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84-616: ISO Base Media File Format official specification (of which HEIF is a special case) defines multiple subtypes in relations to possible encodings: BMFF HEIC/HEIX Registered Brands Specific implementations of HEIF encoding are registered by MP4RA and are officially called "brands". According to official specifications Apple HEIC registered brand is using Main or Main Still Picture profile of HEVC with an 8-bit per channel color depth and chroma subsampling of 4:2:0, while Sony and Canon HIEX registered brand may additionally increase

168-486: A reference video codec . In 2018, Facebook conducted testing that approximated real-world conditions, and the AV1 reference encoder achieved 34%, 46.2%, and 50.3% higher data compression than libvpx-vp9, x264 High profile, and x264 Main profile respectively. Like VP9, but unlike H.264 (AVC) and H.265 (HEVC), AV1 has a royalty-free licensing model that does not hinder adoption in open-source projects . AVIF

252-572: A 64-bit processor. Upon installing iOS 11, if a user tries to open a 32-bit application that had not yet been updated to 64-bit, iOS will simply refuse to run it. iOS 10.3 includes a popup upon launching a 32-bit application to warn users about the upcoming change and a new menu in Settings that allowed users to quickly identify what apps on their device will not be compatible with the iOS 11 update. The lock screen and Notification Center are combined, allowing users to see all notifications directly on

336-826: A block ( compound prediction ), including smooth and sharp transition gradients in different directions ( wedge-partitioned prediction ) as well as implicit masks that are based on the difference between the two predictors. This allows the combination of either two inter predictions or an inter and an intra prediction to be used in the same block. A frame can reference 6 instead of 3 of the 8 available frame buffers for temporal (inter) prediction while providing more flexibility on bi-prediction ( ext_refs ). The Warped Motion ( warped_motion ) and Global Motion ( global_motion ) tools in AV1 aim to reduce redundant information in motion vectors by recognizing patterns arising from camera motion. They implement ideas that were attempted in preceding formats like e.g. MPEG-4 ASP, albeit with

420-488: A codec to be supported in HEIF in normative Annex 5 to ISO/IEC 23008-12. The registered MIME types are image/avci for still images and image/avcs for sequences. The format is simply known as AVCI. Apple products support playback of AVC-encoded .avci still image files and .avcs image sequence files but will only generate .heic files. AV1 is a video encoding format that is intended to be royalty-free, developed by

504-416: A diverse set of short clips, indicated that the open-source libaom and SVT-AV1 encoders took about twice as long time to encode as x265 in its "veryslow" preset while using 15-20% less bitrate, or about 45% less bitrate than x264 veryslow . The best-in-test AV1 encoder, Visionular's Aurora1, in its "slower" preset, was as fast as x265 veryslow while saving 50% bitrate over x264 veryslow . CapFrameX tested

588-508: A feature developed for VP10, as well as horizontal or vertical splits into four stripes of 4:1 and 1:4 aspect ratio. The available partitioning patterns vary according to the block size, both 128×128 and 8×8 blocks can't use 4:1 and 1:4 splits. Moreover, 8×8 blocks can't use T-shaped splits. Two separate predictions can now be used on spatially different parts of a block using a smooth, oblique transition line ( wedge-partitioned prediction ). This enables more accurate separation of objects without

672-405: A long-stated pursuit for the industry. In 2007, the proposal for HTML video specified Theora as mandatory to implement. The reason was that public content should be encoded in freely implementable formats, if only as a "baseline format", and that changing such a baseline format later would be hard because of network effects. The Alliance for Open Media is a continuation of Google's efforts with

756-462: A low increase in complexity . NETVC 's efficiency goal is 25% improvement over HEVC. The primary complexity concern is for software decoding, since hardware support will take time to reach users. However, for WebRTC , live encoding performance is also relevant, which is Cisco's agenda: Cisco is a manufacturer of videoconferencing equipment, and their Thor contributions aim at "reasonable compression at only moderate complexity". Feature-wise, AV1

840-402: A lower resolution without the need for a full keyframe at the beginning of a video segment in the adaptive bitrate streaming use case. Intra prediction consists of predicting the pixels of given blocks only using information available in the current frame. Most often, intra predictions are built from the neighboring pixels above and to the left of the predicted block. The DC predictor builds

924-580: A new logo, The App Store receives a complete redesign, with a greater focus on editorial content such as daily highlights, and a design described as "cleaner and more consistent" to other apps developed by Apple. The app's design mimics the design seen in the Apple Music app in iOS 10 . At select locations, Apple Maps will offer indoor maps for shopping malls and airports. New lane guidance and speed limit features aim to guide drivers on unfamiliar roads. AV1 AOMedia Video 1 ( AV1 )

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1008-577: A non-binary arithmetic coder , was selected for replacing VP9's binary entropy coder. The use of non-binary arithmetic coding helps evade patents but also adds bit-level parallelism to an otherwise serial process, reducing clock rate demands on hardware implementations. This is to say that the effectiveness of modern binary arithmetic coding like CABAC is being approached using a greater alphabet than binary, hence greater speed, as in Huffman code (but not as simple and fast as Huffman code). AV1 also gained

1092-400: A notification is created offering suggestions for actions based on the scanned content. Twitter users have so far discovered that joining Wi-Fi networks and adding someone to the contacts list are supported through QR codes. Third-party keyboards can add a one-handed mode. Users are able to record the screen natively. In order to record the screen, users must first add the feature to

1176-422: A novel approach that works in three dimensions. There can be a set of warping parameters for a whole frame offered in the bitstream, or blocks can use a set of implicit local parameters that get computed based on surrounding blocks. Switch frames (S-frame) are a new inter-frame type that can be predicted using already-decoded reference frames from a higher-resolution version of the same video to allow switching to

1260-472: A parametric video coding approach. Due to the randomness, inherent to film grain noise, this signal component is traditionally either very expensive to code or prone to get damaged or lost, possibly leaving serious coding artifacts as residue. This tool circumvents these problems using analysis and synthesis, replacing parts of the signal with a visually similar synthetic texture based solely on subjective visual impression instead of objective similarity. It removes

1344-559: A patent-protected technique is not available, owners of relevant patents have been invited to join the Alliance (even if they were already members of another patent pool). For example, Alliance members Apple, Cisco, Google, and Microsoft are also licensors in MPEG-LA's patent pool for H.264. As an additional protection for the royalty-free status of AV1, the Alliance has a legal defense fund to aid smaller Alliance members or AV1 licensees in

1428-629: A possible format for HEIF coded image data, it is used in HEIF only for thumbnails and other secondary images. Therefore, neither a dedicated MIME subtype nor a special file extension is available for storage of JPEG files in HEIF container files. Several other compression formats defined by the JPEG group can be stored in HEIF files: In 2017, Apple announced that it would adopt HEIC as the default image format in its new operating systems, gradually replacing JPEG. The proprietary image format WXAM (or wxHEPC) developed by Tencent (used within, e.g., WeChat )

1512-432: A prediction by averaging the pixels above and to the left of block. Directional predictors extrapolate these neighboring pixels according to a specified angle. In AV1, 8 main directional modes can be chosen. These modes start at an angle of 45 degrees and increase by a step size of 22.5 degrees up until 203 degrees. Furthermore, for each directional mode, six offsets of 3 degrees can be signaled for bigger blocks, three above

1596-452: A shortcut to the Notes app . The Siri intelligent personal assistant has a more human voice and supports language translation, with English, Chinese, French, German, Italian and Spanish available at launch. It also supports follow-up questions by users. Users are also able to type to Siri. Siri is able to use "on-device learning", a privacy-minded local learning technique to understand

1680-451: A user's behavior and interests inside different apps, to offer better suggestions and recommendations. A new "Do Not Disturb While Driving" mode lets users block unnecessary notifications as long as their iPhone is connected to a vehicle through Bluetooth . An auto-reply feature sends a specific reply to senders of messages to let them know the user is currently unavailable through text. Passengers can be granted full notification access to

1764-460: A white pixel. Users get expanded control over apps' location usage, with every app featuring a "While Using the App" location toggle in Settings. This differs from previous iOS versions, in which apps were only required to have "Never" or "Always" location options. Users can remove rarely used apps without losing the app's data using the "Offload App" button. This allows for a later reinstallation of

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1848-421: Is a container that may not be subject to additional royalty fees for commercial ISOBMFF licensees. Note however that Nokia also grants its patents on a royalty-free basis for non-commercial purposes. When containing images and image sequences encoded in a particular format (e.g. HEVC or AVC) its use becomes subject to the licensing of patents on the coding format. IOS 11 iPod Touch iPad iOS 11

1932-416: Is a restricted subset of HEIF specified as part of MPEG-A . It defines a set of additional constraints to simplify format options, specific alpha plane formats, profiles and levels as well as metadata formats and brands, and rules for how to extend the format. Advanced Video Coding (AVC, ITU-T H.264) is an older encoding format for video and images, first standardized in 2003. It is also specified as

2016-484: Is activated, Apple's verification server will check the device's UDID before it could be set up. If the device's UDID is malformed or not present in Apple's database, the device cannot be activated and will be denied access to the verification server. If said device is connected to iTunes, an error message will appear stating that the iPhone could not be activated because "the activation information could not be obtained from

2100-467: Is an image file format that uses AV1 compression algorithms. The Alliance's motivations for creating AV1 included the high cost and uncertainty involved with the patent licensing of HEVC , the MPEG -designed codec expected to succeed AVC . Additionally, the Alliance's seven founding members – Amazon , Cisco , Google , Intel , Microsoft , Mozilla , and Netflix – announced that the initial focus of

2184-526: Is an open , royalty-free video coding format initially designed for video transmissions over the Internet. It was developed as a successor to VP9 by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia), a consortium founded in 2015 that includes semiconductor firms, video on demand providers, video content producers, software development companies and web browser vendors. The AV1 bitstream specification includes

2268-429: Is an AOMedia governing member, although it joined after the formation. The management of the AV1 streams has been officially included among the typological videos manageable by Coremedia. The first version 0.1.0 of the AV1 reference codec was published on April 7, 2016. Although a soft feature freeze came into effect at the end of October 2017, development continued on several significant features. The bitstream format ,

2352-479: Is apparently based upon HEVC, as is SharpP, which was developed by their SNG (Social Network Group) division. However, their container format may not be HEIF-compatible. In March 2017, SharpP switched to AVS2 and was renamed TPG ( Tiny Portable Graphics ). As of August 2024, only Safari supports HEIC format natively. For AVIF, Chrome , Firefox and Opera for desktop and Android support it. Safari on iOS 16 and iPadOS 16 supports AVIF format. HEIF itself

2436-477: Is better” doesn't mean anything at all, as HEIF is just a container specification. What is contained inside the container must be described. It's impossible to easily determine exactly what you receive in HEIF container. At best, users can use graphics magic to determine if it's impossible by visual inspection (gradients transitions are broken in 8-bit photos) to tell if the photo is 12-bit or 10-bit per channel, or 8-bit. The Multi-Image Application Format (MIAF)

2520-537: Is contrary to extant MPEG formats like AVC and HEVC. These were developed under an IPR uninvolvement policy by their standardization organisations, as stipulated in the ITU-T's definition of an open standard . However, MPEG's chairman has argued this practice has to change, which it is: EVC is also set to have a royalty-free subset, and will have switchable features in its bitstream to defend against future IPR threats. The creation of royalty-free web standards has been

2604-549: Is farther strengthened by unclear patents holders wordings. Holders of relevant patents, stated to the ISO that "the holders of these patent rights have assured the ISO and IEC that they are willing to negotiate licenses under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms." The specification also cautions that "some of the elements . . . may be the subject of patent rights other than those identified." The requirements and main use cases of HEIF were defined in 2013. The technical development of

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2688-497: Is primarily intended for lossy encoding , although lossless compression is supported as well. AV1 is a traditional block-based frequency transform format featuring new techniques. Based on Google's VP9, AV1 incorporates additional techniques that mainly give encoders more coding options to enable better adaptation to different types of input. The Alliance published a reference implementation written in C and assembly language ( aomenc , aomdec ) as free software under

2772-531: Is restricted to Real-time Transport Protocol purposes only. AV1 aims to be a video format for the web that is both state-of-the-art and royalty free . According to Matt Frost, head of strategy and partnerships in Google's Chrome Media team, "The mission of the Alliance for Open Media remains the same as the WebM project." A recurring concern in standards development, not least of royalty-free multimedia formats,

2856-437: Is specifically designed for real-time applications (especially WebRTC) and higher resolutions (wider color gamuts , higher frame rates , UHD ) than typical usage scenarios of the current generation (H.264) of video formats, where it is expected to achieve its biggest efficiency gains. It is therefore planned to support the color space from ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020 and up to 12 bits of precision per color component. AV1

2940-536: Is the eleventh major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple , being the successor to iOS 10 . It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 5, 2017, and was released on September 19, 2017. It was succeeded by iOS 12 on September 17, 2018. iOS 11 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 5, 2017. The first developer beta version

3024-564: Is the danger of accidentally infringing on patents that their creators and users did not know about. This concern has been raised regarding AV1, and previously VP8 , VP9, Theora and IVC . The problem is not unique to royalty-free formats, but it uniquely threatens their status as royalty-free. To fulfill the goal of being royalty free, the development process requires that no feature can be adopted before it has been confirmed independently by two separate parties to not infringe on patents of competing companies. In cases where an alternative to

3108-486: The Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia). AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an image format based on this codec. The registered MIME type is image/avif for both still images and image sequences, and .avif is the file name extension. The original JPEG standard is the most commonly used and widely supported lossy image coding format. It was first released in 1992 by ITU-T and ISO/IEC . Although Annex H to ISO/IEC 23008-12 specifies JPEG (and indirectly Motion JPEG ) as

3192-641: The Constrained Directional Enhancement Filter , cdef . This is an edge-directed conditional replacement filter that smooths blocks roughly along the direction of the dominant edge to eliminate ringing artifacts . There is also the loop restoration filter ( loop_restoration ) based on the Wiener filter and self- guided restoration filters to remove blur artifacts due to block processing. Film grain synthesis ( film_grain ) improves coding of noisy signals using

3276-591: The Control Center through the Settings app. Once added, users can start and stop recordings from a dedicated Control Center icon, with a distinctly colored bar appearing at the top of the screen indicating active recording. Pressing the bar gives the option to end recording, and videos are saved to the Photos app. When an iOS 11 device is attempting to connect to a Wi-Fi network, nearby iOS 11 or macOS High Sierra devices already connected can wirelessly send

3360-407: The phone . A new "Smart Invert" feature, dubbed a " dark mode " by some publications, inverts the colors on the display, except for images, some apps, and some user interface elements. Using the iPhone X, which utilizes OLED technology, some news outlets have reported that this feature can conserve battery life by turning off pixels when black, saving energy by preventing itself from displaying

3444-756: The GPUs performance with AV1 decoding. On 5 October 2022, Cloudflare announced that it has a beta player. AV1 defines three profiles for decoders which are Main, High, and Professional. The Main profile allows for a bit depth of 8 or 10 bits per sample with 4:0:0 (greyscale) and 4:2:0 (quarter) chroma sampling . The High profile further adds support for 4:4:4 chroma sampling (no subsampling). The Professional profile extends capabilities to full support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2 (half) and 4:4:4 chroma sub-sampling with 8, 10 and 12 bit color depths. AV1 defines levels for decoders with maximum variables for levels ranging from 2.0 to 6.3. The levels that can be implemented depend on

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3528-652: The WebM project, which renewed the royalty-free competition after Theora had been surpassed by AVC. For companies such as Mozilla that distribute free software, AVC can be difficult to support as a per-copy royalty is unsustainable given the lack of revenue stream to support these payments in free software (see FRAND § Excluding costless distribution ). Similarly, HEVC has not successfully convinced all licensors to allow an exception for freely distributed software (see HEVC § Provision for costless software ). The performance goals include "a step up from VP9 and HEVC" in efficiency for

3612-417: The ability to adapt the symbol probabilities in the arithmetic coder per coded symbol instead of per frame ( ec_adapt ). AV1 has provisions for temporal and spatial scalability. A first comparison from the beginning of June 2016 found AV1 roughly on par with HEVC, as did one using code from late January 2017. In April 2017, using the 8 enabled experimental features at the time (of 77 total), Bitmovin

3696-588: The app (if available on the App Store ), in which data returns and usage can continue. Users can also have those apps removed automatically with the "Offload Unused Apps" setting. When an app is offloaded, the app appears on the home screen as a grayed-out icon. Personalized suggestions will help the user free up storage space on their device, including emptying Photos trash, backing up messages , and enabling iCloud Photo Library for backing up photos and videos. Certain new iOS 11 features are only available on

3780-502: The backup size of messages. The Messages app also incorporates a "Business Chat" feature for businesses to communicate directly with customers through the app. This can be accessed through a message icon next to search results of businesses. However, this feature was not included with the initial release of iOS 11 (instead launching with iOS 11.3 ). The Messages app on the iPhone X introduces face-tracking emoji called "Animoji" (animated emoji), using Face ID . In addition to

3864-410: The bit-depth to 10 bits per channel and chroma subsampling to 4:2:2 or 4:4:4. Licensing and Patents If BMFF HEIF is used with HEVC encoding is woth noting that HEV is heavily encumbered with patents and Library of Congress does not recommend of using such heavily patent troublesome formats. The parties holding patents on HEVC include but are not limited to: The uncertainty of patent encumbering

3948-541: The container. Frame content is separated into adjacent same-sized blocks referred to as superblocks. Similar to the concept of a macroblock , superblocks are square-shaped and can either be of size 128×128 or 64×64 pixels. Superblocks can be divided in smaller blocks according to different partitioning patterns. The four-way split pattern is the only pattern whose partitions can be recursively subdivided. This allows superblocks to be divided into partitions as small as 4×4 pixels. "T-shaped" partitioning patterns are introduced,

4032-610: The device. Where there is empty space in the Mail app, users can draw inline. The Messages application synchronizes messages across iOS and macOS through iCloud, reflecting message deletion across devices. This feature was temporarily removed in the fifth beta release and returned on May 29, 2018 when iOS 11.4 was released. At the time of the iOS 11 announcement in June 2017, Apple presented functionality letting users send person-to-person payments with Apple Pay through Messages. By

4116-513: The early version of AV1 was orders of magnitude slower than existing HEVC encoders. Much of the development effort was consequently shifted towards maturing the reference encoder. In March 2019, it was reported that the speed of the reference encoder had improved greatly and within the same order of magnitude as encoders for other common formats. On January 21, 2021, the MIME type of AV1 was defined as video/AV1 . The usage of AV1 using this MIME type

4200-432: The encoding parameters in which the encoding happened (e.g., color quality "q", if delta in chroma planes were used, if some advanced tuning for ssim/psnr was used, or what quantization mode was applied). If a user creates a ".HEIF" photo with their phone, the user or the receiver of the photo cannot determine which image format inside the file was used. It could be: Hence, simply stating in promotional materials that “HEIF

4284-611: The event they are sued for alleged patent infringement. Under patent rules adopted from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), technology contributors license their AV1-connected patents to anyone, anywhere, anytime based on reciprocity (i.e. as long as the user does not engage in patent litigation). As a defensive condition, anyone engaging in patent litigation loses the right to the patents of all patent holders. This treatment of intellectual property rights (IPR), and its absolute priority during development,

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4368-430: The feature gained some support in the community, the experiment was enabled by default, and ultimately had its flag removed when all of the reviews were passed. Experiment names were lowercased in the configure script and uppercased in conditional compilation flags. To better and more reliably support HDR and color spaces, corresponding metadata can now be integrated into the video bitstream instead of being signaled in

4452-538: The first-time setup of new devices, with wireless transfer between the old and new device, transferring preferences, Apple ID and Wi-Fi info, preferred Settings, and iCloud Keychain passwords. Similar to iPad, drag-and-drop file support is available on iPhone, though with more limitations, specifically only supported within apps, not between. Many of Apple's pre-installed applications, including Notes , Contacts , Reminders , Maps , and App Store , have redesigned home screen icons. An "Emergency SOS " feature

4536-429: The following types of data: HEIF container specification describes various encodings that can be stored inside: These leads to confusion, as users cannot tell what kind of encoding has been used. Simply saying that “HEIF is better than JPEG” as promotional material doesn't mean anything to the user. Inside the HEIF container, JFIF (JPEG) can be stored. It can also contain AV1 encoding. The user would also need to know

4620-412: The free software implementation of standards impossible due to various incompatibilities with free-software licenses . Many of the components of the AV1 project were sourced from previous research efforts by Alliance members. Individual contributors had started experimental technology platforms years before: Xiph's/Mozilla's Daala published code in 2010, Google's experimental VP9 evolution project VP10

4704-542: The grain component from the signal, analyzes its non-random characteristics, and instead transmits only descriptive parameters to the decoder, which adds back a synthetic, pseudorandom noise signal that's shaped after the original component. It is the visual equivalent of the Perceptual Noise Substitution technique used in AC3, AAC, Vorbis, and Opus audio codecs. Daala's entropy coder ( daala_ec ),

4788-501: The horizontal and the vertical dimension ( ext_tx ). AV1 has new optimized quantization matrices ( aom_qm ). The eight sets of quantization parameters that can be selected and signaled for each frame now have individual parameters for the two chroma planes and can use spatial prediction. On every new superblock, the quantization parameters can be adjusted by signaling an offset. In-loop filtering combines Thor's constrained low-pass filter and Daala's directional deringing filter into

4872-513: The iPad. The application dock gets an overhaul, bringing it closer to the design seen on macOS , and is accessible from any screen, letting users more easily open apps in split-screen view. Users can also drag-and-drop files across different apps. A new multitasking interface shows multiple apps on the screen at the same time in floating "windows." Additionally, through a combination of "slide over," "split view," and "picture-in-picture" modes, users can have up to four active apps on-screen at

4956-528: The licensing process increased with HEVC. Unlike previous MPEG standards where the technology in the standard could be licensed from a single entity, MPEG LA , when the HEVC standard was finished, two patent pools had been formed with a third pool on the horizon. In addition, various patent holders were refusing to license patents via either pool, increasing uncertainty about HEVC's licensing. According to Microsoft's Ian LeGrow, an open-source, royalty-free technology

5040-477: The lock screen. Scrolling up and down will either show or hide notifications. The Control Center has been given another redesign after its short lived one from iOS 10, as it receives new unified pages and now supports 3D Touch (or a long press on devices without 3D Touch) buttons for more options. Sliders adjust volume and brightness. The Control Center is now customizable, and allows more settings to be shown, including cellular service, Low Power Mode, and

5124-425: The luminosity and the color information can now be exploited with a predictor for chroma blocks that is based on samples from the luma plane ( cfl ). In order to reduce visible boundaries along borders of inter-predicted blocks, a technique called overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) can be used. This involves extending a block's size so that it overlaps with neighboring blocks by 2 to 32 pixels, and blending

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5208-508: The main angle and three below it, resulting in a total of 56 angles ( ext_intra ). The "TrueMotion" predictor was replaced with a Paeth predictor which looks at the difference from the known pixel in the above-left corner to the pixel directly above and directly left of the new one and then chooses the one that lies in direction of the smaller gradient as predictor. A palette predictor is available for blocks with up to 8 dominant colors, such as some computer screen content. Correlations between

5292-402: The new High Efficiency Image File Format and videos can be encoded in the new High Efficiency Video Coding video compression format , enabling improved quality while also decreasing size by half. Apple significantly changed the wallpapers available for use with iOS 11. In the initial beta version, released after Apple's developer conference, Apple included one new wallpaper, and removed all

5376-688: The newer AV1 encoder. Decoding performance was at about half the speed of VP9 according to internal measurements from 2017. Tests from Netflix in 2017, based on measurements with PSNR and VMAF at 720p, showed that AV1 was about 25% more efficient than VP9 (libvpx). Tests from Facebook conducted in 2018, based on PSNR , showed that the AV1 reference encoder was able to achieve 34%, 46.2% and 50.3% higher data compression than libvpx-vp9, x264 High profile, and x264 Main profile respectively. Tests from Moscow State University in 2017 found that VP9 required 31% and HEVC 22% more bitrate than AV1 in order to achieve similar levels of quality. The AV1 encoder

5460-483: The overlapping parts together. To transform the error remaining after prediction to the frequency domain, AV1 encoders can use square, 2:1/1:2, and 4:1/1:4 rectangular DCTs ( rect_tx ), as well as an asymmetric DST for blocks where the top and/or left edge is expected to have lower error thanks to prediction from nearby pixels, or choose to do no transform (identity transform). It can combine two one-dimensional transforms in order to use different transforms for

5544-410: The password, streamlining the connection process. The volume change overlay no longer covers the screen while playing video, and a smaller scrubber appears on the top right of the screen. After a user takes a screenshot, a thumbnail of the screenshot will appear at the bottom left of the screen. The user can then tap the thumbnail to bring up an interface that allows them to crop, annotate, or delete

5628-513: The release of Android 10 (2019). On some systems, pictures stored in the HEIC format are converted automatically to the older JPEG format when they are sent outside of the system, although incompatibility has led to problems such as US Advanced Placement test takers failing due to their phones uploading unsupported HEIC images by default, leading the College Board to request students change

5712-694: The same time. Each letter on the iPad keyboard features an alternative background number or symbol, accessible by pulling down on the respective key and releasing. The Control Center is visible in the multitasking window on iPads. Running iOS 11, the 9.7-inch, 10.5-inch and the 2nd-generation 12.9-inch iPad Pros now have flashlight support. iOS 11 introduces optical image stabilization , flash photography and high dynamic range for portrait photos. Live Photos receives new "Loop", "Bounce" and "Long Exposure" effects, and uses High Efficiency Image File Format to decrease photo sizes. On devices with an Apple A10 chip or newer, photos can be compressed in

5796-479: The screenshot. Third-party apps are also able to take advantage of iCloud Keychain to allow autofilling passwords. The user's airline flight information can be viewed in Spotlight through a dedicated widget. iOS 11 switches the top-left cellular network strength icons from five dots to four signal bars, similar to that before iOS 7 . A new automatic setup feature called "Quick Start" aims to simplify

5880-418: The settings to send only JPEG files. Although HEIC is gaining in popularity there are issues with compatibility, Adobe Photoshop is an example of a popular image editing software that only supports 8-bit HEIC and not 10-bit or 12-bit HEIC yet. Camera hardware (including mobile devices) are increasingly supporting outputting HEIC files and with color depth often higher than 8-bit color. HEIF files can store

5964-454: The six "Live" animated fish wallpapers, introduced with the iPhone 6S in 2015. The iOS 11.2 release later brought iPhone X/8/8 Plus-exclusive wallpapers to older iPhones. iPhone X exclusively features six "Live" wallpapers and seven new "Dynamic" wallpapers. iOS 11 introduces native support for QR code scanning, through the Camera app. Once a QR code is positioned in front of the camera,

6048-457: The specification took about one and a half years and was finalized in the middle of 2015. Apple was the first major adopter of the format in 2017 with the introduction of iOS 11 using HEIC variant. While HEIC became the default for iPhones, it remains possible to revert the settings to allow photos to be recorded in the more recognizable JPEG format. Android devices containing the appropriate hardware encoders received support for HEIC files with

6132-490: The specification was released. On January 8, 2019, a validated version 1.0.0 with Errata 1 of the specification was released. Martin Smole from AOM member Bitmovin said that the computational efficiency was the greatest remaining challenge after the bitstream format freeze had been completed. While working on the format, the encoder was not targeted for production use and speed optimizations were not prioritized. Consequently,

6216-527: The terms of the BSD 2-Clause License . Development happens in public and is open for contributions, regardless of AOM membership. The development process was such that coding tools were added to the reference code base as experiments , controlled by flags that enable or disable them at build time, for review by other group members as well as specialized teams that helped with and ensured hardware friendliness and compliance with intellectual property rights (TAPAS). When

6300-588: The time of the iOS 11 release in September 2017, the feature was not present, having been removed in an earlier beta version, with Apple announcing the feature as "coming this fall with an update to iOS 11". It was launched a few days after the iOS 11.2 update went live, although initially only available in the United States. A new app drawer for iMessage apps aims to simplify the experience of using apps and stickers, and an optimized storage system reduces

6384-416: The traditional staircase lines along the boundaries of square blocks. More encoder parallelism is possible thanks to configurable prediction dependency between tile rows ( ext_tile ). AV1 performs internal processing in higher precision (10 or 12 bits per sample), which leads to quality improvement by reducing rounding errors. Predictions can be combined in more advanced ways (than a uniform average) in

6468-404: The video format would be delivery of high-quality web video. The official announcement of AV1 came with the press release on the formation of the Alliance for Open Media on 1 September 2015. Only 42 days before, on 21 July 2015, HEVC Advance's initial licensing offer was announced to be an increase over the royalty fees of its predecessor, AVC. In addition to the increased cost, the complexity of

6552-747: Was able to demonstrate favorable objective metrics , as well as visual results, compared to HEVC on the Sintel and Tears of Steel short films. A follow-up comparison by Jan Ozer of Streaming Media Magazine confirmed this, and concluded that "AV1 is at least as good as HEVC now". Ozer noted that his and Bitmovin's results contradicted a comparison by Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications from late 2016 that had found AV1 65.7% less efficient than HEVC, underperforming even H.264/AVC which they concluded as being 10.5% more efficient. Ozer justified this discrepancy by having used encoding parameters endorsed by each encoder vendor, as well as having more features in

6636-460: Was added that disables Touch ID after pressing the Sleep/Wake button five times in quick succession. It prevents Touch ID from working until the iPhone 's passcode has been entered. iOS 11 adds support for 8-bit and 10-bit HEVC . Devices with an Apple A9 chip or newer support hardware decoding, while older devices support software-based decoding. When a device running iOS 11 or later

6720-455: Was announced on 12 September 2014, and Cisco's Thor was published on 11 August 2015. Building on the code base of VP9, AV1 incorporates additional techniques, several of which were developed in these experimental formats. Many companies are part of Alliance for Open Media, including Samsung , Vimeo , Microsoft, Netflix , Mozilla , AMD , Nvidia , Intel, ARM , Google, Facebook, Cisco, Amazon, Hulu , VideoLAN , Adobe , and Apple . Apple

6804-700: Was operating at speed "2500–3500 times lower than competitors" due to the lack of optimization (which was not available at that time). Tests from University of Waterloo in 2020 found that when using a mean opinion score (MOS) for 2160p (4K) video AV1 had the bitrate saving of 9.5% compared to HEVC and 16.4% compared to VP9. They also concluded that at the time of the study at 2160p the AV1 video encodes on average took 590× longer compared to encoding with AVC; while HEVC took on average 4.2× longer and VP9 took on average 5.2× longer than AVC respectively. The latest encoder comparison by Streaming Media Magazine as of September 2020, which used moderate encoding speeds, VMAF , and

6888-470: Was projected to be frozen in January 2018 but was delayed due to unresolved critical bugs as well as further changes to transformations, syntax, the prediction of motion vectors, and the completion of legal analysis. The Alliance announced the release of the AV1 bitstream specification on March 28, 2018, along with a reference, software-based encoder and decoder. On 25 June 2018, a validated version 1.0.0 of

6972-448: Was released after the keynote presentation, with the first public beta released on June 26, 2017. iOS 11 was officially released by Apple on September 19, 2017. It brought many changes to iOS. Some major highlights were: Certain new features are only available on iPad . Some of these features are: iOS 11 is also the first version of iOS that does not support 32-bit apps and 32-bit processors, meaning iOS 11 only supports devices with

7056-473: Was seen as the easiest way to eliminate this uncertainty around licensing. The negative effect of patent licensing on free and open-source software has also been cited as a reason for the creation of AV1. For example, building an H.264 implementation into Firefox would prevent it from being distributed free of charge since licensing fees would have to be paid to MPEG-LA. Free Software Foundation Europe has argued that FRAND patent licensing practices make

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