Misplaced Pages

#473526

61-413: HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe was the first rocket and spacecraft combination built by Copenhagen Suborbitals , a Danish organization attempting to perform the first amateur suborbital human spaceflight . The vehicle consisted of a motor named HEAT-1X and a spacecraft Tycho Brahe . Its launch location was a floating platform named Sputnik . The rocket was test launched twice: In 2010 a power shortage caused

122-441: A 5 kN motor is estimated to be 475 m/s, which is 1710 km/h. The project has provided a unique opportunity for the new members to gain hands-on experience, not only with the fundamental aspects of rocket design but also equipping them with the ability to tackle the various challenges that arise during rocket projects. As of 2024, the rocket is set for static testing in early 2025. The micro space craft (MSC), named Tycho Brahe after

183-475: A Naval Home Guard vessel that serves as mission control and recovery vessel. The second launch attempt was more successful and the maiden flight took place 3 June 2011, at 16:32 local time (CEST) (14:32 GMT). The HEAT-1X rocket lifted off, but was only able to ascend to an altitude of only 2.8 km. Mission Control had to shut the engine off early after 21 seconds. The SMARAGD rocket ( emerald in Danish )

244-477: A bonus. On Tuesday, 31 August 2010, the privately built Danish submarine UC3 Nautilus pushed the launch platform Sputnik carrying the rocket and spacecraft from Copenhagen towards the launch area near Nexø , Bornholm . A launch attempt was made on Sunday, 5 September 2010, 14:43 CEST , but the motor could not be started due to a failure of the LOX valve which is assumed to be caused by insufficient heating of

305-561: A high-speed camera, which although burned on the outside, survived the inferno enough for the film to be recovered. The fire damaged the onboard TM-65 engine enough to be unrepairable, leading to both the engine and HEAT-2X as a whole being retired to the CS museum. This was one of the major deciding factors in choosing to retire the TM-65 class. The Recruits Initiative, launched in 2021, was designed to attract and educate talented young individuals in

366-619: A land based spaceport like Andøya , Kiruna , or Iceland The focus then turned towards a sea launch just outside the territorial waters of Denmark. A permission to launch was given by Danish authorities, but the North Sea , a possibility suggested by Danish Civil Aviation Administration ( Statens Luftfartsvæsen ) was rejected in 2009 by the Danish Maritime Authority ( Søfartsstyrelsen ). They preferred another area, giving formal and written permission to launch from

427-427: A maximum altitude of 8.2 km. It was evident shortly after takeoff that the nosecone containing electronics broke off during launch, possibly due to the large acceleration of estimated 20 g. On 12 August 2012 at 09:18, the space capsule Tycho Deep Space was launched to test a launch escape system . However the parachute did not deploy properly and the capsule was damaged on impact. Several media had misunderstood

488-597: A nominal thrust of 2 and 5 kN - the BPM(Bi-Propellant Motor)-2 class and BPM-5 class respectively. Nexø I launched under the power of a BPM-5 on July 23rd, 2016. On August 4, 2018, just as the Nexø I, Nexø II was launched under the power of a BPM-5. The Nexø class was primarily intended to serve as a technology demonstrator ahead of the development of Spica. The BPM engines are bi-liquid rocket engines using LOX and ethanol , regeneratively cooled by

549-487: A platform built for the purpose. The first full-scale test-launch to 30 kilometres (19 mi) was planned to be off the coast of Bornholm sometime between 30 August and 13 September 2010 depending on the weather. The launch carried a crash test dummy "Rescue Randy" instead of a human pilot, since crewed flight is still some years away. Success criterion was stated to be completing the sea voyage and counting down - launch and recovery being bonuses. On Tuesday 31 August 2010,

610-579: A rather simple mechanism also used by missiles. Texan Ben Brockert, rocket builder of Armadillo Aerospace and formerly of Masten Space Systems , prefers the liquid oxygen in HEAT-1X over the nitrous oxide in Virgin Galactic 's rockets. The first version of the HEAT hybrid rocket booster, was built from ordinary construction steel, with the exception of the cryogenic liquid oxygen tank, which

671-619: A slightly modified BPM-5 engine. It reached an apogee of 8–12 km and was safely recovered via parachute. Copenhagen Suborbitals' achievements include: On 3 October 2013, Copenhagen Suborbitals was awarded the "Breitling Milestone Trophy" award by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale at a ceremony in Kuala Lumpur . In 2010, an independent group of space enthusiasts founded the Copenhagen Suborbitals Support group (CSS). The main purpose of this group

SECTION 10

#1732771917474

732-414: A valve to freeze shut, which prevented launch. In 2011 the rocket was successfully launched, reaching an altitude of 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) before the engine was remotely shut off due to a wrong trajectory. The Micro Spacecraft (MSC) had a steel pressure hull, and room for one passenger designed and built by Kristian von Bengtson who co-founded Copenhagen Suborbitals . The passenger was able to view

793-469: Is a 5.7 meter two-stage rocket weighing 160 kg, intended to reach an altitude in excess of 20km, that was used for testing various technological aspects of the operation. On July 27, 2012, the team set out from Nexø towards the launch site, intending to launch the SMARAGD rocket. After some initial problems with the remote launch control, the rocket launched successfully just after 1 pm and reached

854-576: Is based on the total output voltage rather than the internal cell voltage, so the 12-volt output of the example UPS product can actually deliver only about a third of the energy of the example battery, not a quarter more energy. But a direct replacement product for the example battery, in the same form factor and comparable output voltage and energy capacity but based on LiFePO 4 , might also be specified as 7 Ah, here based on output voltage rather than cell chemistry. For consumers without an engineering background, these difficulties would be avoided by

915-548: Is now on display in the Tycho Brahe Planetarium in Copenhagen. Tycho Deep Space is a space capsule developed by Kristian von Bengtson . The first version officially named "Beautiful Betty" by Mikael Bertelsen , the capsule's protector. The uncrewed capsule was launched on 12 August 2012 at sea by a test Launch Escape System , off the coast of Bornholm . The launch did not provide enough height for

976-437: Is often insufficient. For example, at 3.2 V for a lithium iron phosphate battery cell ( LiFePO 4 ), the perceived energy capacity of a small UPS product that has multiple DC outputs at different voltages but is simply listed with a single ampere-hour rating, e.g., 8800 mAh, would be exaggerated by a factor of 3.75 compared to that of a sealed 12-volt lead-acid battery where the ampere-hour rating, e.g., 7 Ah,

1037-480: Is one-thousandth of an ampere-hour (3.6 coulombs). The ampere-hour is frequently used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating and for battery capacity where the commonly known nominal voltage is understood. A milliampere second (mA⋅s) is a unit of measurement used in X-ray imaging , diagnostic imaging, and radiation therapy . It is equivalent to a millicoulomb . This quantity

1098-538: Is planned. CS has primarily moved on to the use of the BPM-25 ahead of the planned development of the Spica rocket. From 2008 to 2012, the group based the work on a hybrid rocket , using liquid oxygen (LOX) as oxidizer . Originally, the HEAT-1X rocket was to be fueled by paraffin wax , but a ground test 28 February 2010 revealed that some of the paraffin wax had only partially melted, instead of evaporating. The result

1159-470: Is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage. The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current. To help express energy , computation over charge values in ampere-hour requires precise data of voltage: in a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of

1220-463: Is to "support CS economically, morally and practically in their mission". Within two days after its founding, CSS reached 100 members. November 15, 2011 marked a major milestone for CSS as 500 members was reached. As of early 2024, around 600 members were recorded. By paying a fixed monthly amount, the members of Copenhagen Suborbitals Support now cover most of the fixed costs for the project in addition to donating various forms of hardware. By 2015, CS

1281-712: The UC3 Nautilus pushed the launch platform Sputnik carrying the rocket and spacecraft from Copenhagen towards the launch area near Nexø , Bornholm . A launch attempt was made on Sunday 5 September 2010 14:43 CET , 12 UTC+02:00 , but this was a failure due to a stuck LOX valve. A test flight was attempted on 5 September 2010, using the HEAT-1X rocket. The vehicle on board launch platform Sputnik, sometimes pushed by homebuilt submarine UC3 Nautilus and sometimes towed by M/V Flora, moved from Copenhagen on Tuesday 31 August 2010 to Nexø on Wednesday 1 September 2010. Launch

SECTION 20

#1732771917474

1342-407: The 2016 to 2018 period. The space capsule will be of a tubular design similar to its predecessor Tycho Brahe . While the Spica capsule has not entered more than marginal construction as of 2024, CS plans on first building a boilerplate capsule to test on the ground before moving onto the real article. During the 2016-2018 period, the group designed, built and tested a series of smaller engines with

1403-419: The 24V Weibel radar transponder sending to a Continuous Wave radar on the deck of Hjortø. The combination of transmitter and radar meant that several objects could be tracked in motion as well as being stationary. The budget did not allow for an inertial measurement unit to compensate for ship movement, but an infrared camera on the radar allowed operators to track the rocket. The permission to launch

1464-433: The 640-mm diameter. The ship was named after Tycho Brahe , a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive planetary and other astronomical observations, such as the 1572 supernova . The actual rocket development resulted in numerous successful tests of the solid fuel epoxy and the liquid oxidizer nitrous oxide , which was used in their hybrid rocket HATV ( Hybrid Atmospheric Test Vehicle ). The HATV rocket

1525-496: The Danish astronomer , has a steel pressure hull with room for one passenger. The passenger would be able to view the outside through a Perspex dome. The occupant would fly in a half-standing, half-sitting position in a specially designed seat and would be wearing anti-G trousers to avoid blackout . Another compartment contains both the high-speed drogue parachute and the low-speed main parachutes for deceleration. The volume of

1586-517: The Dano–Norwegian naval hero Peter Tordenskjold , with 65 kN thrust was constructed, however this design failed and caused a fire during its final static test in 2014. As of December 2014, work on a third design concept is underway at Copenhagen Suborbitals , while an alternative program more similar to HEAT-1X has been started by the original designer Peter Madsen. Download coordinates as: Copenhagen Suborbitals As of September 2024,

1647-479: The MSC will provide the buoyancy in the water upon touchdown. The first MSC was christened "Tycho Brahe 1" and its first flight was not crewed, instead using a crash test dummy . A new aluminum MSC called MAX-1 named after Maxime Faget was under development but has been abandoned, according to the group, due to the physiological problems associated with rapid acceleration of a human in standing position. The craft

1708-463: The Spica rocket was planned to be powered by the BPM-100 class, but due to internal manufacturing troubles, the BPM-25 was eventually decided on as the engine to power the rocket. Though it is weaker, it provides several advantages through greater roll authority and flow control. The BPM-25 engines, unlike the BPM-100, will have to be clustered in order to achieve the necessary thrust to launch Spica to

1769-536: The TDS-80 into the stratosphere above the Kárman Line . The rocket was not flown as it suffered an engine fire during a static test in the summer of 2014. The rocket nozzle imploded and a welding seam opened resulting in the expulsion of all the ethanol fuel (some 500 L) in just three seconds resulting in a large fire which damaged part of the rocket. The engine failure and subsequent fire was filmed up close with

1830-585: The batteries and left the LOX valve unheated so it froze. The new launch attempt was on 3 June 2011. Hjortø was once again used for Mission Control. The submarine was left behind as the Sputnik had been outfitted with its own diesel engines during the winter 2010–11. After again experiencing a technical problem with the auto-sequence, the rocket and spacecraft went up in the air. After lift-off, HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe achieved supersonic speed but its flight path deviated from

1891-426: The desired altitude. The BPM-25 provides 25 kN of thrust. Similar to the BPM-100 engine, it uses liquid oxygen as oxidizer and ethanol as fuel. Spica will maneuver by thrust vectoring on its BPM-25 engines. The rocket will be fully guided by home-built electronics and software. Many of the systems and technology planned for use on this rocket were previously tested and proven on the smaller Nexø class rockets in during

HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-517: The ethanol fuel. The BPM-2 was primarily intended to serve as a test article for the CS test stand and manufacturing methods, and was never intended to launch a rocket. The BPM-2 engine was static fired 4 separate times on May 2nd, 2015. The tests were successful, with results exceeding expectations. Different fuel additives (such as TEOS ) as well as different jet vane materials were also tested. The 2015 test firings used passive pressure blow-down. No more development or use for BPM-2 or -5 engines

2013-432: The fields of rocket science and technology. The initiative also aimed at enhancing Danish expertise within the space and defense industries by fostering the development of skilled professionals. This project contributes to the success of the Spica project and it also strengthens the competitiveness of Danish businesses in the growing global space industry. The Recruit Rocket is a single-stage rocket designed and developed by

2074-426: The following ships: The first full-scale test-launch aimed at 30 km altitude was planned to be conducted off the coast of Bornholm between 30 August and 13 September 2010. The vehicle carried a crash test dummy "Rescue Randy" instead of a human pilot, with crewed flight not planned for some years. The success criteria were the completion of the sea voyage and a countdown with launch, with recovery planned as

2135-471: The group, after falling out with Madsen. Madsen left in June 2014. In 2014, Copenhagen Suborbitals designed a basic first crewed rocket and space capsule. They named it Spica, and it is planned to stand 12–14 m tall with a diameter of 950 mm. As of late September 2024, two pressure hardened 950mm steel tanks have been constructed and the development of the BPM-25 engine class is well underway. Originally,

2196-452: The high-speed drogue parachute and the low-speed main parachutes for deceleration. The sheer volume of the MSC provided the buoyancy in the water. Pressurized nitrogen would have been used for attitude control. The attitude thrusters were part of the non-pressurized volume of the spacecraft. The first MSC was christened "Tycho Brahe 1" and its first flight was uncrewed using a crash test dummy . The human-rated Tycho Brahe would have maintained

2257-513: The military firing range ESD138/ESD139, located at 55°02′57″N 15°36′11″E  /  55.04917°N 15.60306°E  / 55.04917; 15.60306 in the Baltic Sea . It is just outside Nexø on the Danish island of Bornholm . Copenhagen Suborbitals then had to build a floating mobile launcher platform (MLP) called Sputnik , named after the first artificial satellite to be put into orbit. Their launch campaigns includes

2318-450: The ocean after suffering a 26G impact upon landing. It was found waterlogged and partially damaged. The booster sank to a depth of 80-90 meters. TM-65 and TM6-5 IIA/B were liquid propellant engines using 75% Ethanol and liquid oxygen (LOX) as oxidizer . These engines produced about 65 kN thrust. First static tests were conducted in May 2012. One TM65 II engine was for HEAT-2X and one

2379-445: The outside through a perspex dome. The occupant flew in a half-standing/half-sitting position, in order to decrease the diameter of the spacecraft. The passenger sat in a specially designed seat, and would have worn anti-G trousers to avoid blackout . The heat shield was made of floor cork . Life support would have consisted of a diving rebreather derived CO 2 scrubber and breathing O 2 system. Another compartment contained both

2440-477: The parachute to deploy and the capsule was partly damaged on impact with the sea. Due to this damage, the TDS was retired. The capsule is 2 m in diameter, allowing for an astronaut to be in a horizontal position relative to the acceleration during launch and landing. This is in opposition to the first-generation Tycho Brahe design that required the astronaut to stand inside. The group originally focused on launching from

2501-423: The power delivered (product of instantaneous voltage and instantaneous current) over the discharge interval. Generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge; an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power. When comparing the energy capacities of battery-based products that might have different internal cell chemistries or cell configurations, a simple ampere-hour rating

HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-433: The program has 63 volunteers who elect a chairman and board members at their annual general assemblies. The chairman is Jørgen Skyt. Copenhagen Suborbitals was founded in 2008 by Kristian von Bengtson and Peter Madsen as a non-profit, crowd-funded project that discussed most of their operations on blogs and lectures. On 23 February 2014, the board of Copenhagen Suborbitals announced that Kristian von Bengtson had left

2623-447: The recruits team at Copenhagen Suborbitals. The rocket measures 5 meters in length from nose to engine, with a total weight, including fuel, of approximately 165 kg. Instead of a turbopump, it is powered by a dynamic pressure-regulating system (DPR). The BPM5 engine has been refined to the maximum during the rocket’s development, and through optimizing the design, it has achieved an impressive performance of 10 kN. The rocket’s top speed with

2684-472: The rocket eventually rising to an apogee of approximately 2.8 kilometers, significantly off from the 30km goal. The rocket landed 8.5 kilometers away from the position where it was launched. The Tycho Brahe successfully separated from the booster, however, both the parachutes for the booster and Tycho Brahe did not successfully deploy. In the case of the Tycho Brahe , it was successfully recovered from

2745-507: The schedule and proclaimed the launch to have been started prematurely due to an error. The test was considered partly successful by the team, due to the successful rocket launch and the unsuccessful parachute deployment. The launch could be followed live via live streaming from several video cameras; additionally high-speed cameras were mounted on the MLP. SAPPHIRE-1 , a modification of the HATV,

2806-421: The size of the HEAT. Stabilization of the rocket was provided through rollerons . The rocket was launched on June 3rd, 2011. from the floating Sputnik platform. Within the first few seconds the rocket unexpectedly began to pitch over to approximately 30 degrees to horizontal. Due to the undesirable angle, the motor was manually commanded to shut down 16 seconds into flight at an altitude of 1.4 kilometers, with

2867-524: The valve. The design famously included a consumer hair dryer for defrosting the LOX-valve; in effect it was not the blow-dryer but its power supply that failed. The group promised to come back the year after to attempt the launch again. Having done updates on the rocket, and the valve, and with MLP-Sputnik under her own power, and a support vessel, the group sailed again for Spaceport Nexø on May 28 at 4:50 a.m. They again met up with MHV Hjortø ,

2928-407: The vertical, so Mission Control had to shut the engine off after 21 seconds. Maximum altitude was estimated to 2.8 km and the ground track was 8.5 km. Booster and spacecraft separated but a parachute was torn off the booster due to excessive air drag. Tycho Brahe's parachutes didn't unfold correctly either, so the spacecraft received a large bulge at the 26 G impact. It is reported that it

2989-430: Was a 4.5 m rocket whose main purpose was to test the active guidance system developed by Copenhagen Suborbitals. It was successfully launched on 23 June 2013. Nexø I was launched Saturday, 23 July 2016, with inaugural BPM-5 engine. It was a partial success, and the supply of liquid oxygen to the engine was insufficient due to partial premature evaporation. The Nexø II was successfully launched on 4 August 2018, with

3050-410: Was for HEAT-1600 LE. The TM-65 engine passed the test undamaged, and was fired at up to 50% of its rated thrust. The group planned to repeat the test with higher thrust levels, until the TM-65 class in 2014 was abandoned in favour of the BPM-100 engine concept. The HEAT-2X was a rocket built for flight-testing the TM-65 engine. It was planned to carry a 1:3 scale, 80 kg space capsule mock-up called

3111-510: Was given by Danish authorities, but the first option, the North Sea , was a possibility that the Danish Civil Aviation Administration ( Statens Luftfartsvæsen ) opened, but it was rejected in 2009 by the Danish Maritime Authority ( Søfartsstyrelsen ). They preferred another area and then gave a formal and written permission to launch from a firing range in the Baltic Sea . Launches have been performed from

SECTION 50

#1732771917474

3172-415: Was initiated Sunday 5 September 2010 from Home Guard vessel Hjortø at co-ordinates: 55°02′57″N 15°36′11″E  /  55.04917°N 15.60306°E  / 55.04917; 15.60306 The oxygen tank was filled, and the rocket was nearing launch. First attempt did not fire, attention was focused around oxygen valve and electronics. The oxygen valve jammed. It had not been tested, the previous one

3233-546: Was made of AISI 304 stainless steel. The fuel was a polyurethane synthetic rubber, and the oxidizer was liquid oxygen. The oxygen was pressurized with helium gas. The booster could be (and was) shut down by radio signal from earth. Total cost was around $ 50,000. Lead-acid batteries were used as weight was not an issue on first launch, and proven robustness were deemed more important the low weight of LiPo . Four 12V 7 Ah batteries were divided into two banks; two in parallel supplying 12V circuits redundantly , and two in series for

3294-529: Was only 1/3 size of the final rocket, HEAT. This HEAT rocket ( Hybrid Exo Atmospheric Transporter ) with liquid oxygen and polyurethane , would carry the MSC ( the micro-spacecraft ) above the 100 km boundary and into space. The MSC was named after Tycho Brahe, and the combination was known as the HEAT-1X TYCHO BRAHE. Gravity would then pull the MSC back to the atmosphere, where the MSC landed on water using parachutes. The first HATV rocket

3355-433: Was stolen along with the oxygen tank at the construction yard in June 2010. The next launch attempt was pushed to June 2011, beyond the launch window ending 17 September 2010, because the rocket might have needed to be taken apart to check the LOX valve, and ignition rods and LOX needed to be replaced. Power to the hairdryer was supplied by Nautilus until the platform was evacuated, but the 20 minutes from then to launch drained

3416-455: Was supported with £12,500 per month. Ampere hour An ampere-hour or amp-hour (symbol: A⋅h or A h ; often simplified as Ah ) is a unit of electric charge , having dimensions of electric current multiplied by time, equal to the charge transferred by a steady current of one ampere flowing for one hour, or 3,600 coulombs . The commonly seen milliampere-hour (symbol: mA⋅h , mA h , often simplified as mAh )

3477-416: Was tested in a test stand on 8 March 2009. Originally HEAT was to have been fueled with paraffin wax but a ground test 28 February 2010 revealed that some of the paraffin wax only partially melted, instead of evaporating. The result was that HEAT-1X had less power than expected. A ground test firing of HEAT-1X-P (P for polyurethane) was conducted 16 May 2010. Stabilization of the rocket was by rollerons ,

3538-430: Was that HEAT-1X had less power than expected. A ground test firing of HEAT-1X-P (P for polyurethane ) was conducted 16 May 2010. The polyurethane had the impulse required, but showed heavy oscillation . Until 2011 the group had performed more than 30 tests of various engine types at their rocket engine test facility at Refshaleøen . In fall of 2012 a concept engine using white fuming nitric acid and furfuryl alcohol

3599-411: Was the rocket booster module intended to launch the space capsule Tycho Brahe into space, the combination being known as HEAT-1X TYCHO BRAHE . The rocket design was the result of numerous static-booster tests of the solid fuel epoxy and the liquid oxidizer nitrous oxide . A combination which was also used in the scale-down test rocket HATV ( Hybrid Atmospheric Test Vehicle ) which was only one third

3660-523: Was tried using a static test setup. In 2012 a decision was made to switch to bi-propellant, liquid-fueled engines running on liquid oxygen and ethanol. This evolved into the BPM(Bi-Propellant Motor) class currently in use at CS as of 2024. The HATV (Hybrid Atmospheric Test Vehicle) was a planned sounding rocket. The HATV booster was successfully static fired, though it was never launched. HEAT 1X ( Hybrid Exo Atmospheric Transporter )

3721-656: Was water-filled when it was salvaged. The booster sank to a depth of 80–90 meters in the Baltic Sea A film of the launch from the pilot's point of view has been released. A crewed launch was at the time estimated to be 3–5 years away, but if successful, Denmark would be the 4th nation to launch humans into space , after the USSR (Russia), USA, and China. In November 2010, an experimental liquid rocket engine called XLR-3B exploded during its 12th ground test. A similar liquid rocket named TM-65 Tordenskjold ( Thunder Shield ), after

SECTION 60

#1732771917474
#473526