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25-488: In Māori tradition , Hoturapa was a chief of Hawaiki . His wife Kuramarotini owned the canoe Matahourua . One day, Hoturapa and his wife went out fishing in the Matahourua with their friend Kupe . Kupe tricked Hoturapa to dive into the water to free one of the lines. Once Hoturapa was overboard, Kupe set sail for New Zealand with Kuramarotini (Tregear 1891:86, 186). This article relating to Māori mythology

50-819: A parish priest in the Schwabing district of Munich . In 1922, he went at his own request as a missionary to the Mapuche at Villarrica and Pucón in Southern Chile . Father Sebastian served in the Apostolic Vicariate of the Araucanía in Villarrica and Pucón , which at the time was administered almost entirely by Capuchins. There, in addition to his pastoral duties, he conducted ethnological and linguistic research into Mapuche culture and

75-473: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hawaiki Anne Salmond states Havaiʻi is the old name for Raiatea , the homeland of the Māori. When British explorer James Cook first sighted New Zealand in 1769, he had Tupaia on board, a Raiatean navigator and priest. Cook's arrival seemed to be a confirmation of a prophecy by Toiroa, a priest from Māhia . At Tolaga Bay , Tupaia conversed with

100-890: The hiva element may be a different word, ʻiva ). It is also notable that in the Hawaiian Islands , the ancestral homeland is called Kahiki , a cognate of Tahiti , where at least part of the Hawaiian population came from. According to various oral traditions , the Polynesians migrated from Hawaiki to the islands of the Pacific Ocean in open canoes, little different from the traditional craft found in Polynesia today. The Māori people of New Zealand trace their ancestry to groups of people who reportedly travelled from Hawaiki in about 40 named waka (compare

125-581: The Mapudungun language . From 1934 to 1938, he published studies in Araucanian literature, ethnology and folklore. During this period, his linguistic studies included an investigation of the relationship of Quechua and Aymara to the Mapuche language. From 1935 for more than 30 years until his death, Father Sebastian worked as a missionary priest on Rapa Nui ( Easter Island ). At the time, he

150-557: The tohunga associated with the school of learning located there, called Te Rawheoro. The priest asked about the Māori homelands, 'Rangiatea' (Ra'iatea), 'Hawaiki' (Havai'i, the ancient name for Ra'iatea), and 'Tawhiti' (Tahiti). Linguists have reconstructed the term to Proto - Nuclear Polynesian *sawaiki . The Māori word Hawaiki figures in traditions about the arrival of the Māori in Aotearoa , present day New Zealand . The same concept appears in other Polynesian cultures,

175-470: The Cook Islands . Gill (1876:155) records a proverb: Ua po Avaiki, ua ao nunga nei – 'Tis night now in spirit-land, for 'tis light in this upper world." Tregear (1891:392) also records the term Avaiki as meaning " underworld " at Mangaia, probably sourced from Gill. The proposed origin of Hawaiki being both the ancestral homeland and the underworld is that both are the dwelling places of ancestors and

200-693: The novitiate of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin and received the religious name Sebastian. He undertook his canonical studies in philosophy and theology in the Capuchin studium of Dillingen, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1912. During the First World War , Father Sebastian served as a chaplain in the German Army in France and Belgium , and after the war he worked for five years as

225-553: The Polynesian islands of Hawaiʻi (the ʻokina denoting a glottal stop that replaces the "k" in some Polynesian languages). On several island groups, including New Zealand and the Marquesas , the term has been recorded as associated with the mythical underworld and death. William Wyatt Gill wrote at length in the nineteenth century recounting the legends about ʻAvaiki as the underworld or Hades of Mangaia in

250-606: The South Pacific Ocean . The sweet potato , which is of South American origin, is widely cultivated in Polynesia. This suggests that some interaction between the Polynesians and the indigenous peoples of South America may have taken place. No Polynesian crops were introduced into the Americas, and there is possible evidence of Polynesian contact only in Chile. Austronesian and Polynesian navigators may have deduced

275-803: The United States as Island at the Center of the World: New Light on Easter Island . Father Sebastian arrived intending to stay only a short time on the island, but in February 1936 he received a letter, via a visiting ship of the Chilean Navy , from his superior, Bishop Edwards, asking him to stay for two months more, which he did. However, it was almost a year until the next ship arrived, in January 1937. In that time he had revitalized

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300-624: The discredited Great Fleet theory of the Polynesian settlement of New Zealand). Polynesian oral traditions say that the spirits of Polynesian people return to Hawaiki after death. In the New Zealand context, such return-journeys take place via Spirits Bay , Cape Reinga and the Three Kings Islands at the extreme north of the North Island of New Zealand. This may indicate the direction in which Hawaiki may lie. Until

325-531: The early 21st century, many anthropologists had doubts that the canoe-legends described a deliberate migration. They tended to believe that the migration occurred accidentally when seafarers became lost and drifted to uninhabited shores. In 1947 Thor Heyerdahl sailed the Kon-Tiki , a balsa -wood raft , from South America into the Pacific in an attempt to show that humans could have settled Polynesia from

350-619: The eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean, with sailors using the prevailing winds and simple construction techniques. However, DNA , linguistic, botanical, and archaeological evidence all indicate that the Austronesian-speaking peoples (including the Polynesians) probably originated from islands in eastern Asia, possibly from present-day Taiwan . From there they gradually migrated southwards and eastwards through

375-512: The existence of uninhabited islands by observing migratory patterns of birds. In recent decades, boatbuilders (see Polynesian Voyaging Society ) have constructed ocean-going craft using traditional materials and techniques. They have sailed them over presumed traditional routes using ancient navigation methods, showing the feasibility of such deliberate migration that make use of prevailing winds. Sebastian Englert Father Sebastian Englert OFM Cap. , (November 17, 1888 – January 8, 1969)

400-669: The island's church, and had himself become attached to the island. The ship carried another letter from Bishop Edwards, appointing Father Sebastian as priest of Easter Island by attaching it to the "Apostolic Vicariate of Araucania". He was "strict, authoritarian and patriarchal" with the islanders, supported the Chilean authorities in making it difficult for islanders to travel, and publicly censured churchgoers in his sermons, based on information they gave him when privately confessing their sins, adversely affecting their ability to work and to buy imported goods, both of which were controlled by

425-494: The island. Given the isolation of Rapa Nui during the period before air travel, Father Sebastian researched the language, ethnology and anthropology of Easter Island. His knowledge of Rapa Nui culture and prehistory impressed the scientific staff of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition of 1955. William Mulloy , a member of that expedition, writes: Father Sebastian published several books,

450-596: The most important being La tierra de Hotu Matu'a (The Land of Hotu Matu'a ) a 1948 study of the history, archaeology, anthropology, and language of Easter Island. He described numerous " Mapuche - Rapa Nui cognates ". Among these are the Mapuche/Rapa Nui words toki / toki (axe), kuri / uri (black) and piti / iti (little). His research is best known to English-speakers through radio broadcasts for Chilean naval personnel in Antarctica , published in

475-518: The name appearing variously as Havaiki , Havaiʻi , or ʻAvaiki in other Polynesian languages . Hawaiki or the misspelling "Hawaiiki" appear to have become the most common variants used in English . Although the Samoans have preserved no traditions of having originated elsewhere, the name of the largest Samoan island Savaiʻi preserves a cognate with the word Hawaiki , as does the name of

500-597: The name of the home country in oral tradition appears as Hiva . According to Thor Heyerdahl , Hiva was said to lie east of the island. Sebastian Englert records: Englert puts forward the claim that Hiva lies to the West of the island. The name Hiva is found in the Marquesas Islands , in the names of several islands: Nuku Hiva , Hiva Oa and Fatu Hiva (although in Fatu Hiva

525-582: The spirits. Other possible cognates of the word Hawaiki include saualiʻi ("spirits" in Samoan ) and houʻeiki ("chiefs" in Tongan ). This has led some scholars to hypothesize that the word Hawaiki , and, by extension, Savaiʻi and Hawaiʻi , may not, in fact, have originally referred to a geographical place, but rather to chiefly ancestors and the chief-based social structure that pre-colonial Polynesia typically exhibited. On Easter Island ,

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550-531: The state-backed island company. In historian Steven Roger Fischer's view, this may have contributed to the failure of the islanders to "internalize Catholicism fully during those crucial development years." Because of his work for the island's people, especially its lepers , Thor Heyerdahl , leader of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition, called Father Sebastian the "uncrowned king of Easter Island." In 1963, Fr. Sebastian

575-685: Was a Capuchin Franciscan friar , Roman Catholic priest , missionary , linguist and ethnologist from Germany . He is known for his pioneering work on Easter Island , where the Father Sebastian Englert Anthropological Museum is named after him. Born Anton Franz Englert in Dillingen , Bavaria , Father Sebastian spent his school days in Eichstätt and Burghausen . In 1907, he entered

600-830: Was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit) First Class by the Federal Republic of Germany . He died in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1969 during a lecture tour of the United States . His remains were returned to Rapa Nui and interred in the cemetery in the Tahai district , but were later transferred to the site of Holy Cross Church in Hanga Roa . In his will, he left all his books, his writings and his collection of native artifacts to

625-594: Was perhaps the only non-Rapa Nui to have mastered their language. Although he celebrated Mass in Latin , he preached, heard confessions and catechized the faithful in the Rapa Nui language. He also translated popular Catholic devotions into Rapa Nui and encouraged native religious song. In 1964, he produced a history of the early activity of the French Sacred Hearts missionaries who first evangelized

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