binding structure and a peptidase fold. The function of this conserved domain remains unknown. Research suggests that this conserved domain may function as an anchor site for Xist DNA or it may also function as a modifying enzyme. DNA Folding: H2A is important for packaging DNA into chromatin. Since H2A packages DNA molecules into chromatin,

600-465: Was found to function in DNA repair . This function is dependent upon the phosphorylation of H2AX C-terminal. Once H2AX becomes phosphorylated, it can function in DNA repair. The H2A.X variant differs from H2A through modification. The C-terminal of H2A.X contains an additional motif compared to H2A. The motif that is added is Ser-Gln-(Glu/Asp)- (hydrophobic residue). The motif becomes heavily phosphorylated at

625-405: Was observed in differentiating neurons during synthesis and turnover; changes in variant composition were seen among the H2A.1 histone. The only variant that remained constant in the neural differentiation was variant H2A.Z. H2A.Z is a variant that exchanges with conventional H2A core protein; this variant is important for gene silencing. Physically, there are small changes on the surface area of

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