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64-476: (Redirected from HIV-affected ) An affected community indicates a community affected by a disease. This may refer to: HIV-affected community Leper colony A community affected in an epidemic or pandemic Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Affected community . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

128-601: A doomsday scenario is a hypothetical event that could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization . An event that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail humanity's existence or potential is known as an " existential risk ". In the 21st century, a number of academic and non-profit organizations have been established to research global catastrophic and existential risks, formulate potential mitigation measures and either advocate for or implement these measures. The term global catastrophic risk "lacks

192-594: A supervolcanic eruption , a natural pandemic , a lethal gamma-ray burst , a geomagnetic storm from a coronal mass ejection destroying electronic equipment, natural long-term climate change , hostile extraterrestrial life , or the Sun transforming into a red giant star and engulfing the Earth billions of years in the future . Anthropogenic risks are those caused by humans and include those related to technology, governance, and climate change. Technological risks include

256-490: A drastically inferior state of affairs. Existential risks are a sub-class of global catastrophic risks, where the damage is not only global but also terminal and permanent, preventing recovery and thereby affecting both current and all future generations. While extinction is the most obvious way in which humanity's long-term potential could be destroyed, there are others, including unrecoverable collapse and unrecoverable dystopia . A disaster severe enough to cause

320-485: A global, rather than a "local or regional" scale. Posner highlights such events as worthy of special attention on cost–benefit grounds because they could directly or indirectly jeopardize the survival of the human race as a whole. Existential risks are defined as "risks that threaten the destruction of humanity's long-term potential." The instantiation of an existential risk (an existential catastrophe ) would either cause outright human extinction or irreversibly lock in

384-704: A grant of 55M USD from Good Ventures as suggested by Open Philanthropy . Other risk assessment groups are based in or are part of governmental organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) includes a division called the Global Alert and Response (GAR) which monitors and responds to global epidemic crisis. GAR helps member states with training and coordination of response to epidemics. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has its Emerging Pandemic Threats Program which aims to prevent and contain naturally generated pandemics at their source. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has

448-487: A higher marginal impact of work on resilient foods. Some survivalists stock survival retreats with multiple-year food supplies. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is buried 400 feet (120 m) inside a mountain on an island in the Arctic . It is designed to hold 2.5 billion seeds from more than 100 countries as a precaution to preserve the world's crops. The surrounding rock is −6 °C (21 °F) (as of 2015) but

512-468: A major civilization-wide loss of infrastructure and advanced technology. However, these examples demonstrate that societies appear to be fairly resilient to catastrophe; for example, Medieval Europe survived the Black Death without suffering anything resembling a civilization collapse despite losing 25 to 50 percent of its population. There are economic reasons that can explain why so little effort

576-643: A male partner. It is perceived that women need to be able to make a change in their sexual lives and insist that their partners use protection when doing sexual activities as women are bearing the burn of the HIV infection situations. Another community that is affected by HIV are people who are diagnosed with mental illnesses and also people who are under the influence of drugs . It is believed that most HIV patients have experienced or are experiencing some sort of mental illness in their lives. The most common mental health disorders are depression and depressive symptoms, as

640-511: A multi-diagnosistic approach towards HIV infections which helps determine the prevalence and rates of HIV infection within a community. The role of states and local health departments , community-based organizations , and health care services in improving the outcome of HIV infection, this includes diagnosing HIV and reducing the rates of undiagnosed HIV infections within communities affected by HIV. Especially in HIV-affected communities,

704-496: A multiplanetary species in order to avoid extinction. His company SpaceX is developing technology he projects will be used to colonize Mars . The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (est. 1945) is one of the oldest global risk organizations, founded after the public became alarmed by the potential of atomic warfare in the aftermath of WWII. It studies risks associated with nuclear war and energy and famously maintains

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768-525: A problem for community-based diagnosis services. Originally, contracting the HIV infection meant the result was almost certainly fatal. To date, there is currently no cure for HIV, but it is more emphasised on the prevention and treatment of HIV, these approaches are related to behavioural and educational interactions. Community-based preventions are not fully developed due to the complexity of community components that prevent an accurate method of prevention for HIV infection within communities. Similarly to

832-467: A range of different communities that may be more vulnerable towards HIV infections, these communities include; young women in Africa and Indigenous communities in different countries. These communities come from different countries, which may vary the amount of infection in proportion to the population of the country but other factors may include such as disadvantages that may impact the community. As it

896-412: A reliable diagnosis for HIV it won't be able to support the community rather it will be costs the economony with useless materials to diagnose HIV infections. With the increase of new technologies and developments, people who are newly diagnosed with HIV will be able to expect a normal life span with the use of antiretroviral therapy . With the advancement of technology it has been much easier to design

960-438: A sharp definition", and generally refers (loosely) to a risk that could inflict "serious damage to human well-being on a global scale". Humanity has suffered large catastrophes before. Some of these have caused serious damage but were only local in scope—e.g. the Black Death may have resulted in the deaths of a third of Europe's population, 10% of the global population at the time. Some were global, but were not as severe—e.g.

1024-458: A special challenge in designing risk mitigation measures since humanity will not be able to learn from a track record of previous events. Some researchers argue that both research and other initiatives relating to existential risk are underfunded. Nick Bostrom states that more research has been done on Star Trek , snowboarding , or dung beetles than on existential risks. Bostrom's comparisons have been criticized as "high-handed". As of 2020,

1088-547: A technological catastrophe. Most of the research money funds projects at universities. The Global Catastrophic Risk Institute (est. 2011) is a US-based non-profit, non-partisan think tank founded by Seth Baum and Tony Barrett. GCRI does research and policy work across various risks, including artificial intelligence, nuclear war, climate change, and asteroid impacts. The Global Challenges Foundation (est. 2012), based in Stockholm and founded by Laszlo Szombatfalvy , releases

1152-468: A transaction exists. Numerous cognitive biases can influence people's judgment of the importance of existential risks, including scope insensitivity , hyperbolic discounting , availability heuristic , the conjunction fallacy , the affect heuristic , and the overconfidence effect . Scope insensitivity influences how bad people consider the extinction of the human race to be. For example, when people are motivated to donate money to altruistic causes,

1216-578: A yearly report on the state of global risks. The Future of Life Institute (est. 2014) works to reduce extreme, large-scale risks from transformative technologies, as well as steer the development and use of these technologies to benefit all life, through grantmaking, policy advocacy in the United States, European Union and United Nations, and educational outreach. Elon Musk , Vitalik Buterin and Jaan Tallinn are some of its biggest donors. The Center on Long-Term Risk (est. 2016), formerly known as

1280-533: Is a discussion between prevention and treatment, as both are limited resources, therefore, it is either treatment or prevention to be prioritized. Within this HIV pandemic, introducing HIV strategies helps to prevent HIV infections, such as the DOT – HAART( directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy ) as it was able to decrease HIV/AIDs mortality significantly in Europe and North America . One of

1344-510: Is a proposed alternative to improve the odds of surviving an extinction scenario. Solutions of this scope may require megascale engineering . Astrophysicist Stephen Hawking advocated colonizing other planets within the Solar System once technology progresses sufficiently, in order to improve the chance of human survival from planet-wide events such as global thermonuclear war. Billionaire Elon Musk writes that humanity must become

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1408-538: Is further underlined by an understanding of the interconnectedness of global systemic risks. In absence or anticipation of global governance, national governments can act individually to better understand, mitigate and prepare for global catastrophes. In 2018, the Club of Rome called for greater climate change action and published its Climate Emergency Plan, which proposes ten action points to limit global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Further, in 2019,

1472-587: Is going into existential risk reduction. It is a global public good , so we should expect it to be undersupplied by markets. Even if a large nation invests in risk mitigation measures, that nation will enjoy only a small fraction of the benefit of doing so. Furthermore, existential risk reduction is an intergenerational global public good, since most of the benefits of existential risk reduction would be enjoyed by future generations, and though these future people would in theory perhaps be willing to pay substantial sums for existential risk reduction, no mechanism for such

1536-414: Is important and essential in reducing the risk of HIV, there are particular groups such as men, pregnant women, children, transgender people , and women who may have been affected by HIV infections. In 2016, 23% of HIV infection in the United States were women, similarly to men, black/African American women are more likely to be diagnosed with HIV and the most common way of transmission is through sex with

1600-419: Is more common for gay and bisexual men to interact in sexual activities like anal sex, without the use of protection, it can not only lead to HIV infection but also the transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases. This is a term called “ barebacking ” also known as intentional unsafe sex, as barebacking can be an unintentional health threat to the gay community. The high percentage of HIV infection within

1664-544: Is subject to a unique set of challenges and, as a result, is not easily subjected to the usual standards of scientific rigour. For instance, it is neither feasible nor ethical to study these risks experimentally. Carl Sagan expressed this with regards to nuclear war: "Understanding the long-term consequences of nuclear war is not a problem amenable to experimental verification". Moreover, many catastrophic risks change rapidly as technology advances and background conditions, such as geopolitical conditions, change. Another challenge

1728-636: Is the general difficulty of accurately predicting the future over long timescales, especially for anthropogenic risks which depend on complex human political, economic and social systems. In addition to known and tangible risks, unforeseeable black swan extinction events may occur, presenting an additional methodological problem. Humanity has never suffered an existential catastrophe and if one were to occur, it would necessarily be unprecedented. Therefore, existential risks pose unique challenges to prediction, even more than other long-term events, because of observation selection effects . Unlike with most events,

1792-510: The 1918 influenza pandemic killed an estimated 3–6% of the world's population. Most global catastrophic risks would not be so intense as to kill the majority of life on earth, but even if one did, the ecosystem and humanity would eventually recover (in contrast to existential risks ). Similarly, in Catastrophe: Risk and Response , Richard Posner singles out and groups together events that bring about "utter overthrow or ruin" on

1856-541: The Biological Weapons Convention organization had an annual budget of US$ 1.4 million. Some scholars propose the establishment on Earth of one or more self-sufficient, remote, permanently occupied settlements specifically created for the purpose of surviving a global disaster. Economist Robin Hanson argues that a refuge permanently housing as few as 100 people would significantly improve

1920-651: The Doomsday Clock established in 1947. The Foresight Institute (est. 1986) examines the risks of nanotechnology and its benefits. It was one of the earliest organizations to study the unintended consequences of otherwise harmless technology gone haywire at a global scale. It was founded by K. Eric Drexler who postulated " grey goo ". Beginning after 2000, a growing number of scientists, philosophers and tech billionaires created organizations devoted to studying global risks both inside and outside of academia. Independent non-governmental organizations (NGOs) include

1984-574: The Machine Intelligence Research Institute (est. 2000), which aims to reduce the risk of a catastrophe caused by artificial intelligence, with donors including Peter Thiel and Jed McCaleb . The Nuclear Threat Initiative (est. 2001) seeks to reduce global threats from nuclear, biological and chemical threats, and containment of damage after an event. It maintains a nuclear material security index. The Lifeboat Foundation (est. 2009) funds research into preventing

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2048-455: The electrical grid , or radiological warfare using weapons such as large cobalt bombs . Other global catastrophic risks include climate change, environmental degradation , extinction of species , famine as a result of non-equitable resource distribution, human overpopulation or underpopulation , crop failures , and non- sustainable agriculture . Research into the nature and mitigation of global catastrophic risks and existential risks

2112-404: The rural areas could be more exposed to HIV infections as there is lack of communication between the outside world, such as less health care services, lack of food supplies and also education, that could be factors of increasing HIV infections. Communities in rural areas also suffer from obtaining an adequate and affordable house and it could be difficult for HIV infected people to rent a house if

2176-595: The Club published the more comprehensive Planetary Emergency Plan. There is evidence to suggest that collectively engaging with the emotional experiences that emerge during contemplating the vulnerability of the human species within the context of climate change allows for these experiences to be adaptive. When collective engaging with and processing emotional experiences is supportive, this can lead to growth in resilience, psychological flexibility, tolerance of emotional experiences, and community engagement. Space colonization

2240-564: The Foundational Research Institute, is a British organization focused on reducing risks of astronomical suffering ( s-risks ) from emerging technologies. University-based organizations included the Future of Humanity Institute (est. 2005) which researched the questions of humanity's long-term future, particularly existential risk. It was founded by Nick Bostrom and was based at Oxford University. The Centre for

2304-534: The Moon, or directly evaluating the likely impact of new technology. To understand the dynamics of an unprecedented, unrecoverable global civilizational collapse (a type of existential risk), it may be instructive to study the various local civilizational collapses that have occurred throughout human history. For instance, civilizations such as the Roman Empire have ended in a loss of centralized governance and

2368-561: The Study of Existential Risk (est. 2012) is a Cambridge University-based organization which studies four major technological risks: artificial intelligence, biotechnology, global warming and warfare. All are man-made risks, as Huw Price explained to the AFP news agency, "It seems a reasonable prediction that some time in this or the next century intelligence will escape from the constraints of biology". He added that when this happens "we're no longer

2432-543: The capacity of that family to generate income and support for their family members. It also has a reduction in individual's self care even though if they do not have HIV, but through taking their time to provide care and support to other people that are affected by HIV. The suffering of HIV within communities does not affect some people within the community but the majority of the community. These affected HIV communities also work with their government in developing new approaches towards prevention of HIV, it helps to understand

2496-742: The chance of developing a mental illness is high for HIV infected communities is two times higher in HIV-infected patients than in HIV-negative patients. It is due to the lack of prevention and diagnosis tools to support communities with mental illness, increases the rate of HIV infection within the communities. Communities affected by HIV can include young people, young people age 10 to 24 years are increasingly being more affected by HIV in 2016 than any other age group community. There has been an increasing number of young people from 2000 to 2015 with its tripling between those periods.  In 2020

2560-436: The chances of human survival during a range of global catastrophes. Food storage has been proposed globally, but the monetary cost would be high. Furthermore, it would likely contribute to the current millions of deaths per year due to malnutrition . In 2022, a team led by David Denkenberger modeled the cost-effectiveness of resilient foods to artificial general intelligence (AGI) safety and found "~98-99% confidence" for

2624-464: The community. These preventions will not completely eradicate HIV infection within the community, but it will rather be able to decrease and slow down the rates of HIV infection. An important issue for community-based treatments  is that within poorer communities with fewer resources have lower access to treatment of HIV infection than richer communities. Nonetheless, the HIV-affected community steadily grows due to not only unsafe sex, but also due to

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2688-407: The creation of artificial intelligence misaligned with human goals, biotechnology , and nanotechnology . Insufficient or malign global governance creates risks in the social and political domain, such as global war and nuclear holocaust , biological warfare and bioterrorism using genetically modified organisms , cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism destroying critical infrastructure like

2752-492: The effectiveness of community approaches and potentially assisting in the global crisis of HIV. Many communities are affected by HIV infection, whether they're infected or Influenced by HIV. In regards to the United States statistics of HIV infection among gay and bisexual men, there were 38,729 new cases recorded in 2017 but 70% of those cases were among adults and adolescents that are bisexual and gay men. There are

2816-426: The extinction of the entire human species, seem to trigger a different mode of thinking... People who would never dream of hurting a child hear of existential risk, and say, "Well, maybe the human species doesn't really deserve to survive". All past predictions of human extinction have proven to be false. To some, this makes future warnings seem less credible. Nick Bostrom argues that the absence of human extinction in

2880-485: The failure of a complete extinction event to occur in the past is not evidence against their likelihood in the future, because every world that has experienced such an extinction event has gone unobserved by humanity. Regardless of civilization collapsing events' frequency, no civilization observes existential risks in its history. These anthropic issues may partly be avoided by looking at evidence that does not have such selection effects, such as asteroid impact craters on

2944-439: The gay/bisexual community is impacted by different factors. In most bisexual and gay communities anal sex is one of the most common factors that contribute to increasing of HIV infections, with men not using condoms or taking medicines that will help treat HIV. There are many other methods that increases HIV infection but anal sex is one of the main infection factors for HIV. By understanding how gender affects HIV infection it

3008-607: The key features of extinction and unrecoverable collapse of civilization: before the catastrophe humanity faced a vast range of bright futures to choose from; after the catastrophe, humanity is locked forever in a terrible state. Psychologist Steven Pinker has called existential risk a "useless category" that can distract from threats he considers real and solvable, such as climate change and nuclear war. Potential global catastrophic risks are conventionally classified as anthropogenic or non-anthropogenic hazards. Examples of non-anthropogenic risks are an asteroid or comet impact event ,

3072-535: The lack of diagnosis for HIV creates complications for the public health as it will substantively increase new HIV infections, through unaware HIV positive people.       In some countries community-based HIV testing services have been implemented, this is an important approach for HIV diagnosis as it is the first time tester and for people in the need for the test. These services are offered in many different areas, this includes community-based organizations, workplaces , school , and other institutions ,

3136-405: The lack of information on the disease. This has led to a growth in increased HIV prevention efforts being implemented everywhere, especially the susceptible areas of the world. There have also been HIV preventive groups implemented for communities where anyone who has been affected by HIV can help make efforts towards ending it. Global catastrophic risk A global catastrophic risk or

3200-479: The landlord discovers they are infected with HIV. It is better to consider communities that include people who are more active in risky behaviours and are from particular racial groups that will be more likely to be affected by HIV. It will help to increase the chances of decreasing the prevalence of HIV overall and also helps to decrease the prevalence of HIV within that community. Communities are also socially impacted, family members that are affected by HIV reduces

3264-684: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affected_community&oldid=1254519384 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages HIV-affected community All members of a community are exposed or vulnerable to HIV infections, as in which HIV-affected community includes people that are affected by HIV or even influenced by it. Communities that are affected by HIV are usually doing risky behaviours, these behaviours include; sexual activities without

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3328-424: The main objectives of HAART is to be implemented towards poor communities however the high cost of medication and the lack of facilities needed to able to deliver such an approach has been limited. To consider community-based approaches for HIV infection to be effective, the approaches will need to decrease risky behaviours, increase condom use and increase HIV-related knowledge towards among young people living within

3392-421: The majority of people in a community are from the low and middle-income countries , which means Sub-Saharan Africa communities have a higher chance of HIV infection. Generally, HIV diagnosis provides rapid tests, that will deliver the results on the same day but there are some countries that are in the disadvantaged economic developments range which makes it harder to achieve reliable HIV diagnosises. Without

3456-526: The near future and early reproduction, and little else. Disasters of a magnitude that occur only once every few centuries were forgotten or transmuted into myth." Defense in depth is a useful framework for categorizing risk mitigation measures into three layers of defense: Human extinction is most likely when all three defenses are weak, that is, "by risks we are unlikely to prevent, unlikely to successfully respond to, and unlikely to be resilient against". The unprecedented nature of existential risks poses

3520-426: The past is weak evidence that there will be no human extinction in the future, due to survivor bias and other anthropic effects . Sociobiologist E. O. Wilson argued that: "The reason for this myopic fog, evolutionary biologists contend, is that it was actually advantageous during all but the last few millennia of the two million years of existence of the genus Homo... A premium was placed on close attention to

3584-502: The permanent, irreversible collapse of human civilisation would constitute an existential catastrophe, even if it fell short of extinction. Similarly, if humanity fell under a totalitarian regime, and there were no chance of recovery then such a dystopia would also be an existential catastrophe. Bryan Caplan writes that "perhaps an eternity of totalitarianism would be worse than extinction". ( George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four suggests an example. ) A dystopian scenario shares

3648-501: The quantity they are willing to give does not increase linearly with the magnitude of the issue: people are roughly as willing to prevent the deaths of 200,000 or 2,000 birds. Similarly, people are often more concerned about threats to individuals than to larger groups. Eliezer Yudkowsky theorizes that scope neglect plays a role in public perception of existential risks: Substantially larger numbers, such as 500 million deaths, and especially qualitatively different scenarios such as

3712-405: The roles of community-based organisations, health departments, and health care services’ goal is to improve the diagnosis of HIV infection but also to prevent new HIV infections. Improvement still needs to be made across the HIV care continuum, to able to support communities/people in need for treatments and also increase prevention care goals on a national level. In the area of public health, there

3776-502: The service is also mobile as it is designed to be provided through a mobile van, tents and other places. These services have been supported by the World Health Organization and it is widely practiced as it is targeted at particular communities to lower HIV infections. Even with the diagnosis of HIV within communities, connections of other existing diseases such as hypertension , malaria , diabetes , etc., remains

3840-465: The smartest things around," and will risk being at the mercy of "machines that are not malicious, but machines whose interests don't include us." Stephen Hawking was an acting adviser. The Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere is a Stanford University-based organization focusing on many issues related to global catastrophe by bringing together members of academia in the humanities. It

3904-707: The use of protection, and sharing of syringes and needles can contribute to HIV infection. These risk factors and behaviours includes; communities high in other sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea , herpes , etc. and communities that are active users of sharing needles that includes drug solutions(WHO. HIV) Other factors that associate with communities such as limited healthcare access, poverty and power imbalances. all contribute towards communities that are affected by HIV. These communities include large metropolitan communities that include certain ethnic/racial, gender, and behavioural of subpopulations that may be affected by high rates of HIV counts. Other communities in

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3968-420: The vault is kept at −18 °C (0 °F) by refrigerators powered by locally sourced coal. More speculatively, if society continues to function and if the biosphere remains habitable, calorie needs for the present human population might in theory be met during an extended absence of sunlight, given sufficient advance planning. Conjectured solutions include growing mushrooms on the dead plant biomass left in

4032-520: The wake of the catastrophe, converting cellulose to sugar, or feeding natural gas to methane-digesting bacteria. Insufficient global governance creates risks in the social and political domain, but the governance mechanisms develop more slowly than technological and social change. There are concerns from governments, the private sector, as well as the general public about the lack of governance mechanisms to efficiently deal with risks, negotiate and adjudicate between diverse and conflicting interests. This

4096-565: Was founded by Paul Ehrlich , among others. Stanford University also has the Center for International Security and Cooperation focusing on political cooperation to reduce global catastrophic risk. The Center for Security and Emerging Technology was established in January 2019 at Georgetown's Walsh School of Foreign Service and will focus on policy research of emerging technologies with an initial emphasis on artificial intelligence. They received

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