The Hotel Jerome is located on East Main Street ( State Highway 82 ) in Aspen , Colorado, United States. It is a brick structure built in the 1880s that is often described as one of the city's major landmarks, its "crown jewel". In 1986 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is operated by Auberge Resorts .
129-527: It was built by Jerome B. Wheeler , at the time co-owner of Macy's and a major investor in Aspen during its early boom years. He wanted the city to have a hotel that equaled European ones in its refinements and amenities. It was one of the first buildings west of the Mississippi to have full electric lighting and it has the only above ground ballroom in Aspen. It was the only hotel to remain open through
258-633: A Ram in a Thicket , the Copper Bull and a bull's head on one of the Lyres of Ur . From the many subsequent periods before the ascendency of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 10th century BCE, Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: cylinder seals , relatively small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap plaques of moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not. The Burney Relief
387-726: A 45% partner in the purchase of the department store. He remained a partner until 1888, when there was stiff competition from other department stores with fruitful advertising campaigns. Wheeler died in Colorado in December 1918. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx , New York City. In 1883 Wheeler visited Colorado and "fell in love with the Colorado mountains". He decided to invest in "productive mines" in Aspen and Leadville . Within Aspen , Wheeler purchased mines and built
516-596: A bookkeeper. He had several positions before becoming a full partner in the firm after 10 years at the firm. Wheeler married Harriet Macy Valentine in 1870. She was a descendant of Thomas Macy, one of the first European settlers in Nantucket , and niece of Rowland Hussey Macy who founded the R.H. Macy and Company , which became a large department store in New York City. In 1879, a few years after Rowland Hussey Macy's death, Charles Webster brought Wheeler in to be
645-462: A cog railway that transported passengers to the top of Pikes Peak . Wheeler's mines in Leadville and Aspen made about $ 5 million in the 1880s. Much of his fortune was lost in the economic depression of 1893 . Stonecarving Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions . Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in
774-459: A culture is regarded as of great significance, though tracing the emergence is often complicated by the presumed existence of sculpture in wood and other perishable materials of which no record remains; The totem pole is an example of a tradition of monumental sculpture in wood that would leave no traces for archaeology. The ability to summon the resources to create monumental sculpture, by transporting usually very heavy materials and arranging for
903-562: A director of the organization. In 1888, Wheeler had the Wheeler-Stallard House built, but never lived in the home. Wheeler also built a mountain tramway and a bank in Aspen. He was president of the Rock Hill Consolidated Gold and Silver Mining Company. Wheeler moved to Manitou Springs, Colorado , in an effort to improve his wife's health. She had a severe case of bronchitis . Wheeler built
1032-455: A function as a vessel with a sculptural form, and small figurines have often been as popular as they are in modern Western culture. Stamps and moulds were used by most ancient civilizations, from ancient Rome and Mesopotamia to China. Wood carving has been extremely widely practiced, but survives much less well than the other main materials, being vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. It therefore forms an important hidden element in
1161-503: A general term for an object made in this way. Alabaster or mineral gypsum is a soft mineral that is easy to carve for smaller works and still relatively durable. Engraved gems are small carved gems, including cameos , originally used as seal rings . The copying of an original statue in stone, which was very important for ancient Greek statues, which are nearly all known from copies, was traditionally achieved by " pointing ", along with more freehand methods. Pointing involved setting up
1290-415: A grid of string squares on a wooden frame surrounding the original, and then measuring the position on the grid and the distance between grid and statue of a series of individual points, and then using this information to carve into the block from which the copy is made. Bronze and related copper alloys are the oldest and still the most popular metals for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture
1419-535: A hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solid casting is then ejected or broken out to complete the process, although a final stage of "cold work" may follow on the finished cast. Casting may be used to form hot liquid metals or various materials that cold set after mixing of components (such as epoxies , concrete , plaster and clay ). Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. The oldest surviving casting
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#17327914197481548-461: A job as the Jerome's bartender, and later acquired the hotel from Wheeler, who had by this time long left the city and was unable to pay the taxes as he had gone bankrupt . In 1918, the Jerome's parlors served as morgues during the flu epidemic . The next year Elisha threw a welcome-home dance for local soldiers returning from World War I in 1919. Prohibition had started by then, and to survive
1677-673: A kiln until they are liquid and flow into a waiting mould below it in the kiln. Hot glass can also be blown and/or hot sculpted with hand tools either as a solid mass or as part of a blown object. More recent techniques involve chiseling and bonding plate glass with polymer silicates and UV light. Pottery is one of the oldest materials for sculpture, as well as clay being the medium in which many sculptures cast in metal are originally modelled for casting. Sculptors often build small preliminary works called maquettes of ephemeral materials such as plaster of Paris , wax, unfired clay, or plasticine . Many cultures have produced pottery which combines
1806-672: A lengthy lawsuit over a mining deal. The next year, in response to the Panic of 1893 , Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , ending the Colorado Silver Boom and with it Aspen's early boom years. Fisk could not pay taxes on the property, and it soon became the property of Pitkin County , and then became Wheeler's again. It remained the center of the city's social life, partially because it had
1935-425: A local developer, Dick Butera, bought the Jerome for $ 6 million ($ 17 million in modern dollars) and began the restoration Gilmore had tried to begin 17 years earlier, a project that cost more than quadruple the purchase price. The structural system was restored. All the original finishes on the inside were brought back to their original appearance. On the outside, Bayer's paint scheme was blasted off in favor of
2064-403: A mere $ 5 ($ 44.00 in modern dollars) a night. Many of the younger people who were increasingly drawn to Aspen sneaked in to take showers on the third floor. He tried to interest investors in rehabilitating the building, but could not. He was able to add new entrances to the storefronts, however. The influx of newcomers to Aspen at the time were largely hippies and other countercultural types of
2193-479: A night. Early guests included Wheeler's business friends from the East , theater stars of the era and wealthy travelers. As its builder had intended, it occupied the most commanding location in the city. Three years after its completion, in 1892, Wheeler sold the hotel to a Denver man named Archie Fisk for $ 125,000 ($ 4.24 million in modern dollars) as part of a general liquidation of his Aspen assets after losing
2322-536: A number of figures of large-eyed priests and worshippers, mostly in alabaster and up to a foot high, who attended temple cult images of the deity, but very few of these have survived. Sculptures from the Sumerian and Akkadian period generally had large, staring eyes, and long beards on the men. Many masterpieces have also been found at the Royal Cemetery at Ur (c. 2650 BCE), including the two figures of
2451-402: A number of non-traditional forms of sculpture, including sound sculpture , light sculpture , environmental art , environmental sculpture , street art sculpture , kinetic sculpture (involving aspects of physical motion ), land art , and site-specific art . Sculpture is an important form of public art . A collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden . There
2580-775: A pair of large bison in clay against a limestone rock. With the beginning of the Mesolithic in Europe figurative sculpture greatly reduced, and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until the Roman period, despite some works such as the Gundestrup cauldron from the European Iron Age and the Bronze Age Trundholm sun chariot . From the ancient Near East ,
2709-477: A place in the mountains of Colorado that would be ideal for an American counterpart to the Salzburg Festival . Aspen had many rundown neglected buildings lat the time, but they saw a lot of Victorian charm that could be brought back to life. They were cheap, and Paepcke bought or leased many, including the Jerome. Pfeifer also convinced him of the area's skiing potential, and Paepcke invested the money in
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#17327914197482838-459: A popular destination, and celebrities vacationing in Aspen like Gary Cooper and John Wayne often stayed at the Jerome, and it became known as a place where they and the locals freely mingled. Hunter S. Thompson used the J-Bar as his de facto office; later the hotel ballroom hosted his memorial service . Bill Murray partied there while portraying Thompson in a film, and the J-Bar also inspired
2967-571: A popular for the Tenth's trainees on weekend leave , since Leadville was off-limits and Denver was a lot farther away. After the war some veterans of the Tenth returned to Aspen, including Friedl Pfeifer, another Austrian who had been involved in developing the ski resort before the war. In 1946 Walter Paepcke , then president of the Container Corporation of America , visited the city with his wife Elizabeth. The couple were looking for
3096-419: A sandstone course runs around the building at the arches' springline. At the third story the four-pane center windows, also recessed, have a similar round-arched treatment as the flanking second-story windows. On the sides are four one-over-one sash windows with sandstone sills and small decorations between them. At the lintel is a dentilled , fluted wooden frieze that continues around the entire building save
3225-597: A song by Glenn Frey , who had gone there often with his bandmates while a member of The Eagles . The Jerome occupies a 1.1-acre (4,500 m) lot on the northwest corner of the North Mill Street intersection. The neighborhood is densely developed with many other commercial properties. Some of them, such as the Pitkin County Courthouse two blocks to the east, Aspen City Hall to the southeast, Collins Block and Wheeler Opera House to
3354-762: A tramway to bring ore down the mountain where it was processed in a smelter he built at the base of the mountain. The smelter was owned by the Aspen Smelting Company. Wheeler was president of the Croseus Gold Mining and Milling Company. He spent nearly one million dollars each to build the Hotel Jerome and the Wheeler Opera House . He also invested in the Colorado Midland Railway and in 1885 became
3483-796: A useful function, like the famous lions supporting a fountain in the Alhambra . Many forms of Protestantism also do not approve of religious sculpture. There has been much iconoclasm of sculpture for religious motives, from the Early Christians and the Beeldenstorm of the Protestant Reformation to the 2001 destruction of the Buddhas of Bamyan by the Taliban . The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to
3612-522: A very early stage. The collecting of sculpture, including that of earlier periods, goes back some 2,000 years in Greece, China and Mesoamerica, and many collections were available on semi-public display long before the modern museum was invented. From the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture
3741-483: Is a copper Mesopotamian frog from 3200 BCE. Specific techniques include lost-wax casting , plaster mould casting, and sand casting . Welding is a process where different pieces of metal are fused together to create different shapes and designs. There are many different forms of welding, such as Oxy-fuel welding , Stick welding , MIG welding , and TIG welding . Oxy-fuel is probably the most common method of welding when it comes to creating steel sculptures because it
3870-452: Is a standing pose with arms crossed in front, but other figures are shown in different poses, including a complicated figure of a harpist seated on a chair. The subsequent Minoan and Mycenaean cultures developed sculpture further, under influence from Syria and elsewhere, but it is in the later Archaic period from around 650 BCE that the kouros developed. These are large standing statues of naked youths, found in temples and tombs, with
3999-535: Is also a view that buildings are a type of sculpture, with Constantin Brâncuși describing architecture as "inhabited sculpture". One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in some form of association with religion. Cult images are common in many cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art , like the Statue of Zeus at Olympia . The actual cult images in
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4128-414: Is also home to several meeting spaces, including the 3,450-square-foot (321 m) Grand Ballroom in the northeast corner of the rear block, the only above ground ballroom in Aspen, with 16-foot (4.9 m) ceilings. On the upper floors there are 94 guest rooms. They range from 500 to 750 square feet (46 to 70 m) in size, from single rooms to suites . Standard amenities include marble vanities in
4257-753: Is also much easier to work than stone. It has been very often painted after carving, but the paint wears less well than the wood, and is often missing in surviving pieces. Painted wood is often technically described as "wood and polychrome ". Typically a layer of gesso or plaster is applied to the wood, and then the paint is applied to that. Three dimensional work incorporating unconventional materials such as cloth, fur, plastics, rubber and nylon, that can thus be stuffed, sewn, hung, draped or woven, are known as soft sculptures . Well known creators of soft sculptures include Claes Oldenburg , Yayoi Kusama , Eva Hesse , Sarah Lucas and Magdalena Abakanowicz . Worldwide, sculptors have usually been tradespeople whose work
4386-422: Is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone . Owing to the permanence of the material, evidence can be found that even the earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work, though not all areas of the world have such abundance of good stone for carving as Egypt, Greece, India and most of Europe. Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are perhaps
4515-465: Is an unusually elaborate and relatively large (20 x 15 inches, 50 x 37 cm) terracotta plaque of a naked winged goddess with the feet of a bird of prey, and attendant owls and lions. It comes from the 18th or 19th century BCE, and may also be moulded. Stone stelae , votive offerings , or ones probably commemorating victories and showing feasts, are also found from temples, which unlike more official ones lack inscriptions that would explain them;
4644-645: Is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, and the ability to transport and store the increasingly large works is a factor in their construction. Small decorative figurines , most often in ceramics, are as popular today (though strangely neglected by modern and Contemporary art ) as they were in the Rococo , or in ancient Greece when Tanagra figurines were a major industry, or in East Asian and Pre-Columbian art . Small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in
4773-410: Is often called simply a "bronze". Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Their strength and lack of brittleness (ductility) is an advantage when figures in action are to be created, especially when compared to various ceramic or stone materials (see marble sculpture for several examples). Gold
4902-593: Is one of the finest of a number of Magdalenian carvings in bone or antler of animals in the art of the Upper Paleolithic , although they are outnumbered by engraved pieces, which are sometimes classified as sculpture. Two of the largest prehistoric sculptures can be found at the Tuc d'Audobert caves in France, where around 12–17,000 years ago a masterful sculptor used a spatula-like stone tool and fingers to model
5031-443: Is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the "head", showing just that, or the bust , a representation of a person from the chest up. Small forms of sculpture include the figurine , normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches (46 cm) tall, and for reliefs the plaquette , medal or coin. Modern and contemporary art have added
5160-408: Is the easiest to use for shaping the steel as well as making clean and less noticeable joins of the steel. The key to Oxy-fuel welding is heating each piece of metal to be joined evenly until all are red and have a shine to them. Once that shine is on each piece, that shine will soon become a 'pool' where the metal is liquified and the welder must get the pools to join, fusing the metal. Once cooled off,
5289-414: Is the softest and most precious metal, and very important in jewellery ; with silver it is soft enough to be worked with hammers and other tools as well as cast; repoussé and chasing are among the techniques used in gold and silversmithing . Casting is a group of manufacturing processes by which a liquid material (bronze, copper, glass, aluminum, iron) is (usually) poured into a mould, which contains
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5418-407: Is unsigned; in some traditions, for example China, where sculpture did not share the prestige of literati painting , this has affected the status of sculpture itself. Even in ancient Greece , where sculptors such as Phidias became famous, they appear to have retained much the same social status as other artisans, and perhaps not much greater financial rewards, although some signed their works. In
5547-526: The Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal and the Lachish reliefs showing a campaign. They produced very little sculpture in the round, except for colossal guardian figures of the human-headed lamassu , which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block, with the heads effectively in the round (and also five legs, so that both views seem complete). Even before dominating the region they had continued
5676-497: The bi and cong probably had religious significance. Small sculptures as personal possessions go back to the earliest prehistoric art, and the use of very large sculpture as public art , especially to impress the viewer with the power of a ruler, goes back at least to the Great Sphinx of some 4,500 years ago. In archaeology and art history the appearance, and sometimes disappearance, of large or monumental sculpture in
5805-528: The Aspen Skiing Company that Pfeifer had founded. That allowed the completion of Ski Lift No. 1 , claimed to be the longest in the world. Its gala opening in January 1947 was the end of Aspen's "quiet years". As he had done with his other Aspen acquisitions, Paepcke commissioned Austrian Bauhaus architect Herbert Bayer to renovate the Jerome. Bayer's main change on the outside was to paint
5934-532: The Aurignacian culture , which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic . As well as producing some of the earliest known cave art , the people of this culture developed finely-crafted stone tools, manufacturing pendants, bracelets, ivory beads, and bone-flutes, as well as three-dimensional figurines. The 30 cm tall Löwenmensch found in
6063-584: The Elysian, Chicago . They hired RockResorts , a subsidiary of Vail Resorts , owner of the Vail Ski Resort , Aspen's principal competitor in that area, to manage the Jerome. To finance the purchase they took out a mortgage with Morgan Stanley . The note later became the property of Lehman Brothers . After the Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers , a new entity, Jerome Property LLC, became the holder of
6192-540: The Indus Valley civilization , appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines and seals. The Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture , seem to have devoted enormous resources to very large-scale monumental sculpture from
6321-826: The Middle Ages artists such as the 12th-century Gislebertus sometimes signed their work, and were sought after by different cities, especially from the Trecento onwards in Italy, with figures such as Arnolfo di Cambio , and Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni . Goldsmiths and jewellers, dealing with precious materials and often doubling as bankers, belonged to powerful guilds and had considerable status, often holding civic office. Many sculptors also practised in other arts; Andrea del Verrocchio also painted, and Giovanni Pisano , Michelangelo, and Jacopo Sansovino were architects . Some sculptors maintained large workshops. Even in
6450-577: The Nimrud ivories , Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun . Portrait sculpture began in Egypt , where the Narmer Palette shows a ruler of the 32nd century BCE, and Mesopotamia , where we have 27 surviving statues of Gudea , who ruled Lagash c. 2144–2124 BCE. In ancient Greece and Rome, the erection of a portrait statue in a public place was almost the highest mark of honour, and
6579-756: The Oxborough Dirk . The materials used in sculpture are diverse, changing throughout history. The classic materials, with outstanding durability, are metal, especially bronze , stone and pottery, with wood, bone and antler less durable but cheaper options. Precious materials such as gold , silver , jade , and ivory are often used for small luxury works, and sometimes in larger ones, as in chryselephantine statues. More common and less expensive materials were used for sculpture for wider consumption, including hardwoods (such as oak , box/boxwood , and lime/linden ); terracotta and other ceramics , wax (a very common material for models for casting, and receiving
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#17327914197486708-605: The Pre-Pottery Neolithic , and represent the start of a more-or-less continuous tradition in the region. The Protoliterate period in Mesopotamia , dominated by Uruk , saw the production of sophisticated works like the Warka Vase and cylinder seals . The Guennol Lioness is an outstanding small limestone figure from Elam of about 3000–2800 BCE, part human and part lioness. A little later there are
6837-500: The Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelo 's statue of David . Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of constructed sculpture , and the presentation of found objects as finished artworks. A distinction exists between sculpture "in the round", free-standing sculpture such as statues , not attached except possibly at
6966-734: The Wheeler Bank in 1888, the town's first financial institution, and the Manitou Mineral Water Company, which bottled and shipped mineral water across the country, including New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel . In 1893, Wheeler built the Windemere estate in Manitou Springs, which included a conservatory, coach house, billiard rooms and bowling alley. He invested in the Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway ,
7095-527: The kore as the clothed female equivalent, with elaborately dressed hair; both have the " archaic smile ". They seem to have served a number of functions, perhaps sometimes representing deities and sometimes the person buried in a grave, as with the Kroisos Kouros . They are clearly influenced by Egyptian and Syrian styles, but the Greek artists were much more ready to experiment within the style. During
7224-547: The 1960s, acrylics and other plastics have been used as well. Andy Goldsworthy makes his unusually ephemeral sculptures from almost entirely natural materials in natural settings. Some sculpture, such as ice sculpture , sand sculpture , and gas sculpture , is deliberately short-lived. Recent sculptors have used stained glass , tools, machine parts, hardware and consumer packaging to fashion their works. Sculptors sometimes use found objects , and Chinese scholar's rocks have been appreciated for many centuries. Stone sculpture
7353-489: The 20th century. Aniconism originated with Judaism , which did not accept figurative sculpture until the 19th century, before expanding to Christianity , which initially accepted large sculptures. In Christianity and Buddhism, sculpture became very significant. Christian Eastern Orthodoxy has never accepted monumental sculpture, and Islam has consistently rejected nearly all figurative sculpture, except for very small figures in reliefs and some animal figures that fulfill
7482-517: The 6th century Greek sculpture developed rapidly, becoming more naturalistic, and with much more active and varied figure poses in narrative scenes, though still within idealized conventions. Sculptured pediments were added to temples , including the Parthenon in Athens, where the remains of the pediment of around 520 using figures in the round were fortunately used as infill for new buildings after
7611-635: The Hohlenstein Stadel area of Germany is an anthropomorphic lion-human figure carved from woolly mammoth ivory. It has been dated to about 35–40,000 BP, making it, along with the Venus of Hohle Fels , the oldest known uncontested examples of sculpture. Much surviving prehistoric art is small portable sculptures, with a small group of female Venus figurines such as the Venus of Willendorf (24–26,000 BP) found across central Europe. The Swimming Reindeer of about 13,000 years ago
7740-459: The J-Bar became a soda fountain . Liquor service continued, in the form of a popular drink called the Aspen Crud, still served there today, that is essentially a vanilla ice cream soda or milkshake generously spiked with bourbon . Whole families were known to stop by after church and share one. Mansor Elisha died in 1935, leaving his son Laurence in charge of the hotel. The following year
7869-538: The J-Bar on the west and Library on the east. Windows on the second story's central projection are one-over-one double-hung sash windows with transoms and sandstone sills and lintels. In the middle two the words "Hotel" and "Jerome" are carved . They are recessed slightly between brick pilasters with sandstone bases and capitals with decorative carvings. On the flanks the windows are set in round segmental arches laid with several rows of splayed brick and topped with brick voussoirs . They, too have sandstone sills and
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#17327914197487998-591: The J-Bar. Travel writers and guides have heaped praise on the Jerome. "[It is] one of the best places to stay in Aspen—for those who can afford it", says Frommer's . Fodor's gives it a Fodor's Choice, calling it "[o]ne of the state's truly grand hotels." "Fancy digs aren't my priority when I travel," wrote Phil Marty of the Chicago Tribune , "but then you walk into something like Room 302 and think, 'Well, maybe I should spend more time in my room.'" He praised
8127-468: The Jerome for five weeks while the lodge was finished. A crude ski lift was later built in Aspen itself, the beginnings of today's ski resort . The outbreak of World War II put further skiing development on hold, but not skiing itself as the U.S. Army's Tenth Mountain Division 's "soldiers on skis" began training at nearby Camp Hale . After one long cross-country skiing exercise over the mountains
8256-534: The Jerome in 1980 while filming Where the Buffalo Roam , based on Thompson's life, and the nightly parties that started in the J-Bar continued in his suite. After the Eagles broke up, Glenn Frey took the "large convention of young monsters" at the J-Bar as inspiration for his 1982 single "Partytown". "Everybody getting high on whatever's there, everything, all the time." In 1985 a group of investors headed by
8385-780: The Persian sack in 480 BCE, and recovered from the 1880s on in fresh unweathered condition. Other significant remains of architectural sculpture come from Paestum in Italy, Corfu , Delphi and the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (much now in Munich ). Most Greek sculpture originally included at least some colour; the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, has done extensive research and recreation of
8514-550: The Renaissance the physical nature of the work was perceived by Leonardo da Vinci and others as pulling down the status of sculpture in the arts, though the reputation of Michelangelo perhaps put this long-held idea to rest. From the High Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo, Leone Leoni and Giambologna could become wealthy, and ennobled, and enter the circle of princes, after a period of sharp argument over
8643-433: The age of 15. He obtained a clerical position in 1856. From 1857 to 1861 he pursued mechanical trades "which may have included engineering, mechanical, or machine shop work." Wheeler enlisted as a private in the 6th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry on his 20th birthday and at the beginning of the Civil War . He trained in Staten Island, New York , and was stationed in Washington, D.C. , before obtaining his horse with
8772-424: The ambition of the elite, who might also be depicted on a coin. In other cultures such as Egypt and the Near East public statues were almost exclusively the preserve of the ruler, with other wealthy people only being portrayed in their tombs. Rulers are typically the only people given portraits in Pre-Columbian cultures, beginning with the Olmec colossal heads of about 3,000 years ago. East Asian portrait sculpture
8901-463: The art history of many cultures. Outdoor wood sculpture does not last long in most parts of the world, so that we have little idea how the totem pole tradition developed. Many of the most important sculptures of China and Japan in particular are in wood, and the great majority of African sculpture and that of Oceania and other regions. Wood is light, so suitable for masks and other sculpture intended to be carried, and can take very fine detail. It
9030-455: The ballroom. That year the Gaylord family , publishers of The Oklahoman newspaper, bought the hotel for $ 33.7 million. They sought to further expand and renovate it with a fourth floor. Two years later, the Gaylords tired of the city's delays in approving their project and sold the hotel for $ 52.2 million. The buyers were two Chicago-based entities, Elysian Worldwide LLC and Lodging Capital Partners LLC (LCP), headed by David Pisor, owner of
9159-462: The base to any other surface, and the various types of relief , which are at least partly attached to a background surface. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief , high relief , and sometimes an intermediate mid-relief . Sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt . Relief is the usual sculptural medium for large figure groups and narrative subjects, which are difficult to accomplish in
9288-408: The bathrooms, high-speed Internet access, a DVD player, fully stocked mini-bar and beds with 300- thread count linens. Their configuration has changed considerably from their original layout. The Jerome's history parallels Aspen's. It was opened with grand ambitions in the city's early boom years and survived as Aspen's only hotel during the city's long "quiet years" in the early 20th century, under
9417-464: The city had interpreted its own statute too narrowly. The city is considering whether to appeal. Later that year, Jerome brought in Auberge Resorts to replace Rock as the hotel manager. In January 2012 the entire hotel was rented out for a weekend for a bat mitzvah . Later that year the hotel closed down for several months prior to ski season to renovate the interiors of all rooms as well as
9546-498: The city's "quiet years" in the early 20th century, as a family business run by a former bartender and his son that often served as the town's social center. During Prohibition a celebrated spiked drink, the Aspen Crud, was invented at its J-Bar. Later, the drink and bar became popular with members of the Tenth Mountain Division while they trained in the area. After the war, Aspen and its new ski resort became
9675-472: The community, completing a smelter started earlier so that ore did not have to be taken back to Leadville. After winning a legal battle over the rights to the Smuggler Mine , the richest lode in the area, and leaving Macy's, he commissioned the building of the hotel and the Wheeler Opera House , both bearing his name, and a house in the city's residential West End. Wheeler meant for the hotel to be
9804-499: The confluence of the Roaring Fork and Castle Creek , became the area's pre-eminent settlement by 1879. At first it was called Ute City, after the local Native American tribe, but by the early 1880s it had been renamed Aspen, after the trees abundant in the area. Jerome Wheeler, at the time co-owner of Macy's , visited Aspen in 1883 while on vacation in Colorado. He was impressed by the potential he saw, and began investing in
9933-522: The cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in Central and South America and Africa. The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece , and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages , Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith. The revival of classical models in
10062-471: The cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined. The monumental sculpture of ancient Egypt is world-famous, but refined and delicate small works exist in much greater numbers. The Egyptians used the distinctive technique of sunk relief , which is well suited to very bright sunlight. The main figures in reliefs adhere to the same figure convention as in painting, with parted legs (where not seated) and head shown from
10191-426: The debt. Jerome Property soon filed for foreclosure against the two owners, citing nonpayment of the $ 36 million balance remaining. LCP and Elysian at first contested the filing, saying that they had not defaulted , but later a sale was approved. LCP-Elysian conveyed the trust deed , with which it had originally collateralized the loan, to Jerome Ventures, a wholly owned subsidiary of its creditor, in exchange for
10320-592: The dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts . Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone , metal , ceramics , wood and other materials but, since Modernism , there has been almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded or cast . Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents
10449-403: The earliest form: images created by removing part of a rock surface which remains in situ , by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. Monumental sculpture covers large works, and architectural sculpture , which is attached to buildings. Hardstone carving is the carving for artistic purposes of semi-precious stones such as jade , agate , onyx , rock crystal , sard or carnelian , and
10578-475: The effort too dangerous, his rank of colonel was "reputedly" revoked. He mustered out of the army in September 1865. After the war, Wheeler returned to Troy, New York and worked as a bookkeeper. Wheeler moved to New York City about May 1866 and took a clerical position at John F. Barkley and Company, a grain merchant . He worked at Holt and Company, a large flour and grain commission house, starting in 1869 as
10707-587: The equal of great European hotels such as Claridge's in London and the George-V in Paris. He loaned $ 60,000 ($ 2.04 million in modern dollars) to another local innkeeper to build the hotel. Costs escalated to more than twice that, and a month before the hotel was set to open the builders left town unexpectedly, leaving Wheeler owing approximately $ 150,000 ($ 5.09 million in modern dollars). "[He had] discovered
10836-404: The era. They were attracted to Aspen by its natural beauty, skiing and remoteness from larger population centers. It had been popularized in the writings of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson , himself a transplant to the area who had almost been elected Pitkin County sheriff on a promise to put profiteering drug dealers in the stocks on the lawn of the county courthouse . During the 1970s, he
10965-464: The exception of the art of the Amarna period of Ahkenaten , and some other periods such as Dynasty XII, the idealized features of rulers, like other Egyptian artistic conventions, changed little until after the Greek conquest. Egyptian pharaohs were always regarded as deities, but other deities are much less common in large statues, except when they represent the pharaoh as another deity; however
11094-435: The exterior a light grey color, with blue accents on the window arches in a color called "Bayer blue", a change that was not popular with most longtime residents, who preferred the original brick. The pool and poolhouse were also added. Inside, the maple bar was completely restored, and moved along with the front desk to its present location. The Aspen Institute leased the hotel to provide space for participants and staff, and
11223-527: The first rule of building in Aspen: it always costs way more than you planned", observed a commentator over a century later. It was one of the first buildings west of the Mississippi to have full electric lighting. Other amenities included running water and indoor plumbing, steam heat and an elevator. At the time of its opening, on the night before Thanksgiving , it had 90 rooms (or 76, according to some accounts), which rented for up to $ 4 ($ 100 in modern dollars)
11352-674: The forger rotates the rod and gradually forms a sharpened point from the blunt end of a steel rod. Glass may be used for sculpture through a wide range of working techniques, though the use of it for large works is a recent development. It can be carved, though with considerable difficulty; the Roman Lycurgus Cup is all but unique. There are various ways of moulding glass : hot casting can be done by ladling molten glass into moulds that have been created by pressing shapes into sand, carved graphite or detailed plaster/silica moulds. Kiln casting glass involves heating chunks of glass in
11481-504: The forgiveness of the remaining debt in 2009. The new owner applied to the city for an exemption from the real estate transfer tax it charges, on the grounds that it had acquired the property through foreclosure proceedings. It was granted, because the city normally does not charge lenders in those situations since they usually resell the property. Later, however, the city learned that Jerome Properties in fact intended to retain and benefit from ownership. In 2010, it told Jerome Property that
11610-601: The fragmentary Stele of the Vultures is an early example of the inscribed type, and the Assyrian Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III a large and solid late one. The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Assyrians created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match
11739-423: The front entrance are large windows with a small rectangular pane atop a larger one. All have sills of locally quarried rough cut peachblow sandstone , which continues around the building as a stringcourse and water table . Sandstone also forms a frieze , interrupted by the windows, below the molded tin cornice. At the ends of the facade are wood and glass storefronts, housing two of the hotel's three restaurants,
11868-401: The front portico. Above it is ridged metal convex cornice that marks the roofline. It is topped by a parapet with four rows of recessed square panels. A flagpole is located in the center of the roof at the front. The east face has a similar, more restrained treatment, with the sandstone trim, stringcourses, cornices, and fenestration. On the west side, there is little decoration other than
11997-717: The impressions of cylinder seals and engraved gems), and cast metals such as pewter and zinc (spelter). But a vast number of other materials have been used as part of sculptures, in ethnographic and ancient works as much as modern ones. Sculptures are often painted , but commonly lose their paint to time, or restorers. Many different painting techniques have been used in making sculpture, including tempera , oil painting , gilding , house paint, aerosol, enamel and sandblasting. Many sculptors seek new ways and materials to make art. One of Pablo Picasso 's most famous sculptures included bicycle parts. Alexander Calder and other modernists made spectacular use of painted steel . Since
12126-469: The innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples , of which none have survived, were evidently rather small, even in the largest temples. The same is often true in Hinduism , where the very simple and ancient form of the lingam is the most common. Buddhism brought the sculpture of religious figures to East Asia , where there seems to have been no earlier equivalent tradition, though again simple shapes like
12255-536: The latest the idea of the Ka statue was firmly established. These were put in tombs as a resting place for the ka portion of the soul , and so we have a good number of less conventionalized statues of well-off administrators and their wives, many in wood as Egypt is one of the few places in the world where the climate allows wood to survive over millennia. The so-called reserve heads , plain hairless heads, are especially naturalistic. Early tombs also contained small models of
12384-471: The location where the pools joined are now one continuous piece of metal. Also used heavily in Oxy-fuel sculpture creation is forging. Forging is the process of heating metal to a certain point to soften it enough to be shaped into different forms. One very common example is heating the end of a steel rod and hitting the red heated tip with a hammer while on an anvil to form a point. In between hammer swings,
12513-529: The majority of the surviving works (other than pottery ) from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost. Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries, large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include
12642-430: The north. The building itself is a three-story 12-by-11- bay brick structure, with a small hyphen connecting the main block to a north wing of similar shape and size. Both are topped by a flat roof. The slight grade to the north exposes their basements slightly. Its south (front) facade has a wooden hood, topped with a balcony balustraded in turned wooden spindles and supported by narrow iron columns, covering
12771-423: The only public bathroom downtown. Over the next several decades, a period that came to be known later as "the quiet years", the town's population declined from thousands to hundreds. The Jerome remained open, the city's only hotel, often becoming by default a boardinghouse . In 1911 ownership passed to local businessman Mansor Elisha, a Syrian American drummer with a travelling band who had stopped in Aspen, taken
12900-457: The only traditional subjects for stone sculpture outside tombs and temples. The kingdom of plants is important only in jewellery and decorative reliefs, but these form almost all the large sculpture of Byzantine art and Islamic art , and are very important in most Eurasian traditions, where motifs such as the palmette and vine scroll have passed east and west for over two millennia. One form of sculpture found in many prehistoric cultures around
13029-467: The original brick. The last change was as popular with the community as the original paint scheme had not been. In her 1991 romance novel Aspen Gold , Janet Dailey praised the result: "... once again, the Hotel Jerome stood in stately dignity ... no longer a symbol of Aspen's rich past but a vital part of its present." The Hotel Jerome logo was designed by Jamie Koval from The Marlow Group. Around
13158-575: The original colours. There are fewer original remains from the first phase of the Classical period, often called the Severe style ; free-standing statues were now mostly made in bronze, which always had value as scrap. The Severe style lasted from around 500 in reliefs, and soon after 480 in statues, to about 450. The relatively rigid poses of figures relaxed, and asymmetrical turning positions and oblique views became common, and deliberately sought. This
13287-444: The other deities are frequently shown in paintings and reliefs. The famous row of four colossal statues outside the main temple at Abu Simbel each show Rameses II , a typical scheme, though here exceptionally large. Small figures of deities, or their animal personifications, are very common, and found in popular materials such as pottery. Most larger sculpture survives from Egyptian temples or tombs; by Dynasty IV (2680–2565 BCE) at
13416-520: The over-life sized stone Urfa Man from modern Turkey comes from about 9,000 BCE, and the 'Ain Ghazal Statues from around 7200 and 6500 BCE. These are from modern Jordan , made of lime plaster and reeds, and about half life-size; there are 15 statues, some with two heads side by side, and 15 busts. Small clay figures of people and animals are found at many sites across the Near East from
13545-666: The ownership of the Elisha family. With the development of skiing after World War II, it began to see a new potential realized only with major renovations at the end of the 20th century that made it the upscale hotel it is today. In the late 1870s, prospectors venturing west from Leadville in search of silver veins crossed the Continental Divide at Independence Pass and continued down the Roaring Fork Valley to establish several mining camps. One of them, at
13674-438: The payment of what are usually regarded as full-time sculptors, is considered a mark of a relatively advanced culture in terms of social organization. Recent unexpected discoveries of ancient Chinese Bronze Age figures at Sanxingdui , some more than twice human size, have disturbed many ideas held about early Chinese civilization, since only much smaller bronzes were previously known. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as
13803-406: The relative status of sculpture and painting. Much decorative sculpture on buildings remained a trade, but sculptors producing individual pieces were recognised on a level with painters. From the 18th century or earlier sculpture also attracted middle-class students, although it was slower to do so than painting. Women sculptors took longer to appear than women painters, and were less prominent until
13932-466: The renovations reduced the available rooms to 39. A new swimming pool was built, and it soon became the first place in Aspen where celebrities could be seen. In addition to movie stars of the era like Gary Cooper , Lana Turner and John Wayne , intellectual Mortimer Adler , helping to lead the Aspen Institute in its early days, could be seen lounging around it. The actors routinely stayed in
14061-571: The rest of the regiment in Cloud Mills, Virginia. The regiment fought throughout the Shenandoah Valley and during General George McClellan 's Peninsular campaign. Wheeler was made second lieutenant under Colonel Thomas Devin and moved up the ranks and was made a colonel. Going against the "wishes of his superiors", Wheeler brought supplies to a group of starving Union Army soldiers who were positioned behind enemy lines. Considering
14190-535: The round, and is the typical technique used both for architectural sculpture , which is attached to buildings, and for small-scale sculpture decorating other objects, as in much pottery , metalwork and jewellery . Relief sculpture may also decorate steles , upright slabs, usually of stone, often also containing inscriptions. Another basic distinction is between subtractive carving techniques, which remove material from an existing block or lump, for example of stone or wood, and modelling techniques which shape or build up
14319-435: The sale might indeed be taxable. Jerome Property then took the unusual step of foreclosing on its own subsidiary. It also filed in state court for a declaratory judgement that that transfer wasn't subject to the tax, either. The city responded that the foreclosure had been a fraudulent conveyance in order to avoid a tax bill estimated at around a half million dollars. In 2011 the judge ruled in favor of Jerome Property, saying
14448-459: The same suite on the second floor, and children in the city frequently knocked on its door to collect autographs. Writer Evelyn Ames called the Jerome during this period "a surprisingly heady brew ... of Europe and the corner drugstore, of poets and cowboy boots." In the 1960s, as the city steadily grew as a ski town, the Jerome declined. It was closed for several years. When John Gilmore bought it in 1968 and reduced it to 34 rooms, he rented them for
14577-595: The seeds were planted for the city's recovery when Tom Flynn, a former resident trying to sell some of his mining claims, showed pictures of them to Billy Fiske , a U.S. Olympic bobsledder who had competed at the Winter Olympics earlier that year. He saw perfect terrain for a ski resort, and went out to Aspen and bought some land. Over that winter the newly formed Highland Bavarian ski club built its first ski near Ashcroft . Its first two guides, Swiss skier André Roch and Austrian mountaineer Gunther Langes, lived in
14706-470: The segmental splayed-brick arches on the windows. The brick annex on the north side is non-contributing as it was not part of the original building. Inside many original finishes remain. The lobby has been restored to its original appearance. From the lobby hallways lead to the Garden Terrace restaurant in a western annex, with an adjacent outdoor terrace south of the swimming pool. The first floor
14835-541: The side, but the torso from the front, and a standard set of proportions making up the figure, using 18 "fists" to go from the ground to the hair-line on the forehead. This appears as early as the Narmer Palette from Dynasty I. However, there as elsewhere the convention is not used for minor figures shown engaged in some activity, such as the captives and corpses. Other conventions make statues of males darker than females ones. Very conventionalized portrait statues appear from as early as Dynasty II, before 2,780 BCE, and with
14964-405: The sidewalk at the centrally located recessed main entrance. It is flanked by two small aspen trees on either side at the street. Smooth round columns on square bases support a molded cornice with metal letters spelling "Hotel Jerome" on the east and west. The middle six bays of the facade project slightly, separated by pilasters with foliated caps, forming a tall arcade . On either side of
15093-495: The slaves, animals, buildings and objects such as boats necessary for the deceased to continue his lifestyle in the afterworld, and later Ushabti figures. The first distinctive style of ancient Greek sculpture developed in the Early Bronze Age Cycladic period (3rd millennium BCE), where marble figures, usually female and small, are represented in an elegantly simplified geometrical style. Most typical
15222-413: The soldiers went, still on skis, straight to the Jerome where Laurence Elisha, then the owner, let them spend the night and offered them free drinks. Many were struck by the vintage decor. "The only thing missing was a bunch of trail-worn cowboys or dirt-stained miners bellied up to the bar", one observed. Throughout their training, Elisha offered them a room and a steak dinner for a dollar a night. It became
15351-615: The south along Mill Street, have been listed on the Register themselves. At the opposite end of the block, across the street, is the Thomas Hynes House , a former miner's cottage now used as a restaurant and also on the Register. To the north the terrain, level between the hotel and the slopes of Aspen Mountain , begins to slope gently toward the Roaring Fork River , which flows through Rio Grande Park two blocks to
15480-464: The splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire. Unlike earlier states, the Assyrians could use easily carved stone from northern Iraq, and did so in great quantity. The Assyrians developed a style of extremely large schemes of very finely detailed narrative low reliefs in stone for palaces, with scenes of war or hunting; the British Museum has an outstanding collection, including
15609-447: The staff's helpfulness in finding another place to valet-park his car with two bicycles on top, and the two half-liter water bottles and Toblerone candy bars on the desk when he came in. He had a few minor complaints: at the time (2007) the hotel did not have free Wi-Fi , the room's light switch could not function as a dimmer, and the hotel would stock the mini-bar only on a guest's request. Jerome B. Wheeler Jerome B. Wheeler
15738-428: The term properly covers many types of small works in three dimensions using the same techniques, including coins and medals , hardstone carvings , a term for small carvings in stone that can take detailed work. The very large or "colossal" statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity ; the largest on record at 182 m (597 ft) is the 2018 Indian Statue of Unity . Another grand form of portrait sculpture
15867-522: The time as Teen King and the Emergencies went up to Aspen to perfect their country rock sound before releasing their first album as The Eagles . Their members also became familiar sights at the J-Bar, along with fellow musician Jimmy Buffett and another rising Hollywood star, Jack Nicholson . Aspen's first disco , The Rocking Horse, was opened in the basement along with a Moroccan -themed restaurant featuring belly dancers . Bill Murray stayed at
15996-399: The turn of the 20th century two further renovations took place. The first, in 1998, used photographs over a century old to restore the J-Bar's original appearance. Four years later, a $ 6 million project added a new rear wing and grand ballroom, and restored the guest rooms. Hunter S. Thompson , who had worked out of the J-Bar for so many years, died in 2005; his memorial service was held in
16125-413: The work from the material. Techniques such as casting , stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work; many of these allow the production of several copies. The term "sculpture" is often used mainly to describe large works, which are sometimes called monumental sculpture , meaning either or both of sculpture that is large, or that is attached to a building. But
16254-476: The world is specially enlarged versions of ordinary tools, weapons or vessels created in impractical precious materials, for either some form of ceremonial use or display or as offerings. Jade or other types of greenstone were used in China, Olmec Mexico, and Neolithic Europe , and in early Mesopotamia large pottery shapes were produced in stone. Bronze was used in Europe and China for large axes and blades, like
16383-421: Was a regular at the J-Bar, coming in from his home in nearby Woody Creek to pick up his mail and then hang out at the bar, drinking, eating and watching television as it had the best reception in the area prior to cable becoming widespread. "It was his office", one bartender from the time recalled. "If people wanted to meet Hunter, they'd come to the Jerome." Early in the decade, a new Los Angeles band known at
16512-608: Was entirely religious, with leading clergy being commemorated with statues, especially the founders of monasteries, but not rulers, or ancestors. The Mediterranean tradition revived, initially only for tomb effigies and coins, in the Middle Ages, but expanded greatly in the Renaissance, which invented new forms such as the personal portrait medal . Animals are, with the human figure, the earliest subject for sculpture, and have always been popular, sometimes realistic, but often imaginary monsters; in China animals and monsters are almost
16641-497: Was president and partner of R. H. Macy & Company in New York City and was an owner of mines, a hotel, and other businesses in Colorado. Jerome Byron Wheeler was born September 3, 1841, in Troy, New York, to Daniel Barker Wheeler and Mary Jones Emerson, both of Massachusetts. His mother was a second cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson . His family moved to Waterford, New York , when Wheeler was young. He attended public school there until
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