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54-505: Hoverwing can refer to several innovative flying machines / concepts: The Hoverwing (rc) , a small radio-controlled aircraft under development in Britain The Fischer Flugmechanik Hoverwing (FF) , an experimental German Ground effect vehicle The Universal Hovercraft Hoverwing (UH) ground effect light hovercraft Topics referred to by

108-454: A 2, 3, or 4 pylon track. They tend to be hard to see and can often go over 240 km/h (150 mph), though some people do pylon races with much slower aircraft. Several different types of aircraft are raced across the world, those flown primarily in the US are; Q500 (424 or ARPRA, and 428), and Q40. 424 is designed as a starting point into the world of pylon racing. Inexpensive (under US$ 200 for

162-518: A bird instead. Replicating historic and little known types and makes of full-size aircraft as "flying scale" models, which are also possible with control line and free flight types of model aircraft, actually reach their maximum realism and behavior when built for radio-control flying. Perhaps the most realistic form of aeromodeling, in its main purpose to replicate full-scale aircraft designs from aviation history, for testing of future aviation designs, or even to realize never-built "proposed" aircraft,

216-457: A class of small, primarily electric -powered radio-controlled aircraft . The smallest class of park flyers are called micro planes, and are capable of being used in an enclosed area such as a gymnasium or a living room, while larger park flyers are usually flown at designated park flyer sites. Models with low flying speed are more susceptible to wind and turbulence . Park flyers weigh no more than 2 pounds (0.91 kg), allowing park flyers to have

270-423: A distinguishing feature of a drone. It involves mounting a small video camera and television transmitter on an RC aircraft and flying by means of a live video down-link, commonly displayed on video goggles or a portable LCD screen. When flying FPV, the pilot sees from the aircraft's perspective, and does not even have to look at the model. As a result, FPV aircraft can be flown well beyond visual range, limited only by

324-567: A first-person experience, as if the pilot was actually sitting in the cockpit of the RC aircraft. Both helicopter, multiple rotors and fixed-wing RC aircraft are used for FPV flight. The most commonly chosen airframes for FPV planes are models with sufficient payload space for a larger battery and large wings for excellent gliding ability. Suitable brushless motors are installed as the most common pushers to provide better flight performance and longer flight time. Pusher-propeller planes are preferred so that

378-460: A flight controller, including an on-screen display (OSD), auto-stabilizer and return-to-home (RTL) functions. An RTL function is usually applied with a failsafe in order to allow the aircraft to fly back to its home point on its own if the signal is lost. Some advanced controllers can also navigate the drone using GPS . On-board cameras can be equipped with a pan and tilt mount, which when coupled with video goggles and "head tracking" devices, creates

432-529: A project began to fly the SQuiRT park flyer across the 48 contiguous states of the U.S. The model plane began its journey in Virginia, making its way across the U.S. through in-person handoffs. As soon as one pilot finished flying the plane at their home airfield, they would drive to the next destination to hand it off. 5 years later, in 2013, it made it back to its home airfield in Virginia. Shortly thereafter, it

486-642: A real bird, but more often they actually fly by flapping wings . Spectators are often surprised to see that such a model can really fly. These factors as well as the added building challenge add to the enjoyment of flying bird models, though some ARF ( almost-ready-to-fly ) models are available. Flapping-wing models are also known as ornithopters , the technical name for an aircraft whose driving airfoils oscillate instead of rotate. Since about 2004, new, more sophisticated toy RC airplanes, helicopters, and ornithopters have been appearing on toy store shelves. This new category of toy RC distinguishes itself by: As of 2013 ,

540-443: A speed limit of less than half of the current wind speed. Even after serious crash damage, the aircraft's components tend to still be repairable. They may be flown in residential areas because of their modest size and silent operation. Clubs exist to assist newcomers and offer details on suitable takeoff spots. Ready-to-fly (RTF) park flyers require no construction or installation. Users may need to perform basic assembling to fly

594-604: A spotter maintaining unaided visual contact with the model at all times. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Air Navigation Order 2009 under General Exemption E 4185 requires small unmanned aircraft (SUA) be kept within visual line of sight with a competent observer maintaining direct unaided visual contact with the model at all times for the purpose of collision avoidance. Because these restrictions prohibit flying beyond

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648-443: A very fast and exciting sport. Park flyers are small, primarily electric-powered planes, so named because their size enables some of them to be operated within the confines of a large public park. The smallest park flyers are called micro planes, and are slow and docile enough to fly within an enclosed area such as a gymnasium or even a living room. Because of their size and relative ease of setup, ready-to-fly park flyers are among

702-481: A windless environment. Some of these are made by bringing frames of balsa wood and carbon fiber up through water to pick up thin plastic films, similar to rainbow colored oil films. The advent of " foamies ," or craft injection-molded from lightweight foam and sometimes reinforced with carbon fiber , have made indoor flight more readily accessible to hobbyists. EPP (Expanded Polypropylene) foam planes are actually even bendable and usually sustain very little or no damage in

756-407: Is a type of flying in which model aircraft have a thrust-to-weight ratio of more than 1:1 (typically 1.5:1 or more), large control surfaces with extreme throws, low weight compared to other models of same size and relatively low wing loadings. Simply put, 3D flight is the art of flying a plane below its stall speed (the speed at which the wings of the plane can no longer generate enough lift to keep

810-567: Is available for the DIY market. Nowadays, distinct from recreational civilian aeromodelling activities, unmanned aerial vehicle (drones) or spy planes add a video, GPS or autonomous feature, enabling instrumental RLOS or BLOS capabilities, which are used for public service (firefighting, disaster recovery, etc.) or commercial purposes, and if in the service of a military or paramilitary, may be armed. The earliest examples of electronically guided model aircraft were hydrogen-filled model airships of

864-515: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Radio-controlled aircraft Flying RC aircraft as a hobby grew substantially from the 2000s with improvements in the cost, weight, performance, and capabilities of motors, batteries and electronics. Scientific, government, and military organizations are also using RC aircraft for experiments, gathering weather readings, aerodynamic modeling, and testing. A wide variety of models, parts, and styles

918-492: Is in engine performance and construction. The planes are primarily made of fiberglass with composites used at high load points. Wings are often hollow to save weight. (All aircraft must meet a minimum weight. A lighter wing moves more of the weight closer to the center of gravity. This requires less control deflection and its resulting drag to change the planes attitude.) They also use .40 cu in size engines but unlike 424 they are much more expensive. They have been designed to put out

972-515: Is needed is provided, including the transmitter, receiver and battery. RTF airplanes can be up in the air in just a few minutes and have all but eliminated assembly time (at the expense of the model's configuration options.) Almost ready to fly (ARF or ARTF) airplanes require final assembly typically including engine and fuel tank installation (or electric motor, speed controller, and battery), servo and pushrod installation, control surface attachment, landing gear attachment, and sometimes require gluing

1026-501: Is that of radio-control scale aeromodeling, as the most practical way to re-create "vintage" full-scale aircraft designs for flight once more, from long ago. RC Scale model aircraft can be of any type of steerable airship lighter-than-air (LTA) aviation craft, or more normally, of the heavier-than-air fixed wing glider/ sailplane , fixed-wing single or multi-engine aircraft, or rotary-wing aircraft such as autogyros or helicopters. Full-scale aircraft designs from every era of aviation, from

1080-1444: The FAA restricts flying of such aircraft to approved AMA Academy of Model Aeronautics sites, where only certified turbine pilots may fly. Also, the AMA requires model aviation enthusiasts who wish to operate miniature gas turbine powered RC model aircraft, to be certified in the operation of the type of gas turbine engine, and all aspects of safety in operating such a turbine-powered model aircraft, that they need to know in flying their model. Some military bases allow such high tech aircraft to fly within limited airspace such as Kaneohe Marine base in Hawaii, and Whidbey Island NAS in Washington State. An average turbine aircraft will cost between US$ 150–US$ 10,000 with more than US$ 20,000 all-up becoming more common. Many manufactures sell airframes such as Yellow Aircraft and Skymaster. Turbines are produced from The Netherlands (AMT) to Mexico (Artes Jets). The average microturbine will cost between US$ 2500 and US$ 5000 depending on engine output. Smaller turbines put out about 12 lbf (53 N ) of thrust, while larger microturbines can put out as much as 45 lbf (200 N) of thrust. Radio-control jets require an onboard FADEC (full authority digital engine control) controller; this controls

1134-403: The fuselage and spars and ribs for the wing and tail surfaces. Many designs use solid sheets of balsa wood instead of longerons to form the fuselage sides and may also use expanded polystyrene for the wing core covered in a wood veneer , often balsa or obeche . Such designs tend to be slightly heavier but are typically easier to build. The lightest models are suitable for indoor flight, in

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1188-538: The "Pioneer Era" and World War I 's start, through to the 21st century, have been modeled as radio-control scale model aircraft. Builders of RC Scale aircraft can enjoy the challenge of creating a controllable, miniature aircraft that merely "looks" like the full scale original in the air with no "fine details", such as a detailed cockpit, or seriously replicate many operable features of a selected full scale aircraft design, even down to having operable cable-connected flight control surfaces, illuminated navigation lighting on

1242-418: The ability to "pull back" during turns to prevent altitude loss and speed increase. Costs range from 20 to US$ 40. Crashes are common and inconsequential. Throttle control and turning reversal (when flying toward the pilot) rapidly become second-nature, giving a significant advantage when learning to fly a more costly hobby class RC aircraft. First-person view (FPV) flight is a type of remote-control flying and

1296-409: The actual flight characteristics of the full scale aircraft they are based on, have been enjoyed, and continue to be built and flown, in sanctioned competition and for personal pleasure, as part of the RC scale aeromodelling hobby. Gliders are planes that do not typically have any type of propulsion. They can be towed into the air by use of another aircraft with an engine, and once at a high altitude,

1350-567: The aircraft's exterior, realistically retracting landing gear , etc. if the full-sized aircraft possessed such features as part of its design. Various scale sizes of RC scale aircraft have been built in the decades since modern digital-proportional, miniaturized RC gear came on the market in the 1960s, and everything from indoor-flyable electric powered RC Scale models, to "giant scale" RC Scale models, in scale size ranges that usually run from 20% to 25%, and upwards to 30 to 50% size of some smaller full scale aircraft designs, that can replicate some of

1404-457: The aircraft, wooden spars reinforce the body to make a rigid airframe. They also have kevlar fuel tanks for the Jet ;A fuel that they run on. Most micro turbines start with propane, burn for a few seconds before introducing the jet fuel by solenoid. These aircraft can often reach speeds in excess of 320 km/h (200 mph). The high speed requires greater skill to operate. In the U.S.A.

1458-403: The aircraft. Almost ready to fly (ARF) park flyers require construction and installation of different parts by the users. Advanced electronic and material technologies have aided in the development of high-performance, park flyer sized “ 3D-flyers ”, or fully aerobatic aircraft capable of extreme high g maneuvers and nose-up hovering. During the 2008 Wings Across America event(WAA-08),

1512-700: The aircraft. So called "EDF" models can be of much smaller size, and only need the same electronic speed controller and rechargeable battery technology as propeller-driven RC electric powered aircraft use. Radio-controlled jet aircraft are produced in the colors of various airlines. Among the most popular airline liveries used by modelers are those of American , Singapore , Pan Am , Etihad and Delta Airlines . Sports planes are planes capable of performing aerobatic maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in normal flight. Typical aerobatic maneuvers include inside loop, outside loop, Immelmann turn, inverted flight, stall turn, slow roll and Cuban 8. 3D flight

1566-431: The airframe) kits with wing areas of 3,200 square centimetres (500 sq in) are flown with 0.40" size engines that can be purchased for less than US$ 100. The goal is for the planes to be not only inexpensive, but closely matched in performance. This places the emphasis on good piloting. APRA is a version of 424 with specific rules designed for consistency. 428 aircraft are similar to 424 in appearance. The difference

1620-509: The challenges, excitement and satisfaction of flying different types of aircraft. Some radio-controlled helicopters have photo or video cameras installed and are used for aerial imaging or surveillance. Newer "3d" radio-control helicopters can fly inverted with the advent of advanced swash heads, and servo linkage that enables the pilot to immediately reverse the pitch of the blades, creating a reverse in thrust. Some RC models take their inspiration from nature. These may be gliders made to look like

1674-437: The efficient wing size and wide speed envelope of a glider airframe with an electric motor, it is possible to achieve long flight times and high carrying capacity, as well as glide in any suitable location regardless of thermals or lift. A common method of maximising flight duration is to quickly fly a powered glider upwards to a chosen altitude and descending in an unpowered glide. Folding propellers which reduce drag (as well as

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1728-587: The event of an accident, even after a nose dive. Some companies have developed similar material with different names, such as AeroCell or Elapor. Amateur hobbyists have more recently developed a range of new model designs utilizing corrugated plastic , also sold as Coroplast . These models are collectively called "SPADs" which stands for Simple Plastic Airplane Design . Fans of the SPAD concept tout increased durability, ease of building, and lower priced materials as opposed to balsa models, sometimes (though not always) at

1782-494: The expense of greater weight and crude appearance. Flying models have to be designed according to the same principles as full-sized aircraft, and therefore their construction can be very different from most static models. RC planes often borrow construction techniques from vintage full-sized aircraft (although they rarely use metal structures). Ready to fly (RTF) airplanes come pre-assembled and usually only require wing attachment or other basic assembly. Typically, everything that

1836-878: The glider can release from the tow rope. Unpowered glider flight must be sustained through exploitation of the natural lift produced from thermals or wind hitting a slope . Dynamic soaring is another popular way of providing energy to gliders that is becoming more and more common. However, even conventional slope soaring gliders are capable of achieving speeds comparable with similar sized powered craft. Gliders are typically partial to slow flying and have high aspect ratio , as well as very low wing loading (weight to wing area ratio). Two and three-channel gliders which use only rudder control for steering and dihedral or polyhedral wing shape to automatically counteract rolling are popular as training craft, due to their ability to fly very slowly and high tolerance to error. Powered gliders have recently seen an increase in popularity. By combining

1890-514: The hobby of RC flight. The modern materials used in the simple construction of these aircraft make field repairs possible even after significant crash damage. Their small size and quiet operation make it possible to fly them in residential areas. Radio-controlled helicopters , although often grouped with RC aircraft, are in a class of their own due to the vast differences in construction, aerodynamics and flight training . Hobbyists will often venture from planes, to jets and to helicopters as they enjoy

1944-424: The landing gear but will not include a power system ( ESC and Motor) Bind-N-Fly (BNF) aircraft are similar to Ready to fly aircraft, except they do not come with a transmitter. Because they do not come with a transmitter, they must be bound to one instead. This is desirable for flyers that already own a transmitter. Like RTF aircraft, Bind-N-Fly models require minimal assembly. Park flyer Park flyers are

1998-691: The late 19th century. They were flown as a music hall act around theater auditoriums using a basic form of spark-emitted radio signal. The British drone weapons in 1917 and 1918 evolved and their development continued through the work of the Royal Aircraft Establishment resulting in the fleet of over 400 Queen Bee UAV Target Aircraft in the 1930s. During World War II , the U.S. Army and Navy used radio controlled planes called Radioplanes as artillery target drones. The National Model Aviation Museum located in Muncie, Indiana hosts

2052-411: The left and right wing halves together. The average ARF airplane can be built with less than 10 to 20 hours of labor, versus 50 to 100+ hours (depending on detail and desired results) for a typical wood kit. The fuselage, wing halves, tail surfaces and control surfaces are already constructed. ARF airplanes typically only include the airframe and some accessories such as pushrods, fuel tank, etc. Therefore,

2106-441: The maximum amount of power at a specific RPM using a specific fuel. Nelson manufactures the most predominantly used engine. Speeds are very fast in this class with planes capable of reaching 265 km/h (165 mph). Q40 is the highpoint of pylon racing, as their aircraft resemble full-size race planes. They are not limited to the simple shapes that Q500 planes are, which have much cleaner aerodynamics and less wing area. They use

2160-513: The most popular class of RC aircraft for beginners and advanced pilots alike. Advanced electronic and material technologies have even brought forth high-performance, park flyer sized " 3D-flyers ", or fully aerobatic aircraft capable of extreme high g maneuvers and even nose-up hovering. Once the exclusive realm of giant scale , 3D flight is now possible both indoors and out with certain park flyer aircraft. Park flyers have created an inexpensive and convenient way for beginners to get involved in

2214-421: The plane in the air). These elements allow for spectacular aerobatics such as hovering, 'harriers', torque rolling, blenders, rolling circles, flat spins, and more; maneuvers that are performed below the stall speed of the model. The type of flying could be referred to as 'on the prop' as opposed to 'on the wing', which would describe more conventional flight patterns that make more use of the lifting surfaces of

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2268-581: The plane. 3D has created a huge market for electric indoor 'profile' types similar to the Ikarus ' Shockflyers ' designed to be able to fly inside a gym or outside in little wind. These generally make use of small brushless motors (often outrunners, but also geared inrunners) and lithium polymer batteries (Li-Po). There are also many larger 3D designs designed for two and four stroke glow engines, two stroke gas engines and large electric power systems. Racers are small propeller -driven aircraft that race around

2322-419: The power system (glow engine, gas engine, or electric motor and any required accessories) and radio system (servos, transmitter, receiver, and battery) must be purchased separately. Hobby Companies like Motion RC and Horizon Hobby have also began to sell ARF+ Models or ARF Plus which are models that are between a full ARF and PNP where they will have some electronics like control surface servos and retracts for

2376-575: The propeller is not in view of the camera. Flying wing designs are also popular for FPV, as they provide a good combination of large wing surface area, speed, maneuverability, and gliding ability. In the United States, the Academy of Model Aeronautics ' (AMA) Safety Code (which governs flying at AMA affiliated fields) allows FPV flight under the parameters of AMA Document #550, which requires that FPV aircraft be kept within visual line of sight with

2430-479: The range of the remote control, video transmitter and endurance of the aircraft. Video transmitters typically operate at a power level between 200 mW and 2500 mW. The most common frequencies used for video transmission are 900 MHz, 1.2 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. Specialized long-range UHF control systems operating at 433 MHz (for amateur radio licensees only) or 869 MHz are commonly used to achieve greater control range, while

2484-547: The risk of breaking the propeller) are standard. Powered gliders built with stability in mind and capable of aerobatics, high speed flight and sustained vertical flight are classified as 'Hot-liners'. 'Warm-liners' are powered craft with similar abilities but less extreme thrust capability. Jets commonly use a micro turbine or ducted fan to power them. Most airframes are constructed from fiber glass and carbon fiber . For electric powered flight which are usually powered by electric ducted fans, may be made of styrofoam . Inside

2538-425: The same basic Nelson engine used in 428, but the engine is tuned to turn a much smaller prop at a much higher rpm. These planes can fly in excess of 320 km/h (200 mph) on the course. Because of their limited wing area however, Q40 planes must fly a larger arc around the pylons to conserve energy. Although faster, they ultimately fly a larger course. The best times for a 10 lap 3 pylon Q40 race are very close to

2592-615: The same in 428. F3D is the fastest class in "glow-powered" pylon racing. These planes reach speeds of over 100 m/s (225 mph) on the race course. The race course is the same as in AMA 424 or AMA 428, but there are few limits on the airframe and engine. The maximum engine displacement is .40ci, ignition must be a glowplug, fuel must be 80% methanol/20% castor oil, all else is free. There are airframe limits on wing thickness, fuselage dimensions, and weight for safety reasons. All this results in an extreme racing class, where R&D, trial and error, science, and piloting skills meet to create

2646-414: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hoverwing . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoverwing&oldid=624396033 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2700-427: The toy class RC airplane typically has no elevator control. This is to manage costs, but it also allows for simplicity of control by unsophisticated users of all ages. The downside of lack of elevator control is a tendency for the airplane to phugoid. To damp the phugoid oscillation naturally, the planes are designed with high drag which reduces flight performance and flying time. The lack of elevator control also prevents

2754-461: The turbine, as on a full-size aircraft. RC jets also require electrical power. Most have a lithium polymer (LiPo) battery pack at 8–12 volts that controls the FADEC. There is also a LiPo for the onboard servos that control ailerons, elevator, rudder, flaps and landing gear. Of much less complexity are the types of RC jet aircraft that actually use an electric motor-driven ducted fan instead to power

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2808-434: The use of directional, high-gain antennas increases video range. Sophisticated setups are capable of achieving a range of 20–30 miles or more. FPV aircraft are frequently used for aerial photography and videography, and many videos of FPV flights can be found on video sites such as YouTube and Vimeo . A basic FPV system consists of a camera, video transmitter, video receiver, and a display. More advanced setups commonly add

2862-537: The visual range of the pilot (an ability which many view as the most attractive aspect of FPV), most hobbyists that fly FPV do so outside of regular RC clubs and flying fields. There are various ways to construct and assemble an RC aeroplane. Various kits are available, requiring different amounts of assembly, different costs and varying levels of skill and experience. Some kits can be mostly foam or plastic, or may be all balsa and ply wood. Construction of wood kits typically consists of using formers and longerons for

2916-781: The world's largest collection of RC aviation history. They display models from every era of RC donated by the RC community around the world. They also have kit plans (aircraft blueprints) that RC pilots can purchase to build models from every era. The museum is located on the same grounds that the Academy of Model Aeronautics main office is located. There are many types of radio-controlled aircraft. For beginning hobbyists, there are park flyers and trainers . For more experienced pilots there are glow plug engine, electric powered and sailplane aircraft. For expert flyers, jets, pylon racers, VTOL planes, helicopters , autogyros , 3D aircraft, and other high-end competition aircraft provide adequate challenge. Some models are made to look and operate like

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