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52-653: [REDACTED] Look up Hmong  or hmong in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hmong may refer to: Hmong people , an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand Hmong cuisine Hmong customs and culture Hmong music Hmong textile art Hmong language , a continuum of closely related tongues/dialects Hmong–Mien languages Pahawh Hmong , an indigenous semi-syllabic script Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong ,

104-652: A Hmong New Year's festival annually. About sixty families are members of the Providence Hmong Church of the Christian and Missionary Alliance; they are known locally for their egg roll fundraiser, held in the spring. As of 2010, Wisconsin has over 49,000 Hmong people—the largest Asian ethnic group in the state. In December 1999, according to the Hmong National Development Inc., Chicago had about 500 Hmong people. There

156-661: A Hmong-language immersion program. In 2019, Fresno Unified School district began offering dual immersion as well as elective course offerings for high school students to learn the Hmong language. In the Fresno Unified School District, more than 10,000 signatures of support were collected for the naming of a new elementary school for General Vang Pao , a well-known leader from the Secret Wars in Laos and

208-641: A campaign to grant the Thai-based Hmong immediate US immigration rights. In an October 1995 National Review article, citing the Hmong's contributions to US war efforts during the Vietnam War , Johns described Clinton's support for returning the Thai-based Hmong refugees to Laos as a "betrayal" and urged Congressional Republicans to step up opposition to the repatriation. Opposition to the repatriation grew in Congress and among Hmong families in

260-542: A modern alphabetic script Hmong Americans , Americans of Hmong descent See also [ edit ] Hmong folk religion Hmong in Wisconsin Hmong American Peace Academy Hmong Studies Journal Hong (disambiguation) Miao people Mong (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

312-410: A modern alphabetic script Hmong Americans , Americans of Hmong descent See also [ edit ] Hmong folk religion Hmong in Wisconsin Hmong American Peace Academy Hmong Studies Journal Hong (disambiguation) Miao people Mong (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

364-591: A threat to its one-party communist government and the Marxist government in Vientiane , Laos . In a significant and unforeseen political victory for the Hmong and their US Republican advocates, tens of thousands of Thai-based Hmong refugees were ultimately granted US immigration rights. The majority were resettled in California , Minnesota , and Wisconsin . The defeat of the repatriation initiative resulted in

416-830: A total reversal of US policy, the federal government acknowledged that it had supported a prolonged air and ground campaign in Laos against the North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong. That day it dedicated the Laos Memorial on the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery in honor of the Hmong and other combat veterans from the Secret War. In 1999 there were about 250,000 Hmong people living in the United States, living in numerous medium and large cities. Some Hmong remained in refugee camps in Thailand at

468-473: Is a sizable Hmong population in Westminster, Colorado (0.8% of the city's population as of 2010). The 2000 US Census reveals that 60% of all Hmong above 24 years of age have a highest educational attainment of high school or equivalent, as many of these immigrants came to America as adults or young adults. According to a government data collected in 2013, 40% of Hmong Americans drop out of school. Among

520-624: Is a very low percentage considering the population of Hmong Americans in St. Paul is less than 36,000. In the topic of community issues and Hmong in education, factors to consider are family dynamic, parent engagement, accessibility to resources, and the various school climates. The lack of emotional support for Hmong LGBTQ+ youth in Minnesota and Wisconsin reveal mental and health concerns which affect their academic performance. Hmong girls and boys had also encountered difficulties in achieving success in

572-627: Is among the youngest of all groups in the United States, with the majority being under 30 years old, born after 1980, with most part-Hmong are under 10 years old. States with the largest Hmong population include: California (86,989; 0.2%), Minnesota (63,619; 1.2%), Wisconsin (47,127; 0.8%), and North Carolina (10,433; 0.1%), Michigan (5,924; 0.1%), Colorado (4,530; 0.1%), Georgia (3,623; 0.03%), Alaska (3,534; 0.5%), Oklahoma (3,369; 0.1%), and Oregon (2,920; 0.1%). The metropolitan areas of Fresno and Minneapolis-St. Paul have especially large Hmong communities. St. Paul, Minnesota , has

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624-478: Is home to Hmong churches, multiple Hmong-run and owned manufacturing companies, nail salons, small business such as insurance and barber shops, vendors at the flea market, and organizations such as Hmong Village Inc., Vang Organization, and Herr Organization. The Hmong community in Massachusetts is small compared to those of ethnic Vietnamese and Cambodians in the state. As of 2011, according to Judy Thao,

676-586: Is home to the second-largest Hmong American population in Michigan. After 1970, Hmong Americans began to settle in Lansing, Michigan's capital city. Hmong Americans in the Greater Lansing Area, often have strong ties to such churches as St. Michael's, Our Savior Lutheran Church, and All Saints Episcopal Church, which sponsored those Hmong who came to Lansing, and provided them with resources to make

728-1043: Is in Minneapolis-Saint Paul-Bloomington, MN Metro Area (74,422); followed by Fresno, CA Metro Area (31,771); Sacramento, CA Metro Area (26,996); Milwaukee, WI Metro Area (11,904); and Merced, CA Metro Area (7,254). There are smaller Hmong communities scattered across the country, including cities in California; Colorado ( Denver, Colorado – 4,264); Michigan ( Detroit, Michigan and Warren, Michigan – 4,190), Alaska ( Anchorage, Alaska – 3,494); North Carolina ( Hickory, North Carolina ); Georgia ( Auburn , Duluth , Lawrenceville , Monroe , Atlanta , and Winder ); Wisconsin ( Eau Claire , Appleton , Green Bay , La Crosse , Madison , and Stevens Point , Plover , and Sheboygan ); Kansas ( Kansas City – 1,754); Oklahoma ( Tulsa – 2,483); Southwest Missouri; Northwest Arkansas ( Benton County ); Washington; Oregon ( Portland ), Montana (Missoula) and throughout

780-612: Is located in Thornton, Colorado. In 2018, the Hmong District celebrates its fortieth-year anniversary in St. Paul. It has more than 110 churches scattered throughout the United States with an inclusive membership of 30,000 plus people. The Hmong District is led by Rev. Dr. Lantzia Thao (Tswv Txos), who acts as the Hmong District Superintendent overseeing the entire movement and operations. Kansas City

832-555: Is one of the most concentrated of the Asian groups." As of 2005, Michigan had 5,400 Hmong people; reflecting an increase from 2,300 in the early 1990s. As of 2005, most Hmong in Michigan lived in Metro Detroit in the cities of Detroit, Pontiac , and Warren . As of 2007, almost 8,000 Hmong lived in Michigan, most in northeastern Detroit. As of 2007, Hmong were increasingly moving to Pontiac and Warren. The Greater Lansing Area

884-759: The Hmong people who had settled in Philadelphia left for other cities in the United States to join relatives who were already there. In 1976, Hmong members of the U.S. Secret Army Special Guerrilla Unit, recruited by the CIA during the Vietnam War, were resettled in Rhode Island as refugees. In 1983 their population was estimated at 1,700–2,000. 2010 census results put the number of Rhode Island Hmong at 1,015. The Hmong United Association of Rhode Island puts on

936-561: The 1980 immigration wave, a heated global political debate developed over how to deal with the remaining Hmong refugees in Thailand. Many had been held in squalid Thai refugee camps, and the United Nations and the Clinton administration sought to repatriate them to Laos. Reports of human rights violations against the Hmong in Laos, including killings and imprisonments, led most Thailand-based Hmong to oppose returning there, even as

988-523: The 2010 US Census, 260,073 people of Hmong descent reside in the United States up from 186,310 in 2000. The vast majority of the growth since 2000 was from natural increase, except for the admission of a final group of over 15,000 refugees in 2004 and 2005 from Wat Tham Krabok in Thailand . Of the 260,073 Hmong-Americans, 247,595 or 95.2% are Hmong alone, and the remaining 12,478 are mixed Hmong with some other ethnicity or race. The Hmong-American population

1040-598: The Greater Kansas City Area in 2013. Lao Family was established in Kansas City in the 1980s. The Hmong separated from that organization to create Hmong American Community, Inc. It still operates and hosts Hmong New Year celebrations in Kansas City. Kansas City has a vast majority Green Hmong population. More than 80% of the people had converted to Christianity, although many new arrivals of Hmong people still practice traditional religion. Kansas City

1092-771: The Heart of the Hmong) Theatre, which is reportedly the world's first Hmong theater group, was formed in 1990. It is based in the Twin Cities. It is now known as the Center for Hmong Arts and Talent (CHAT). The film Gran Torino directed by Clint Eastwood , was set and filmed in Detroit, Michigan. It stars five Minnesotan Hmong (Hmongesotan) Americans. The original story was based on a neighborhood in Saint Paul. It

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1144-636: The Hmong American diaspora. Some Hmong families have moved to the Emerald Triangle region, including Trinity and Siskiyou counties, to work in the marijuana farming industry. Colorado is home to approximately 5,000 Hmong, who first settled in the state from late 1976 to the early 1980s. Today, most ethnic Hmong live in the north metro Denver area, including Arvada, Brighton, Broomfield, Federal Heights, Lafayette, Northglenn, Thornton and Westminster. In 1995, Golden, Colorado became

1196-634: The Hmong population, 38% have not received a high school degree, and 14% have at least a bachelor's degree. Educational attainment among Hmong women is significantly lower than among Hmong men, with about one in five Hmong women having a high school diploma. The lack of formal education among Hmong immigrants is due to the fact that many were once farmers in the hills of Laos or were refugees from war who fled into remote jungles, and had little or no access to schools. In St. Paul about 2,000 Hmong people have their bachelor's degree, 150 have their master's degree, and 68 have received their doctoral degree, which

1248-552: The Hmong students who took the California English Language Development Test , which measures English fluency in students who are learning English, 15% of those identifying as Hmong scored at the "advanced" or "early advanced" classifications. In comparison, 30% of California's Vietnamese students studying English, and 21% of California's more than 1.5 million English learning students scored at that same advanced level. Suanna Gilman-Ponce,

1300-735: The Hmong, Lao, Mien, Lue, Khmu and Thaidam tribes. They were known for their patriotism, valiant service, personal sacrifice, and loyal support of the United States Armed Forces in Laos during the Vietnam War. "Historically, the Lao-Hmong people were one of our country’s most loyal allies. During the Vietnam War, they fought bravely alongside U.S. soldiers. Many emigrated to the U.S. and now proudly call this country their home. We are grateful for their service and sacrifice to our nation," said U.S. Rep. Ed Perlmutter (CO-07). The Hmong Alliance and Missionary District headquarters

1352-735: The US Central Intelligence Agency , fought mostly along the Ho Chi Minh Trail , where his forces sought to disrupt North Vietnamese weapons supply efforts to the communist Viet Cong rebel forces in South Vietnam . Ethnic Laotian and Hmong veterans, and their families, led by Colonel Wangyee Vang formed the Lao Veterans of America in the aftermath of the war to help refugees in the camps in Thailand and to help former veterans and their families in

1404-448: The US. Congressional Republicans responded by introducing and passing legislation to appropriate sufficient funds to resettle all remaining Hmong in Thailand in the United States. Clinton vowed to veto the legislation. In addition to internal US opposition to the repatriation, the government of Laos expressed reservations about the repatriation, stating that the Hmong remaining in Thailand were

1456-413: The US. In May 1976, another 11,000 Hmong were allowed to enter the United States. By 1978 some 30,000 Hmong had immigrated to the US and by 1998, there were 200,000 Hmong living in the US. This first wave was made up primarily of men directly associated with General Vang Pao 's Secret Army , which had been aligned with US war efforts during the Vietnam War . Vang Pao's Secret Army, which was subsidized by

1508-653: The United States, especially with family reunification and resettlement issues. The passage of the Refugee Act of 1980 represented the second-wave of Hmong immigration. The clans , from which the Hmong take their surnames, are: Chang (Tsaab) or Cha (Tsab), Chao (Tsom), Cheng (Tsheej), Chue (Tswb), Fang (Faaj) or Fa (Faj), Hang (Haam) or Ha (Ham), Her (Hawj), Khang (Khaab) or Kha (Khab), Kong (Koo) or Soung (Xoom), Kue (Kwm), Lee (Lis), Lor (Lauj), Moua (Muas), Pha (Phab), Thao (Thoj), Vang (Vaaj) or Va (Vaj), Vue or Vu (Vwj), Xiong (Xyooj) and Yang (Yaaj) or Ya (Yaj). Following

1560-594: The United States. As of the 2000 US Census , the largest Hmong population by metropolitan area resided in and around Minneapolis-St. Paul, with 40,707 people. The following areas were Greater Fresno with 22,456 people, Greater Sacramento (Sacramento-Yolo) with 16,261, Greater Milwaukee (Milwaukee-Racine) with 8,078, Greater Merced with 6,148, Greater Stockton (Stockton-Lodi) with 5,553, Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah with 4,741, Greater Wausau with 4,453, Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir (North Carolina) with 4,207, and Greater Detroit (Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint) with 3,926. California has

1612-766: The United States. The rest, about 8 to 10%, resettled in countries including Canada, France, the Netherlands, and Australia. According to the 2021 American Community Survey by the US Census Bureau, the population count for Hmong Americans was 368,609. As of 2019, the largest community in the United States was in the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area. Hmong Americans face disparities in healthcare, and socioeconomic challenges that lead to lower health literacy, median life expectancy, and per capita income. Initially, only 1,000 Hmong people were evacuated to

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1664-543: The conditions worsened of the camps in Thailand, because of their lack of sufficient funding. One of the more prominent examples of apparent Laotian abuse of the Hmong was the fate of Vue Mai, a former soldier. The US Embassy in Bangkok recruited him to return to Laos under the repatriation program, in their effort to reassure the Thai-based Hmong that their safety in Laos would be assured. But Vue disappeared in Vientiane . The US Commission for Refugees later reported that he

1716-699: The director of the United Hmong of Massachusetts, an organization based in Lowell , about 2,000 Hmong resided in the State of Massachusetts. Thao said that the largest community, with 60 to 70 families, is located in the Fitchburg / Leominster area. As of 2010, there are 412 people of Hmong descent living in Fitchburg (one percent of the city's population). Thao said that about 20 to 30 families live in each of

1768-485: The end of the 1970s Laotian Civil War. They were attacked in discriminatory acts, and the city's Commission on Human Relations held hearings on the incidents. Anne Fadiman , author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down , said that lower-class residents resented the Hmong receiving a $ 100,000 federal grant for employment assistance when they were also out of work; they believed that American citizens should be getting assistance. Between 1982 and 1984, three quarters of

1820-598: The field of education as they adapted the Hmong culture, which is considered as rural, to contemporary American society (Ngo & Lor, 2013). Cha suggested that the dropout rate of Hmong teenagers was the highest among those of Asian American groups (2013). In the first few years after immigration, Hmong girls almost had no chance to be educated in school. Later, as they got the opportunities to go to school, around 90% of Hmong girls chose to quit school because parents preferred obedient and compliant daughters-in-law when looking for partners for their sons (Ngo & Lor, 2013). On

1872-616: The first city in the United States to designate a Lao-Hmong Recognition Day. Since then, other areas in the country followed suit, declaring July 22 “Lao-Hmong Recognition Day”. The special day honors the bravery, sacrifice, and loyalty to the United States exhibited by the Lao-Hmong. The Lao-Hmong Recognition Day was held in recognition and to honor of the Lao-Hmong Special Guerrilla Units (SGU) Veterans, "America’s Secret Army and Most Loyal Allies." The SGUs were composed of indigenous Laotians, especially members of

1924-513: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up Hmong  or hmong in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hmong may refer to: Hmong people , an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand Hmong cuisine Hmong customs and culture Hmong music Hmong textile art Hmong language , a continuum of closely related tongues/dialects Hmong–Mien languages Pahawh Hmong , an indigenous semi-syllabic script Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong ,

1976-685: The largest Hmong population in the United States by state. As of 2010, there are 95,120 Hmong Americans in California. In 2002, the State of California counted about 35,000 students of Hmong descent in schools. According to Jay Schenirer, a member of the school board of the Sacramento City Unified School District , most of the students lived in the Central Valley , in an area ranging from Fresno to Marysville . Fresno County and Sacramento County combined have almost 12,000 Hmong students. As of 2002, of

2028-491: The largest Hmong population per capita in the United States (10.0%; 28,591 Hmong Americans), followed by Wausau in Wisconsin (3,569; 9.1% of its population). The Hmong communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin are geographically and culturally interlinked, with sizeable Hmong communities present in most of the mid-size cities between Milwaukee and Minneapolis. In terms of metropolitan area, the largest Hmong-American community

2080-475: The late 1990s, however, several US conservatives, led by Johns and others, alleged that the Clinton administration was using the denial of this covert war to justify a repatriation of Thailand-based Hmong war veterans to Laos. It persuaded the US government to acknowledge the Secret War (conducted mostly under President Richard Nixon ) and to honor the Hmong and American veterans from the war. On May 15, 1997, in

2132-508: The multilingual education department head of Sacramento City Unified, said that the lower rates among Hmong students can be attributed to a higher percentage of parents who speak little English; therefore the children enter American schools with fewer English skills. In addition, their culture was not literate. There was no tradition of written Hmong history or literature. In 2011, Susan B. Anthony Elementary School in Sacramento established

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2184-441: The other hand, Hmong young men are burdened more due to the high expectations on sons in Hmong culture, which led to their challenges in school, such as bad relationships with teachers and lack of participation in class. The word used to describe the work those Hmong boys were involved in for family was “helping out” (Ngo & Lor, 2013, p. 155), referring to an accepted and natural habit including working outside, taking care of

2236-526: The reunifications in the US of many long-separated Hmong families. In 2006, as a reflection of the growth of the minority in the state, the Wisconsin State Elections Board translated state voting documents into the Hmong language. Throughout the Vietnam War, and for two decades following it, the US government stated that there was no "Secret War" in Laos and that the US was not engaged in air or ground combat operations in Laos. In

2288-584: The second-largest communities, in Springfield and Brockton . As of 1999, fewer than 4,000 Hmong people lived in Detroit. As of 2002 the concentrations of Hmong and Laotian people in the Wayne – Macomb – Oakland tri-county area were in northeast Detroit, southern Warren, and central Pontiac. That year, Kurt Metzger and Jason Booza, authors of "Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit," wrote that "The 3,943 Hmong living in tri-county area

2340-542: The siblings, completing daily household, being cultural brokers for parents and attending numerous traditional ceremonies. For example, Hmong boys were asked to write checks to pay for utility bills and to prepare food for their younger brothers. Also, they went to ceremonies not only to maintain the family relationship but also to keep the traditions from disappearing. According to Yang (2013), after three decades of struggle, Hmong Americans had achieved in economic, political and educational aspects. Starting from small business,

2392-665: The time of the September 11, 2001, attacks . This resulted in the tightening of US immigration laws, especially under the Patriot Act and the Real ID Act , and the immigration of Hmong refugees to the US has significantly slowed. Most Hmong refugees in Thailand had been engaged in documented armed conflict (although under US sponsorship) during and after the Vietnam War . The anti-terrorism legislation created barriers to such people being accepted as immigrants. According to

2444-500: The title Hmong . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hmong&oldid=1105283031 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Hmong From Misplaced Pages,

2496-711: The title Hmong . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hmong&oldid=1105283031 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Hmong Americans During this period, thousands of Hmong were evacuated or escaped on their own to Hmong refugee camps in neighboring Thailand. About 90% of those who made it to refugee camps in Thailand were ultimately resettled in

2548-503: The transition to America a smoother experience. Lansing hosts a statewide Hmong New Year Festival. As of 1999, Minnesota has the second-largest US Hmong population by state. As of 2001, the largest Hmong population in the United States by the city is located in St. Paul. In 2020, the Hmong-American population in Minnesota was about 90,000, and it was the largest ethnic Asian group in the state. Pom Siab Hmoob (Gazing into

2600-487: Was arrested by Lao security forces and never seen again. Especially following the Vue Mai incident, the Clinton and UN policy of returning the Hmong to Laos began to meet with strong political opposition by US conservatives and some human rights advocates. Michael Johns , a former White House aide to George H. W. Bush and a Heritage Foundation foreign policy analyst, along with other influential conservatives, led

2652-594: Was one of the first cities to accept Hmong people after the war. Its Hmong population declined in the early 80s due to migration of many from Kansas to California, and to the Northern Midwest. The population has since stabilized and has more than doubled every decade since 1990. According to the 2010 Census, 1,732 Hmong people lived in Kansas, of which 1,600 lived in the Kansas side of Kansas City. More than 400 families and 2,000 Hmong were estimated to be living in

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2704-559: Was the first mainstream US film to feature Hmong Americans. In 2010, North Carolina had a population of 10,864 Hmong. Their community has one of the highest rates of employment compared to Hmong in other states in the US. 50% of the employed Hmong adults work in the manufacturing industry. The two centers of population are in the Hickory and Greensboro areas respectively. A group of Hmong refugees settled in Philadelphia after

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