HDV is a format for recording of high-definition video on DV videocassette tape . The format was originally developed by JVC and supported by Sony , Canon , and Sharp . The four companies formed the HDV Consortium in September 2003.
114-409: Conceived as an affordable high definition format for digital camcorders , HDV quickly caught on with many amateur and professional videographers due to its low cost, portability, and image quality acceptable for many professional productions. HDV and HDV logo are trademarks of JVC and Sony. HDV video and audio are encoded in digital form, using lossy inter frame compression. Video is encoded with
228-405: A de facto standard for home video production, independent filmmaking and citizen journalism . That year, Ikegami introduced Editcam (the first tapeless video recording system). Camcorders using DVD media were popular at the turn of the 21st century due to the convenience of being able to drop a disc into the family DVD player ; however, DVD capability, due to the limitations of the format,
342-424: A CCD , or a photodiode array which may be an Active Pixel Sensor , converts light into an electrical signal. The camera lens projects an image onto the imager surface, exposing the photosensitive array to light. This light exposure is converted into an electrical charge. At the end of the timed exposure, the imager converts the accumulated charge into a continuous analog voltage at the imager's output terminals. After
456-400: A power function with a gamma 0.45 for the rest of the range. The overall OETF approximate to a pure power function with a gamma 0.50 – 0.53 (about 1/1.9 – 1/2.0). Using any pure gamma as OETF is impossible, because compression into nonlinear values will remove a lot of immediately near black shadows, and the infinite gain (slope) near zero heavily emphasizes camera noise. Thus a linear segment
570-417: A progressively scanned frame , PsF indicates progressive segmented frames , and I indicates interlaced : Per BT.709, cameras may capture in either progressive or interlaced form. Video captured as progressive can be recorded, broadcast, or streamed as progressive or as progressive segmented frame (PsF). Video captured using an interlaced mode must be distributed as interlace unless a de-interlace process
684-507: A viewfinder (usually digital), a pressure-sensitive knob for zooming at a controllable speed, LED lamp for illuminating in darkness – possibly with an option to adjust automatically, night vision which may be assisted by an infrared lamp , still photography, the ability to capture still photos while filming – usually at a higher resolution than the video, the ability to lock the OIS on far subjects while zoomed in (named "OIS Lock" by Panasonic),
798-481: A 3-step ND filter switch allowing greater control of how much light can enter the camera for maintaining a shallow depth of field or giving a softer appearance to motion. For one hour video shooting in 4K the camera needs about 32 GB to accommodate a data transfer rate of 50 Mbit/s. The camera's MSRP in the US is USD $ 2,000. In 2015, consumer UHD (3840x2160) camcorders below USD $ 1000 became available. Sony released
912-549: A 32 GB CompactFlash card is good for 144 minutes of HDV video. The HVR-DR60 can fit over two hours of high definition video, while the FireStore models with 100 GB disk drive can store almost four hours of footage. File-based recorders are invaluable for continuous recording that extends one hour. HDV is accepted for broadcast TV use with varying restrictions. Discovery Channel chose HDV handhelds for shooting Deadliest Catch despite their reduced light sensitivity and
1026-405: A 4:3 aspect ratio, and at a relatively low resolution. Scaling them up to HD resolution with a 16:9 aspect ratio presents a number of challenges. First is the potential for distracting motion artifacts due to interlaced video content. The solution is to either up-convert only to an interlaced BT.709 format at the same field rate, and scale the fields independently, or use motion processing to remove
1140-573: A Z1 camcorder, Toughbook laptop and Edius editing software to report, shoot and edit their own stories. After the station was moved to smaller cameras, it became possible for the journalists to travel in compact cars, which were 10 to 15 times cheaper than traditional large ENG vans . In February 2009 ITV News bought 68 Sony HVR-Z5E handheld camcorders for its multi-skilling journalists. The camcorders, which come with non-removable 20x lens and outfitted with CompactFlash recorders became popular among journalists who are not trained camera operators. In
1254-460: A camcorder offers inferior handling, audio and video performance, which limits its utility for extended or adverse shooting situations. The camera phone developed video capability during the early 21st century, reducing sales of low-end camcorders. DSLR cameras with high-definition video were also introduced early in the 21st century. Although they still have the handling and usability deficiencies of other multipurpose devices, HDSLR video offers
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#17327717711701368-456: A change of that segment from 709 is needed by either using parametric curve encoding of ICC v4 or by using slope limit. Rec. 709 defines an R’G’B’ encoding and a Y’C B C R encoding, each with either 8 bits or 10 bits per sample in each color channel. In the 8-bit encoding the R’ , B’ , G’ , and Y’ channels have a nominal range of [16..235], and the C B and C R channels have
1482-481: A computer where large files (for DV, 1 GB for 4 to 4.6 minutes in PAL / NTSC resolutions) can be edited , converted and recorded back to tape. The transfer is done in real time , so the transfer of a 60-minute tape requires one hour to transfer and about 13 GB of disk space for the raw footage (plus space for rendered files and other media). A tapeless camcorder is a camcorder that does not use video tape for
1596-524: A computer. Professional models include other options like Serial digital interface (SDI) or HDMI . Some tapeless camcorders are equipped with a FireWire (IEEE-1394) port to ensure compatibility with magnetic tape -based DV and HDV formats. Since the consumer market favors ease of use, portability and price, most consumer-grade camcorders emphasize handling and automation over audio and video performance. Most devices with camcorder capability are camera phones or compact digital cameras , in which video
1710-552: A current proportional to the light striking them. The current is then digitised before being electronically scanned and fed to the imager's output. The main difference between the two devices is how the scanning is done. In the CCD the diodes are sampled simultaneously, and the scan passes the digitised data from one register to the next. In CMOS devices, the diodes are sampled directly by the scanning logic. Digital video storage retains higher-quality video than analog storage, especially on
1824-631: A different, incompatible recording format. It became standard equipment for broadcast news . Sony released the first consumer camcorder in 1983, the Betamovie BMC-100P. It used a Betamax cassette and rested on the operator's shoulder, due to a design not permitting a single-handed grip. That year, JVC released the first VHS-C camcorder. Kodak announced a new camcorder format in 1984, the 8 mm video format . Sony introduced its compact 8 mm Video8 format in 1985. That year, Panasonic , RCA and Hitachi began producing camcorders using
1938-455: A full-size VHS cassette with a three-hour capacity. These shoulder-mount camcorders were used by videophiles , industrial videographers and college TV studios. Full-size Super-VHS (S-VHS) camcorders were released in 1987, providing an inexpensive way to collect news segments or other videographies . Sony upgraded Video8, releasing the Hi8 in competition with S-VHS. Digital technology emerged with
2052-807: A higher resolution than the recorded video, allowing for lossless digital zoom by cropping the area read out from the image sensor. The video player may allow for navigation between individual frames and extraction of still frames from footage to standalone pictures. Camcorders are often classified by their storage device ; VHS , VHS-C , Betamax , Video8 are examples of late 20th century videotape -based camcorders which record video in analog form . Digital video camcorder formats include Digital8 , MiniDV , DVD , hard disk drive , direct to disk recording and solid-state, semiconductor flash memory . While all these formats record video in digital form, Digital8, MiniDV, DVD and hard-disk drives have no longer been manufactured in consumer camcorders since 2006. In
2166-415: A large depth of focus, because smaller cameras were better for crew safety and they destroy several dozen cameras per series. HDV camcorders were also used for shooting MythBusters . In 2006 KRON San Francisco purchased 52 Sony HVR-Z1U HDV camcorders. According to chief engineer Craig Porter, the cameras proved reliable. The station formed a group of "video journalists" or "one-man bands", who would use
2280-807: A nominal range of [16..240] with 128 as the neutral value. So in limited range R’G’B’ reference black is (16, 16, 16) and reference white is (235, 235, 235), and in Y’C B C R reference black is (16, 128, 128) and reference white is (235, 128, 128). Values outside the nominal ranges are allowed, but typically they would be clamped for broadcast or for display (except for Superwhite and xvYCC ). Values 0 and 255 are reserved as timing references (SAV and EAV), and may not contain color data (for 8 bits, for 10 bits more values are reserved and for 12 bits even more, no values are reserved in files or RGB mode or full range YCbCr digital modes like sYCC or opYCC ). Rec. 709's 10-bit encoding uses nominal values four times those of
2394-646: A part of the standard as late as 2002 in BT.709-5. The standard is freely available at the ITU website , and that document should be used as the authoritative reference. The essentials are summarized below. Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-6 defines a common image format (CIF) where picture characteristics are independent of the frame rate. The image is 1920x1080 pixels, for a total pixel count of 2,073,600. Previous versions of BT.709 included legacy systems such as 1035i30 and 1152i25 HDTV systems. These are now obsolete, and replaced by
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#17327717711702508-495: A recording medium for DVCPRO-HD video. In 2006 Panasonic and Sony introduced AVCHD as an inexpensive, tapeless, high-definition video format. AVCHD camcorders are produced by Sony, Panasonic, Canon, JVC and Hitachi. About this time, some consumer grade camcorders with hard disk and/or memory card recording used MOD and TOD file formats, accessible by USB from a PC . In 2010, after the success of James Cameron 's 2009 3D film Avatar , full 1080p HD 3D camcorders entered
2622-566: A recording medium, such as magnetic videotape. Since the record function involves many signal-processing steps, some distortion and noise historically appeared on the stored video; playback of the stored signal did not have the exact characteristics and detail as a live video feed. All camcorders have a recorder-controlling section, allowing the user to switch the recorder into playback mode for reviewing recorded footage, and an image-control section controlling exposure, focus and color balance . The image recorded need not be limited to what appeared in
2736-475: A separate subtitle track . The former allows measuring the exact and undistorted recording time of scenes even if intermittently paused, and the latter may encompass aperture, frames' exposure duration, exposure value, and photosensitivity. On digital camcorders, the video resolution, frame rate, and/or bit rate may be adjustable between higher quality but larger file sizes and lower quality but extended recording time on remaining storage. The image sensor may have
2850-520: A separate converter. The original 1080-line HDV specification defined interlaced recording only, which is suitable for television broadcast. As users have become increasingly interested in digital cinematography and in web videos , progressive recording became a necessity. In response to this need, capability for native progressive recording has been added to the 1080i HDV specification. Progressive recording modes are optional for 1080i HDV devices, which means that not every HDV 1080i camcorder or deck
2964-475: A significant manufacturing challenge. However some camcorders, even consumer grade devices such as the JVC GZ-HD3 , introduced around 2007, are triple sensor cameras , usually CCD but could be CMOS. In this case the exact alignment of the three sensors so that the red, green and blue components of the video output are correctly aligned, is the manufacturing challenge. The recorder writes the video signal onto
3078-400: A single unit. The Sanyo Xacti HD1 was the first such unit, combining the features of a 5.1 megapixel still camera with a 720p video recorder with improved handling and utility. Canon and Sony have introduced camcorders with still-photo performance approaching that of a digicam, and Panasonic has introduced a DSLR body with video features approaching that of a camcorder. Hitachi has introduced
3192-482: A whole program. Producers wishing to use HDV were required to submit an approved postproduction path outlining their handling of the footage in the editing process. The Discovery Channel HD simulcast had fewer or no guidelines and accepted a mix of XDCAM HD, HDV and AVCHD for the length of a program. For example, Discovery Channel aired 911: The Bronx , a six-episode reality series set in a hospital and shot with HDV cameras. Several episodes of Survivorman were shot with
3306-643: Is 10–25% lower than resolution of interlaced video. In 2008 Sony released its own models capable of native progressive recording: the HVR-S270, the HVR-Z7 and the HVR-Z5. Sony stressed out that the models handle the signal entirely in progressive mode all the way from capture to encoding to recording on tape to output. Sony has designed Native Progressive Recording logo for the devices that are capable of native progressive recording and playback. In 2009 Canon released
3420-549: Is a mode for recording progressive-scan standard definition video. Such a video is sometimes called enhanced definition video ( EDTV ), but is considered high definition video in Australia. Depending on region, HDV-SD video is recorded either as 576p50 or as 480p60. Like DVCPRO Progressive , HDV-SD was meant as an intermediate format during the transition time from standard definition to high definition video. Later models of HDV 720p camcorders do not record in this mode. JVC
3534-629: Is a secondary capability. Some pocket cameras, mobile phones and camcorders are shock-, dust- and waterproof. The consumer camcorder was generally still very expensive throughout the early to mid 1990s, but prices compared to the 1980s had halved for an entry-level model and fell even further at the turn of the millennium, placing them in easier reach of basic-income consumers with the addition of available and more easy to obtain credit to spread payments. This market has followed an evolutionary path driven by miniaturization and cost reduction enabled by progress in design and manufacture. Miniaturization reduces
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3648-404: Is a standard developed by ITU-R for image encoding and signal characteristics of high-definition television . The most recent version is BT.709-6 released in 2015. BT.709-6 defines the picture characteristics as having a ( widescreen ) aspect ratio of 16:9, 1080 active lines per picture, 1920 samples per line, and a square pixel aspect ratio. The first version of the standard was approved by
3762-512: Is able to operate silently with no throttled speed, whereas cameras with protracting zoom lenses commonly throttle operation speed during video recording to minimize acoustic disturbance. Additionally, dedicated units are able to operate solely on external power with no battery inserted. Video cameras originally designed for television broadcast were large and heavy, mounted on special pedestals and wired to remote recorders in separate rooms. As technology improved, out-of-studio video recording
3876-411: Is about 1.2 and it has been deliberately designed to provide compensation for the dim surround effect. Rec. 709 and sRGB share the same primary chromaticities and white point chromaticity; however, sRGB is explicitly output (display) referred with an equivalent gamma of 2.2 (the actual function is also piecewise to avoid near black issues). Display P3 uses sRGB EOTF with its linear segment,
3990-541: Is achieved by a detachable conversion lens. Sony released a 3D camcorder, the HDR-TD10, with two lenses built in for 3D filming, and can optionally shoot 2D video. Panasonic has also released 2D camcorders with an optional 3D conversion lens. The HDC-SD90, HDC-SD900, HDC-TM900 and HDC-HS900 are sold as "3D-ready": 2D camcorders, with optional 3D capability at a later date. JVC also released a twin-lens camcorder in 2011, JVC Everio GS-TD1. In CES (January) 2014, Sony announced
4104-892: Is adjusted so that the final picture has the desired aesthetic look, as viewed on a reference monitor with a gamma of 2.4 (per ITU-R BT.1886 ) in a dim reference viewing environment (per ITU-R Rec. BT.2035 it is 10 lux of D 65 or D 93 in Japan). Rec. 709 inverse OETF describes the conversion of the non-linear electrical signal value into the linear scene luminance. It is as follows: L = { V 4.5 V < 0.081 ( V + 0.099 1.099 ) 1 0.45 V ≥ 0.081 {\displaystyle L={\begin{cases}{\dfrac {V}{4.5}}&V<0.081\\\left({\dfrac {V+0.099}{1.099}}\right)^{\frac {1}{0.45}}&V\geq 0.081\end{cases}}} The display EOTF of HDTV (sometimes referred as
4218-498: Is applied in post production. In cases where a progressive captured image is distributed in segmented frame mode, segment/field frequency must be twice the frame rate. Thus 30/PsF has the same field rate as 60/I. Note that red and blue and y G are the same as the EBU Tech 3213 (PAL) primaries while the x G is halfway between EBU Tech 3213's x G and SMPTE C 's x G (PAL and NTSC are two types of BT.601-6 ). In coverage of
4332-410: Is as follows, close to 1/1.9 – 1/2.0 pure gamma: V = { 4.500 L L < 0.018 1.099 L 0.45 − 0.099 L ≥ 0.018 {\displaystyle V={\begin{cases}4.500L&L<0.018\\1.099L^{0.45}-0.099&L\geq 0.018\end{cases}}} where Rec. 709 OETF is linear in the bottom part and then
4446-530: Is capable of recording or playing back native progressive video. Because HDV 1080i specification now includes both interlaced and progressive recording modes, in recent publications it is often called HDV 1080 or 1080-line HDV , but the official name still bears the "i" suffix. HDV camcorders capable of native 1080-line progressive video record it at rates of 23.98 frame/s (commonly referred to as "24p") and 29.97 frame/s ("30p") for 60 Hz markets, and at 25 frame/s ("25p") for 50 Hz markets. Video
4560-424: Is constant and is roughly the same as DV data rate. The relatively low video data rate can cause bit rate starvation in scenes that have much fine detail, rapid movement or other complex activity like flashing lights, and may result in visible artifacts , such as blockiness and blurring. In contrast to the video, HDV audio bitrate is relatively generous. At the coded bitrate of 384 kbit/s, MPEG-1 Layer 2 audio
4674-806: Is created for each take. The way files are named depends on capturing software. Some systems convert HDV video into proprietary intermediate format on the fly while capturing, so original format is not preserved. HDV footage can be natively edited by most non-linear editors, with real-time playback being possible on modern mainstream personal computers. Slower computers may exhibit reduced performance compared to other formats such as DV because of high resolution and interframe compression of HDV video. Editing performance can be improved by converting HDV to intermediate format prior to editing. These include various Cineform products, Edius HQ, Avid DNxHD , Apple Intermediate Codec and Apple ProRes 422 , among others. Usage of an intermediate codec adds one more generation to
HDV - Misplaced Pages Continue
4788-478: Is largely limited to consumer-level equipment targeted at people who are not likely to spend any great amount of effort video editing their video footage. Hitachi released the world's first DVD-RAM camcorder in 2000, using the more compact 8 cm MiniDVD . The Sony HDVS system, launched in 1984, allowed 1080i recording in the early 1990s. Sony later released a HD version of Betacam called HDCAM in 1997. Panasonic launched DVCPRO HD in 2000, expanding
4902-508: Is more vulnerable to wrinkles or stretches in the tape which could erase data, but tracking and error-correction code on the tape compensates for most defects. On analog media, similar damage registers as "noise" in the video, leaving a deteriorated (but watchable) video. DVDs may develop DVD rot , losing large chunks of data. An analog recording may be "usable" after its storage media deteriorates severely, but slight media degradation in digital recordings may trigger an "all or nothing" failure;
5016-508: Is much more common these days). As such, interlaced video may exhibit ghosting or combing artifacts when watched on a computer. Some HDV 1080i camcorders are capable of recording progressive video within an interlaced stream, provided that the frame rate does not exceed half of the field rate . The first HDV 1080i camcorder to implement such Progressive Scanning was the Sony HVR-V1. To preserve compatibility with interlaced equipment
5130-427: Is not a video recording format, but "an approach for delivering affordable HD products" and a common name for "bandwidth efficient professional HD models". Sony adapted HDV, originally conceived as progressive-scan format by JVC, to interlaced video. Interlaced video has been a useful compromise for decades due to its ability to display motion smoothly while reducing recording and transmission bandwidth. Interlaced video
5244-682: Is output as true progressive video via an i.LINK/FireWire port. Output through other ports is performed in interlaced mode to preserve compatibility with existing interlaced equipment. The first 1080-line HDV camcorder to offer recording in native progressive format was the Canon XL ;H1, introduced in 2006. It was followed by the XH-G1 and XH-A1 . When shooting in progressive mode, also known as Frame mode , these camcorders generate progressive video from interlaced CCD sensors. Because of row-pair summation, vertical resolution of progressive video
5358-729: Is performed via component, HDMI and FireWire in interlaced form. Progressive scan video must be properly deinterlaced to achieve full vertical resolution and to avoid interlace artifacts. 25P and 30P video must be deinterlaced with "weave" or "no deinterlacing " algorithm, which means joining two fields of each frame together into one progressive frame. This operation can be done in most editing tools simply by changing project properties from interlaced to progressive. 24P video must go through film-mode deinterlacing also known as inverse telecine , which throws out judder frames and restores original 24-frame/s progressive video. Many editing tools cannot perform film-mode deinterlacing, requiring usage of
5472-919: Is regarded as perceptually lossless . Two major versions of HDV are HDV 720p and HDV 1080i . The former is used by JVC and is informally known as HDV1 . The latter is preferred by Sony and Canon and is sometimes referred to as HDV2 . The HDV 1080i defines optional progressive recording modes, and in recent publications is sometimes called HDV 1080 or 1080-line HDV as progressive 1080-line recording becomes commonplace. HDV 720p format allows recording high definition video (HDV-HD) as well as progressive-scan standard definition video (HDV-SD). HDV-HD closely matches broadcast 720p progressive scan video standard in terms of scanning type, frame size, aspect ratio and data rate. Earlier HDV 720p camcorders could shoot only at 24, 25 and 30 frames per second. Later models offer both film-like (24p, 25p, 30p) and reality-like (50p, 60p) frame rates. HDV-SD
5586-639: Is still being used in acquisition and broadcast, but interlaced display devices are being phased out. Modern flat-panel television sets that utilize plasma and LCD technology are inherently progressive. All modern computer monitors use progressive scanning as well. Before interlaced video is displayed on a progressive-scan device it must be converted to progressive using the process known as deinterlacing . Progressive-scan television sets employ built-in deinterlacing circuits to cope with interlaced broadcast signal, but computer video players rarely have this capability (especially modern ones, since progressive video
5700-494: Is the same as DV Standard Play. Unlike DV, HDV does not offer Long Play speed. A standard MiniDV cassette provides one hour of recording. By using cassettes with longer and thinner tape it is possible to record up to 80 minutes onto one MiniDV cassette, though usage of such tape is not recommended. A large DV cassette loaded with longer tape can deliver up to 4.5 hours of recording time. Tape manufacturers also offer MiniDV cassettes specifically for HDV recording. Such cassettes have
5814-412: Is to go back to original film elements for projects that originated on film. Due to the legacy issues of international distribution, many television programs that shot on film used a traditional negative cutting process, and then had a single film master that could be telecined for different formats. These projects can re- telecine their cut negative masters to a BT.709 master at a reasonable cost, and gain
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#17327717711705928-504: Is used by bridge cameras , the camcorder has 20x optical zoom in a compact body with dual XLR audio inputs, Internal ND filters and separate control rings for focus, iris and zoom. In HD capture, the camcorder enables in-camera downscaling of the 4K image to HD to reduce noise inherent in the smaller sensor. As of January 2017, the only major manufacturer to announce new consumer camcorders at CES ( Consumer Electronic Show ) in Las Vegas
6042-404: Is used on semi-pro and high-end professional video cameras for ultrafast transfer of high-definition television (HDTV) content. Most consumer-level tapeless camcorders use MPEG-2 , MPEG-4 or its derivatives as video coding formats. They are normally capable of still-image capture to JPEG format additionally. Consumer-grade tapeless camcorders include a USB port to transfer video onto
6156-550: The CIE 1931 color space the Rec. 709 color space (and the derivative sRGB color space) is almost identical to Rec. 601 and covers 35.9%. It also covers 33.24% of CIE 1976 u’v’ and 33.5% of CIE 1931 xy. White point is D 65 as specified in 2° standard observer . Rec. 709 specifies a non-linear OETF ( opto-electrical transfer function ) which is known as the "camera gamma " and which describes how HDTV camera encodes
6270-466: The H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 compression scheme, using 8-bit chroma and luma samples with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling . Stereo audio is encoded with the MPEG-1 Layer 2 compression scheme. The compressed audio and video are multiplexed into an MPEG-2 transport stream , which is typically recorded onto magnetic tape, but can also be stored in a computer file . The data rate for both the audio and video
6384-587: The HV20 camcorder. The version for 50 Hz market featured PF25 mode with PsF-like recording, while the version for 60 Hz market had PF24 mode, which utilized 2-3 pulldown scheme. Progressive scan video recorded with the HV20 does not include flags necessary for performing automated film-mode deinterlacing, which is why most editing tools treat such video as interlaced. The HV30 , released in 2008, implemented additional PsF-like PF30 mode for 60 Hz markets. Output
6498-402: The digital recording of video productions as 20th century ones did. Tapeless camcorders record video as digital computer files onto data storage devices such as optical discs , hard disk drives and solid-state flash memory cards. Inexpensive pocket video cameras use flash memory cards , while some more expensive camcorders use solid-state drives or SSD; similar flash technology
6612-480: The linear scene light into a non-linear electrical signal value. Rec. 709 doesn't specify the display EOTF ( electro-optical transfer function ) which describes how HDTV displays should convert the non-linear electrical signal into linear displayed light, that was done in ITU-R BT.1886 . See ITU-R BT.2087 for a detailed description of the options for color conversion from Rec. 709 to Rec. 2020 . Rec. 709 OETF
6726-481: The "display gamma"), is not the inverse of the camera OETF. The EOTF is not specified in Rec. 709. It is discussed in EBU Tech 3320 and specified in ITU-R BT.1886 as an equivalent gamma of 2.4, that is deviating from it in black region depending on how deep the black is. This is a higher gamma than the approximately gamma 2.0 of Rec. 709 OETF. The resulting end-to-end system gamma ( OOTF ) of HD television system
6840-401: The 1986 Sony D1 , a device which recorded uncompressed data and required a large amount of bandwidth for its time. In 1992 Ampex introduced DCT , the first digital video format with data compression using the discrete cosine transform algorithm present in most commercial digital video formats. In 1995 Sony, JVC, Panasonic and other video-camera manufacturers launched DV , which became
6954-457: The 2000s, digital recording became the norm, and additionally tape was replaced by storage media such as mini- HDD , MiniDVD , internal flash memory and SD cards . More recent devices capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures, whereas dedicated camcorders are often equipped with more functions and interfaces than more common cameras, such as an internal optical zoom lens that
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#17327717711707068-577: The 21st century, video editing required two recorders and a desktop video workstation to control them. A typical home personal computer can hold several hours of standard-definition video, and is fast enough to edit footage without additional upgrades. Most consumer camcorders are sold with basic video editing software , so users can create their own DVDs or share edited footage online. Since 2006, nearly all camcorders sold are digital. Tape-based (MiniDV/HDV) camcorders are no longer popular, since tapeless models (with an SD card or internal SSD) cost almost
7182-545: The 8-bit encoding, to ease the conversion it uses simple padding for reference values, for example 240 is just padded by two trailing zeroes and gives 960 for 10 bit maximum chroma. Rec. 709's nominal ranges are the same as those defined in ITU Rec. 601 . Conversion between different standards of video frame rates and color encoding has always been a challenge for content producers distributing through regions with different standards and requirements. While BT.709 has eased
7296-535: The CCIR as Rec.709 in 1990 (there was also CCIR Rec. XA/11 MOD F in 1989), with the stated goal of a worldwide HDTV standard. The ITU superseded the CCIR in 1992, and subsequently released BT.709-1 in November 1993. These early versions still left many unanswered questions, and the lack of consensus toward a worldwide HDTV standard was evident. So much so, some early HDTV systems such as 1035i30 and 1152i25 were still
7410-623: The DV codec to support high definition (HD). The format was intended for professional camcorders, and used full-size DVCPRO cassettes. In 2003 Sony, JVC, Canon and Sharp introduced HDV as the first affordable HD video format, due to its use of inexpensive MiniDV cassettes . Sony introduced the XDCAM tapeless video format in 2003, introducing the Professional Disc (PFD) . Panasonic followed in 2004 with its P2 solid state memory cards as
7524-552: The DZHV 584E/EW, with 1080p resolution and a touch screen. The Flip Video was a series of tapeless camcorders introduced by Pure Digital Technologies in 2006. Slightly larger than a smartphone , the Flip Video was a basic camcorder with record, zoom, playback and browse buttons and a USB jack for uploading video. The original models recorded at a 640x480-pixel resolution; later models featured HD recording at 1280x720 pixels. The Mino
7638-506: The Edge was produced for PBS in HDV format using Canon XL-H1 camcorders. The Travel Channel HD eagerly accepts HDV footage. For example, Sony HDV camcorders were used for production of highly acclaimed Anthony Bourdain 's No Reservations program, among other cameras. Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern and its follow-up Bizarre World are shot with Sony HDV cameras as well. Madventures
7752-670: The FDRAX33, and Panasonic released the HC-WX970K and the HC-VX870. In September 2014 Panasonic announced and claimed 4K Ultra HD Camcorder HC-X1000E as the first conventional camcorder design that can capture up to 60fps at 150 Mbit/s or alternatively standard HD recording at up to 200 Mbit/s in ALL-I mode with MP4, MOV and AVCHD formats all offered depending on the resolution and frame rate. With use 1/2.3" small sensor as commonly
7866-430: The HDV format. Therefore, HDV remains a tape-based format. Various solutions for tapeless recording of HDV video that are available on the market are not covered by HDV specification. Most HDV camcorders use "small" DV cassettes also known as MiniDV cassettes. The Sony HVR-S270 shoulder-mount camcorder is capable of recording both onto "small" and "large" cassettes. Because HDV has the same data rate as DV, recording time
7980-662: The HV40 HDV camcorder. Its 60 Hz variant, carrying prominent 24p native progressive mark, became the first consumer HDV model to offer 24-frame/s native progressive recording. Like the aforementioned Sony models, the HV40 uses true progressive-scan sensor. Despite differences in branding, native progressive modes offered by Canon and Sony are fully compatible, with both companies adhering to HDV specifications for recording native 1080p video. Other HDV devices capable of reading and recording in native progressive 1080-line format include
8094-493: The HVR-V1 records and outputs video in interlaced form. 25-frame/s and 30-frame/s progressive video is recorded on tape using progressive segmented frame (PsF) technique, while 24-frame/s recording employs 2-3 pulldown . The camcorder offers two variations of 24-frame/s recording: "24" and "24A". In "24" mode the camera ensures that there are no cadence breaks for a whole tape, this mode works better for watching video directly from
8208-540: The HVR-V1, Sony was offering Cineframe , essentially an interlaced-to-progressive converter, to simulate film-like motion. The conversion process involved blending and discarding fields, so vertical resolution of the resulting video suffered. Motion, produced in the 24-frame/s variant of Cineframe was too uneven for professional use. The same or better film look effect can be achieved by converting regular interlaced video into progressive format using computer software. In 2007 Canon commoditized progressive scanning, releasing
8322-733: The Sony HVR-M15AU, HVR-25AU, HVR-M15AE, HVR-25AE and HVR-M35 HDV videocassette recorders, and the 60 Hz Canon HV20/HV30 camcorders when used in tape recorder mode. Generally, HDV devices are capable of playing and recording in DV format, though this is not required by HDV specification. Many HDV devices manufactured by Sony are capable of playing and recording in DVCAM format. 1080-line devices generally are not compatible with 720-line devices, though some standalone tape decks accept both HDV flavors. Devices that can play and record native 1080p video can play and record native 1080i video, however
8436-464: The Sony HVR-Z1U and HDR-HC3 camcorders. The Discovery Channel International used rating system that defines Gold, Silver and Bronze acquisition and delivery levels. Depending on particular camera make and model and on post-production process, HDV footage could be rated as Silver HD, Bronze HD, or widescreen SD. In particular, some users considered Canon HDV camcorders to deliver
8550-469: The TV series JAG made for CBS , handheld HDV camcorders were used for scenes where larger HD cameras would have been impractical. The BBC does not consider HDV to meet HD broadcast standards, therefore acceptability of HDV footage for HD programming is limited to 25% of the program's total duration. The Discovery HD Theater accepted content sourced from 1080-line HDV camcorders, but limited it to 15% of
8664-519: The ability to buffer footage before pressing the "record" button to avoid missing moments without having to be constantly recording (named "PRE-REC" by Panasonic), the ability to keep the lens cover open for few minutes into stand-by mode for rapid restarting, internal storage for recording when the inserted memory card's space is exhausted, autofocus able to track objects, and optional visual effects during video recording and playback. Metadata such as date/time and technical parameters may be stored in
8778-409: The benefit of the full resolution of film. On the other hand for projects that originated on film, but completed their online master using video online methods would need to re-telecine the individual needed film takes and then re-assemble, a significantly greater amount of labor and machine time is required in this case, versus a telecine for a conformed negative. In this case, to enjoy the benefits of
8892-536: The best-looking image with the least amount of compression artifacts among the models having 25 Mbit/s MPEG-2 HD codec. The PBS accepts HDV for widescreen programming acquisition and to a limited extent for use in HD programs. PBS may allow usage of "less than full broadcast quality equipment" if compression artifacts are "not obvious when viewed on an HDTV monitor". For example, the Art Wolfe 's TV series Travels to
9006-452: The camera and for adding "film look" to interlaced video. In the "24A" mode the camera starts every clip on an A frame with timecode set to an even second margin and records the 2-3 pull-down identification data in the HDV stream, so that compatible NLE software knows when to remove the 2-3 pull-down cadences. Several editing tools, including Sony's own Vegas , are capable of processing 24A video as proper 24 frame/s progressive video. Prior to
9120-553: The compatibility issue in terms of the consumer and television set manufacturer, broadcast facilities still use a particular frame rate based on region, such as 29.97 in North America, or 25 in Europe meaning that broadcast content still requires at least frame rate conversion. The vast legacy library of standard-definition programs and content presents further challenges. NTSC , PAL , and SECAM are all interlaced formats in
9234-554: The consumer market emphasizes user control and advanced shooting modes. More-expensive consumer camcorders offer manual exposure control, HDMI output and external audio input, progressive-scan frame rates (24fps, 25fps, 30fps) and higher-quality lenses than basic models. To maximize low-light capability, color reproduction and frame resolution, multi-CCD/CMOS camcorders mimic the 3-element imager design of professional equipment. Field tests have shown that most consumer camcorders (regardless of price) produce noisy video in low light. Before
9348-541: The conversion is complete, the photosites reset to start the exposure of the next video frame. In many cases the photosites (per pixel ) are actually reset globally by charging to a fixed voltage, and discharged towards zero individually proportionally to the accumulated light, because it is simpler to manufacture the sensor that way. Most camcorders use a single imaging sensor with integrated colour filters, per pixel, to enable red, green and blue to be sensed, each on their own set of pixels. The individual pixel filters present
9462-836: The digital recording will be unplayable without extensive restoration. Older digital camcorders record video onto tape digitally, microdrives , hard drives, and small DVD-RAM or DVD-Rs . Newer machines since 2006 record video onto flash memory devices and internal solid-state drives in MPEG-1 , MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 format. Because these codecs use inter-frame compression, frame-specific editing requires frame regeneration, additional processing and may lose picture information. Codecs storing each frame individually, easing frame-specific scene editing, are common in professional use. Other digital consumer camcorders record in DV or HDV format on tape, transferring content over FireWire or USB 2.0 to
9576-461: The earliest analog camcorders the imaging device is vacuum-tube technology, in which the charge of a light-sensitive target was directly proportional to the amount of light striking it; the Vidicon is an example of such an imaging tube. Newer analog, and digital camcorders use a solid-state charge-coupled imaging device (CCD) or a CMOS imager . Both are analog detectors, using photodiodes to pass
9690-526: The early-evening news, since it was no longer necessary to develop film. In 1983, Sony released the first camcorder, the Betacam system, for professional use. A key component was a single camera-recorder unit, eliminating a cable between the camera and recorder and increasing the camera operator's freedom. The Betacam used the same cassette format (0.5 inches or 1.3 centimetres tape) as the Betamax, but with
9804-466: The electrical signal to video, encoding it in a storable form. The lens and imager comprise the "camera" section. The lens is the first component of the light path. Camcorder optics generally have one or more of the following controls: In consumer units these adjustments are often automatically controlled by the camcorder, but can be adjusted manually if desired. Professional-grade units offer user control of all major optical functions. The imager, often
9918-566: The entire 4:3 image by leaving black borders on the left and right. Sometimes this black is filled with a stretched and blurred form of the image. In addition, the SMPTE C RGB primaries used in North American standard definition are different than those of BT.709 (SMPTE C is commonly referred to as NTSC, however it is a different set of primaries and a different white point than the 1953 NTSC ). The red and blue primaries for PAL and SECAM are
10032-405: The film original would entail much higher costs to conform the film originals to a new HD master. sRGB was created after the early development of Rec.709. The creators of sRGB chose to use the same primaries and white point as Rec.709, but changed the tone response curve (sometimes referred to as gamma ) to better suit the intended use in offices and brighter conditions than television viewing in
10146-528: The first consumer/low-end professional (" prosumer ") camcorder Sony FDR-AX100 with a 1" 20.9MP sensor able to shoot 4K video in 3840x2160 pixels 30fps or 24fps in the XAVC-S format; in standard HD the camcorder can also deliver 60fps. When using the traditional format AVCHD, the camcorder supports 5.1 surround sound from its built-in microphone, this is however not supported in the XAVC-S format. The camera also has
10260-706: The imager's ability to gather light; designers have balanced improvements in sensor sensitivity with size reduction, shrinking the camera imager and optics while maintaining relatively noise-free video in daylight. Indoor or dim-light shooting is generally quiet, and in such conditions artificial lighting is recommended. Mechanical controls cannot shrink below a certain size, and manual camera operation has given way to camera-controlled automation for every shooting parameter (including focus, aperture, shutter speed and color balance). The few models with manual override are menu-driven. Outputs include USB 2.0, Composite and S-Video and IEEE 1394/FireWire (for MiniDV models). The high end of
10374-519: The inter-field motion and deinterlace , creating progressive frames. In the latter case, motion processing can introduce artifacts and can be slow to process. Second is the issue of accommodating the SD 4:3 aspect ratio into the HD 16:9 frame. Cropping the top and/or bottom of the standard-definition frame may or may not work, depending on if the composition allows it and if there are graphics or titles that would be cut off. Alternately, pillar-boxing can show
10488-535: The long- GOP nature of HDV video. Camcorder A camcorder is a self-contained portable electronic device with video and recording as its primary function. It is typically equipped with an articulating screen mounted on the left side, a belt to facilitate holding on the right side, hot-swappable battery facing towards the user, hot-swappable recording media, and an internally contained quiet optical zoom lens. The earliest camcorders were tape-based, recording analog signals onto videotape cassettes. In
10602-487: The market for traditional camcorders as more and more consumers prefer to record video with their 4K-capable smartphones , DSLRs , and action cameras from GoPro , Xiaomi , Sony, Nikon , and many others. Camcorders have three major components: lens, imager and recorder. The lens gathers light, focusing it on the imager. The imager (usually a CCD or CMOS sensor ; earlier models used vidicon tubes) converts incident light into an electrical signal. The recorder converts
10716-498: The market. With the proliferation of file -based digital formats, the relationship between recording media and recording format has declined; video can be recorded onto different media. With tapeless formats, recording media are storage for digital files. In 2011 Panasonic, Sony, and JVC released consumer-grade camcorders capable of filming in 3D . Panasonic released the HDC-SDT750. It is a 2D camcorder which can shoot in HD; 3D
10830-538: The opposite is not always the case. HDV camcorders are usually offered with either 50 Hz or 60 Hz scanning rate depending on a region. Some models, like Canon XH-A1/G1 and third-generation Sony models such as HVR-S270, HVR-Z5 and HVR-Z7, can be made switchable for "world" capability. Some JVC ProHD products like the GY-HD200UB and GY-HD250U are world-capable out of the box. HDV is closely related to XDCAM and to TOD families of recording formats, which use
10944-608: The prosumer and strictly consumer levels. MiniDV storage allows full-resolution video (720x576 for PAL , 720x480 for NTSC ), unlike analog consumer-video standards. Digital video does not experience colour bleeding , jitter, or fade. Unlike analog formats, digital formats do not experience generation loss during dubbing ; however, they are more prone to complete loss. Although digital information can theoretically be stored indefinitely without deterioration, some digital formats (like MiniDV) place tracks only about 10 micrometers apart (compared with 19–58 μm for VHS). A digital recording
11058-404: The same Metal Evaporate (ME) formulation as normal DV cassettes, but are claimed to have reduced drop-out rate compared to standard DV cassettes. Usage of such cassettes is not required by HDV specification. Since HDV was introduced, tapeless — or file-based — video recording formats such as DVCPRO P2 , XDCAM and AVCHD have gained broad acceptance. The trend towards tapeless workflow
11172-699: The same as BT.709, with a change in the green primary. Converting the image precisely requires a LUT (lookup table) or a color managed workflow to convert the colors to the new colorspace. However in practice this is often ignored, except in mpv, because even if the player is color managed (most of them are not, including VLC), it can see BT.709 or BT.2020 primaries only. When encoding Y’C B C R video, BT.709 creates gamma-encoded luma ( Y’ ) using matrix coefficients 0.2126, 0.7152, and 0.0722 (together they add to 1). BT.709-1 used slightly different 0.2125, 0.7154, 0.0721 (changed to standard ones in BT.709-2). Although worldwide agreement on a single R’G’B’ system
11286-802: The same but offer greater convenience; video captured on an SD card can be transferred to a computer faster than digital tape. None of the consumer-class camcorders announced at the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show recorded on tape. Video-capture capability is not confined to camcorders. Cellphones , digital single-lens reflex and compact digicams , laptops and personal media players offer video-capture capability, but most multipurpose devices offer less video-capture functionality than an equivalent camcorder. Most lack manual adjustments, audio input, autofocus and zoom. Few capture in standard TV-video formats (480p60, 720p60, 1080i30), recording in either non-TV resolutions (320x240, 640x480) or slower frame rates (15 or 30 fps). A multipurpose device used as
11400-756: The same image quality as if video were recorded on tape. JVC offers two FireStore recorders made by Focus Enhancements: the HDD-based DR-HD100 and MR-HD100 on-camera recorders; it also offers the SxS -based KA-MR100G recorder. Canon offers Focus Enhancements FS-CF and FS-CF Pro models, which record onto CompactFlash memory cards. Sony offers the HDD-based HVR-DR60 and the CompactFlash-based HVR-MRC1K recorders. Recording time depends on capacity of media used. In particular,
11514-435: The same video encoding — MPEG-2. In particular, HDV 720p is equivalent to 19 Mbit/s XDCAM EX recording mode used in tapeless JVC ProHD camcorders, while HDV 1080i is equivalent to 25 Mbit/s XDCAM HD recording mode and to 1440CBR TOD recording mode. The HDV Consortium allows using the HDV trademarks only for products that incorporate a tape drive that can record and play video cassette compliant to
11628-551: The shallow depth-of-field and interchangeable lenses lacking in consumer camcorders. Professional video cameras with these capabilities are more expensive than the most expensive video-capable DSLR. In video applications where the DSLR's operational deficiencies can be mitigated, DSLRs such as the Canon 5D Mark II provide depth-of-field and optical-perspective control. Combo-cameras combine full-feature still cameras and camcorders in
11742-401: The show was canceled in 2009. Because HDV video is recorded in digital form, original content can be copied onto another tape or captured to a computer for editing without quality degradation. Depending on capturing software and computer's file system, either a whole tape is captured into one contiguous file, or the video is split in smaller 4 GB or 2 GB segments, or a separate file
11856-423: The system defined in the 2015 ITU BT.709-6. BT.709 offers over a variety of frame rates and scanning schemes, which along with separating the picture size from frame rate has provided the flexibility for BT.709 to become the worldwide standard for HDTV. This allows manufacturers to create a single television set or display for all markets world-wide. BT.709-6 specifies the following frame rates, where P indicates
11970-456: The video, potentially degrading its quality. On another hand, an intermediate codec can reduce blockiness and fix other issues in the original video, like interlaced chroma in progressive recordings. Depending on the non-linear editing system (NLE), it is possible to minimize generation losses by editing native HDV video using straight cuts only, with no effects, and rendering back to HDV. Up to 15 frames per each cut may be re-encoded because of
12084-519: The viewfinder. For documenting events (as in law enforcement), the field of view overlays the time and date of the recording along the top and bottom of the image. The police car or constable badge number to which the recorder was given, the car's speed at the time of recording, compass direction and geographical coordinates may also be seen. Dedicated camcorders are usually equipped with optical image stabilization , optical zoom , stereo microphone, and touch screen. Additional possible features include
12198-473: Was Canon with its entry-level HD models. Panasonic only announced details regarding their Mirrorless Micro Four Thirds Digital Camera called the LUMIX GH5, capable of shooting 4K in 60p. This is the first time in decades that Panasonic and Sony have not announced new traditional camcorders at CES, and instead carried over 2016's models, such as Sony's FDR-AX53. This is due to there being far less demand in
12312-558: Was a smaller Flip Video, with the same features as the standard model. The Mino was the smallest of all camcorders, slightly wider than a MiniDV cassette and smaller than most smartphones on the market. In fact the Mino was small enough to fit inside the shell of a VHS cassette. Later HD models featured larger screens. In 2011, the Flip Video (more recently manufactured by Cisco) was discontinued. Rec. 709#Frame rate Rec. 709 , also known as Rec.709 , BT.709 , and ITU 709 ,
12426-477: Was accelerated with increased capacity and reduced cost of non-linear media like hard disk drives (HDD), optical discs and solid-state memory. Recognizing the need for faster workflow, JVC, Sony and other manufacturers offer on-camera recording units, which convert an HDV camcorder into a hybrid system capable of recording both onto tape and onto file-based media. These recorders connect to a camcorder via FireWire and do not recompress HDV video, offering exactly
12540-450: Was achieved with Rec. 709, adoption of different luma coefficients (as those are derived from primaries and white point ) for Y’C B C R requires the use of different luma-chroma decoding for standard definition and high definition. These problems can be handled with video processing software which can be slow, or hardware solutions which allow for realtime conversion, and often with quality improvements. A more ideal solution
12654-441: Was invented and a gamma of 0.45 has been used for the power segment. Old CRTs had a EOTF of around 2.35 pure gamma and thus the corresponding correction of 709 OETF to get EOTF linear image (if the 1.2 end-to-end gamma is assumed) was a pure gamma of 1.2 / 2.35 = 0.51 = 1/1.9608. It was used in such way by Apple until Display P3 devices came into existence. In typical production practice the encoding function of image sources (OETF)
12768-474: Was possible with compact video cameras and portable video recorders ; a detachable recording unit could be carried to a shooting location. Although the camera itself was compact, the need for a separate recorder made on-location shooting a two-person job. Specialized videocassette recorders were introduced by JVC ( VHS ) and Sony ( U-matic , with Betamax ) releasing a model for mobile work. Portable recorders meant that recorded video footage could be aired on
12882-591: Was shot with the Sony EX1 XDCAM EX camera paired with the Sony HVR-A1U HDV camcorder. Current TV used Sony HDV camcorders to shoot episodes for Vanguard TV series. Guiding Light , the longest-running soap opera in production in television and radio history, broke away from traditional three-sided sets and pedestal-style cameras in 2008, choosing the handheld Canon XH-G1 in standard definition mode for shooting on practical locations until
12996-408: Was the only manufacturer of HDV 720p camcorders. JVC was the first to release an HDV camcorder, the handheld GR-HD1. Later JVC shifted its HDV development to shoulder-mounted cameras. A common misconception is that JVC developed a proprietary extension to HDV called ProHD , featuring film-like 24-frame/s progressive recording mode and LPCM audio, for professional use. JVC has clarified that ProHD
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