95-547: Hoxton is an area in the London Borough of Hackney , England . It was historically in the county of Middlesex until 1889. Hoxton lies north-east of the City of London and is considered to be a part of London East End and was once part of the civil parish and subsequent Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch , prior to its incorporation into Hackney. The area is generally considered to be bordered by Regent's Canal on
190-663: A change to the boundaries of these two constituencies were published by the Boundary Commission in July 2023. The borough was formed by the merger of the metropolitan boroughs of Hackney , Shoreditch and Stoke Newington , with the boundaries of these very closely based on the Ancient Parishes of the same name; these areas have been consistently defined for many centuries. Historically, the River Lea formed
285-401: A community centre, began life in 1863 as a "saloon style" music hall . It remains largely in its original form, as for many years it was used as a Quaker meeting house. There was also the 1870 Varieties Music Hall (by C. J. Phipps ) in nearby Pitfield Street, this became a cinema in 1910, closing in 1941. In 2018 construction started on a refurbished cinema (operated by Curzon Cinemas) keeping
380-597: A date and the tone of the letter suggests someone who has enjoyed a longer period of friendship with the King which prompted his conversion referring as it does to "Your majesty’s tender and fatherly love over me in admonishing me heartofore, to seek resolution In matter of religion". It would also seem that he was specifically rejecting the Papacy and becoming an Anglo-Catholic, like the Earl of Northampton, rather than wholly adopting
475-518: A devout Catholic with a magnetic personality, recruited friends and rebels to meet and discuss his plot to blow up the House of Lords in an attempt to reestablish Catholicism in England. Those present at that first meeting with Catesby were Thomas Wintour , John Wright , Thomas Percy and Guy Fawkes . With the imminent threat of plague, Parliament postponed re-opening until 5 November 1605, which gave
570-411: A few years so encreas'd in buildings, and so fully inhabited, that there is no comparison to be made between their present and past state: Every separate hamlet is encreas'd, and some of them more than treble as big as formerly; Indeed as this whole town is included in the bills of mortality, tho' no where joining to London, it is in some respects to be call'd a part of it. This town is so remarkable for
665-415: A hand in organising Thomas Winter 's mission to Spain in 1602, William Parker later declared to be "done with all formal plots" after King James I took the throne. Monteagle even went as far as writing a letter to his new king with a promise to follow the state religion. Like some reformers, Monteagle blamed his childhood for his previous wrongdoings, stating: "I knew no better." This letter does not have
760-434: A large number of bars, nightclubs, restaurants, and art galleries. In this period, the new Hoxton residents could be identified by their obscurely fashionable (or " ironically " unfashionable) clothes and their hair (the so-called " Hoxton Fin ", as exemplified by Fran Healy of Travis ). The excesses and fashion-centricity of Hoxton and Shoreditch denizens have been satirised in the satirical magazine Shoreditch Twat , on
855-404: A later 19th century Jesuit historian. Fraser posits that the note was from someone who wanted to protect Monteagle (either his family, such as his sister Mary Habington , or a friendly conspirator). Had it been a conspirator, such as Francis Tresham, the writer would also have intended to end the plot before it began; Monteagle had been too clear in his politics to assume he would remain quiet about
950-536: A letter arrived at the home of local resident William Parker, Lord Monteagle warning him not to attend the Parliament summoned by James I to convene on 5 November, because "yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow, the Parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them". The letter may have been sent by his brother-in-law Francis Tresham , or he may have written it himself, to curry favour. The letter
1045-546: A notable local person and the island (or inaccessible place surrounded by marshes) lying close to the River Lea . This was once a much wilder place than today. The dictionary suggests that the Hack element may also derive from: Given the island context, the "hatch" option is unlikely to be correct, so the favoured "Haka's Island" or the "Island on the bend" seem more likely. The place name will have originally referred to just
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#17327717716031140-530: A nun, although not willing, at first, to grant her request. He eventually surrendered to his physically handicapped daughter's appeal "in respect that she was crooked, and therefore not fit for the world." By his marriage with Elizabeth Tresham, daughter of Sir Thomas Tresham , he had six children: three sons and three daughters. The eldest son, Henry, succeeded him as 14th Baron Morley and 5th Baron Monteagle. These baronies fell into abeyance when Henry's son Thomas died in about 1686. His eldest daughter, Frances,
1235-578: A result of the differing Saxon groups taking control of pre-defined territories. After both areas were brought under the control of Alfred the Great , the river became the boundary between the historic counties of Middlesex (Hackney) and Essex (modern Newham , Waltham Forest and Redbridge ). In the Tudor period , the lands of religious orders were seized by the Crown and put up for sale. Thus Hackney became
1330-522: A retreat for the nobility around Hackney Central and Homerton . Henry VIII 's Palace was by Lea Bridge roundabout , where BSix Sixth Form College stands today. Sutton House , on Homerton High Street, is the oldest surviving dwelling in Hackney, originally built in 1535 as Bryck Place for Sir Ralph Sadleir , a diplomat. The village of Hackney flourished from the Tudor to late Georgian periods as
1425-576: A rural part of Shoreditch parish . It achieved independent ecclesiastical status in 1826 with the founding of its own parish church dedicated to St John the Baptist , though civil jurisdiction was still invested in the Shoreditch vestry. The Worshipful Company of Haberdashers remains Patron of the advowson of the parish of St John's . In 1415, the Lord Mayor of London "caused the wall of
1520-515: A rural retreat. The first documented " hackney coach "—the forerunner of the more generic " hackney carriage "—operated in London in 1621. Current opinion is that the name "hackney", to refer to a London taxi, is derived from the village name. (Hackney, associated with high-stepping horses and horse-drawn carriages, is the root of the French word haquenée , a term used for a small breed of horse, and
1615-439: A weak correlation with woodland cover, especially in the early post-Conquest Period. By the time of the earliest reliable maps, in the 18th century, the area covered by the modern borough was an agricultural area characterised by enclosed farmland with small hamlets and very little woodland. There were a number of commons, most of which survived to become the basis of modern parks. Many of the major roads were present by this time,
1710-743: A weakly or partially understood extent and it is not unusual for perceptions of place to overlap or change over time. The area of the former parish and borough of Stoke Newington includes the Woodberry Down area, while the former parish and borough of Shoreditch includes Hoxton and Haggerston . The former parish and borough of Hackney is much larger and includes Hackney Central , Hackney Downs , West Hackney , Dalston , De Beauvoir Town , Shacklewell , Stamford Hill , London Fields , Upper and Lower Clapton , Hackney Wick and Homerton . The London Borough of Hackney covers an area of 19.06 km (7.36 sq mi), rising westward from
1805-408: Is Mare Street , which lies 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Charing Cross . The borough is named after Hackney , its principal district. Southern and eastern parts of the borough are popularly regarded as being part of east London that spans some of the traditional East End of London with the northwest belonging to north London. Its population is estimated to be 281,120. The London Plan issued by
1900-477: Is mentioned in a fine of 1220-1221. The name is likely to derive from the possessive form of a person's name, possibly Hocg , and the Old English word tun , meaning a fortified enclosure, village, or manor . Little is recorded of the origins of the settlement, though there was Roman activity around Ermine Street , which ran to the east of the area from the first century. In medieval times, Hoxton formed
1995-549: The East London Line (completed in 2010), has provided the local rail access which was lost when the line from Broad Street closed to services. Hoxton Market, which is now in Hoxton Street rather than its original site to the west of Hoxton Square, was founded in 1687. This market was the cornerstone of the local community but, from the 1980s onwards, changed from a thriving market to one that lost its trade to
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#17327717716032090-577: The Greater London Authority assigns whole boroughs to sub-regions for statutory monitoring, engagement and resource allocation purposes. The most recent (2011) iteration of this plan assigns Hackney to the 'East' sub-region, while the 2008 and 2004 versions assigned the borough to "North" and "East" sub-regions respectively. The modern borough was formed in 1965 by the merger of the Metropolitan Borough of Hackney with
2185-655: The Hackney Marshes to straighten a meander of the natural river. In Roman times and for a long time after, the River Lea was an estuary, tidal as far as Hackney Wick . At Hackney Wick the Hackney Brook met the Lea ; the confluence was very wide when flooded. Hackney Brook was fully culverted in 1860 by the Metropolitan Board of Works . The New River was opened in 1613, diverting water from
2280-667: The London Overground network. In the southwest of the district, the nearest London Underground station is Old Street on the Northern line . The station is also a stop on National Rail 's Northern City Line , operated by Govia Thameslink Railway . London Borough of Hackney The London Borough of Hackney ( / ˈ h æ k n i / HAK -nee ) is a London borough in Inner London , England. The historical and administrative heart of Hackney
2375-581: The Sardinian achetta horse.) Construction of the railway in the 1850s ended Hackney's rural reputation by connecting it to other parts of the city and stimulating development. London's first Tudor theatres were built at Shoreditch . The Gunpowder Plot was first exposed nearby in Hoxton . In 1727 Daniel Defoe said of the villages of Hackney All these, except the Wyck-house, are within
2470-519: The South Hornsey exclaves of Hornsey , with a population about 20,000, with Stoke Newington. While this still created a borough of only about 50,000 inhabitants, and thus "the smallest borough in London, the anomaly would be a gradually diminishing one, because the population in this district was rapidly increasing. When dividing London up into boroughs they could not avoid creating some anomalies as to size." The modern London Borough of Hackney
2565-466: The TVGoHome website, and in the sitcom Nathan Barley . This fashionable area centres around Hoxton Square, a small park bordered mainly by former industrial buildings, as well as the elegant 19th century parish church of St John's . The northern half of the district is more residential and contains many council housing estates and new-build private residences. Residents are typically older and
2660-447: The 13th century the name appears as Hackenaye or Hacquenye , but no certain derivation is advanced. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Place Names (fourth edition) discusses the origin of the name. The first surviving records of the place name are as Hakney (1231) and Hakeneye (1242 and 1294). The "ey" suffix almost certainly refers to an island; the dictionary favours the interpretation that Hackney means "Haka's island", with Haka being
2755-699: The 17th, 18th and 19th centuries included Robert Aske , William Cecil , Samuel Courtauld , Samuel Hoare , Joseph Priestley and Thomas Sutton . Many grand houses stood in Stoke Newington and Stamford Hill ; the latter neighbourhood became a center of Hackney's many Orthodox Jewish residents from the 1930s. Alfred Hitchcock made many of his first films in Hoxton at the Gainsborough Studios in Poole Street. The interwar era saw
2850-507: The 21st century as property developers have moved to cash in on the area's trendy image, central location and transport links. Some galleries have, as a result, moved to nearby Shoreditch , or have relocated further afield to cheaper districts such as London Fields or Bethnal Green . In response, the local council formed a not-for-profit corporation, Shoreditch Our Way (now called The Shoreditch Trust), to buy local buildings and lease them out as community facilities and housing. The extension of
2945-579: The City to be broken towards Moorfields , and built the postern called Moorgate , for the ease of the citizens to walk that way upon causeways towards Islington and Hoxton" – at that time, still marshy areas. The residents responded by harassing walkers to protect their fields. A century later, the hedges and ditches were destroyed, by order of the city, to enable city dwellers to partake in leisure at Hoxton. By Tudor times many moated manor houses existed to provide ambassadors and courtiers country air nearby
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3040-528: The Continent as suggested. The Jesuit history also imparts the information that when Thomas Wintour told this to Francis Tresham on the Sunday, he seemed to be "a man who had lost control of himself" and insisted "without a doubt, the plot was discovered". This would suggest that probably the letter was something devised by Monteagle after receiving a verbal warning from Tresham, without necessarily knowing what
3135-413: The King. On 4 November, Monteagle joined Thomas Howard in searching the basement of Parliament, where they found the stash of gunpowder and explosives. For his service in protecting the crown, Monteagle was rewarded with 500 pounds and 200 pounds' worth of lands. Several other Catholic members of Parliament were absent on the planned day of the attack but Monteagle was the only member of Parliament who
3230-829: The Lea catchment to create a source of drinking water for London. The New River still passes through the borough, close to Finsbury Park and flows towards Islington . Another man-made feature, the Regents Canal also crosses the borough to the south of De Beauvoir Town in the west, joining the Hertford Union Canal below Victoria Park. Much of Hackney retains an inner-city character, but in such places as Dalston large housing estates have been joined by newly developed gated communities . In South Hackney , near Victoria Park , terraced Georgian , Victorian and Edwardian housing still survives. Light industries in
3325-563: The Lea to reach 30 m (98 ft) above sea level at Clapton Common and Stamford Hill . The area around Victoria Park , in the south of the borough lies about 15 metres (49 feet) above sea level. After the Norman Conquest the area became part of the Forest of Middlesex , which covered much of the county , but this gives rise to misunderstanding, as in this context "Forest" is a legal term referring to royal hunting rights and had
3420-551: The Miles family, and expanded rapidly into the surrounding streets being described by Coleridge as the Hoxton madhouse. Here fee-paying 'gentle and middle class' people took their exercise in the extensive grounds between Pitfield Street and Kingsland Road; including the poet Charles Lamb . Over 500 pauper lunatics resided in closed wards, and it remained the Naval Lunatic Asylum until 1818. The asylum closed in 1911;
3515-534: The Protestant faith, which would then make his subsequent actions with respect to the Catholic community more understandable. When King James I began his reign, English Catholics had hoped that the persecution felt for over 45 years under his predecessor Queen Elizabeth would finally end. Though more tolerant than others before him, James was still faced with plots and schemes by priests and rebels trying to end
3610-519: The area around the River Lea employ over 3,000 people. The Lea and Hackney Marshes are underlain by alluvium soils; and the higher ground between Homerton and Stamford Hill is formed on a widening bed of London Clay . Brickearth deposits are within tongues of clay extending beneath Clapton Common, Stamford Hill and Stoke Newington High Street. The centre and south-western districts lie on river terrace deposits of Taplow Gravel. Victoria Park and Well Street Common lie on flood plain gravel. This data
3705-453: The area. Some parts of Hoxton, however, remain deprived, with council housing dominating the landscape. The geographical distinction between Hoxton and Shoreditch is often confused. The two districts have a historical link as part of the same manor , and in the 19th century both formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch . This was incorporated into the newly created London Borough of Hackney in 1965, but old street signs bearing
3800-488: The beginning of the 1990s. During this time Joshua Compston established his Factual Nonsense gallery on Charlotte Road in Shoreditch and organised art fetes in Hoxton Square . Their presence gradually drew other creative industries into the area, especially magazines, design firms, and dot-coms . By the end of the 20th century, the southern half of Hoxton had become a vibrant arts and entertainment district boasting
3895-657: The boundary between the predecessor counties of Middlesex and Essex . Within these parish areas are a large number of sub-districts, some of which have sub-districts of their own. These sub-districts are generally based on former hamlets that expanded and merged as the area urbanised. These sub-districts have never been administrative units so have never had any formal boundaries, however a degree of informal definition has developed. The sub-districts typically take Metropolitan Borough \ Ancient Parish boundaries where available, and can also have informal customary boundaries such as road and railways. Despite this, many areas have only
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3990-648: The building of social housing by the LCC and the borough council in the area including the Kingsmead Estate, Morningside Estate, Banister House and Nisbet House. The borough also includes housing projects developed by high-profile postwar architects including The Beckers (1958) by Sir Frederick Gibberd , Granard House (1959) by Colin St John Wilson and Pitcairn House (1962) by Eric Lyons . Following extensive post-war development and immigration since
4085-491: The city. This included many Catholics , attracted by the house of the Portuguese Ambassador, who, in his private chapel, celebrated the masses forbidden in a Protestant country. One such resident was Sir Thomas Tresham , who was imprisoned here by Elizabeth I of England for harbouring Catholic priests. The open fields to the north and west were frequently used for archery practice, and on 22 September 1598
4180-719: The civic and ceremonial duties previously undertaken by the (non-political) mayor prior to 2002. Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly , the borough forms part of the North East constituency. The constituency returned Sem Moema AM as the directly elected Assembly Member in 2021. The borough comprises two parliamentary constituencies: Hackney North and Stoke Newington (represented by Diane Abbott MP) and Hackney South and Shoreditch (represented by Meg Hillier MP); both are Privy Counsellors and Labour Party Members of Parliament . Final recommendations for
4275-570: The civil parishes continued to be based on the same ancient parish areas. From 1856 the area was governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works , which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London . From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards . Shoreditch
4370-403: The following description: The character of the whole locality is working-class. Poverty is everywhere, with a considerable admixture of the very poor and vicious ... Large numbers have been and are still being displaced by the encroachment of warehouses and factories ... Hoxton is known for its costers and Curtain criminals, for its furniture trade ... No servants are kept except in
4465-622: The island or possibly both the island and the manor of the same name based around it. Subsequently, the name Hackney was applied to the whole ancient parish of Hackney. In the Iron Age and probably until after the Roman period (as the Romans used tribal territories as administrative sub-divisions), the River Lea was considered to separate the territories of the Catuvellauni to the west of
4560-535: The land between by benefactors, most of whom were City liverymen . Aske's Almshouses were built (to Robert Hooke 's design) on Pitfield Street in 1689 from Robert Aske 's endowment for 20 poor haberdashers and a school for 20 children of freemen . Almshouses endowed by Robert Geffrye were estabslished by the Ironmongers' Company on the Kingsland Road in 1714. The almshouses closed in 1911, with
4655-457: The late 20th century, population pressure has increased and the area's many Georgian and Victorian terraces are being gentrified, warehouses are being converted to housing, and new flats are being built. In the 1980s and beyond, Hackney was described as the poorest borough in Britain - although it has been questioned whether this may have in fact been Glasgow , at the time. The council used
4750-501: The letter and that he was taking it to Cecil. His name was removed from the official account, leaving just an anonymous person giving the warning, and yet the contemporary Jesuit account of the plot suggested it was his servant who brought them the warning, without saying he was authorised to do so by Monteagle. It seems somewhat suspicious that the author of the Jesuit account knew of this information when it had never been made public and
4845-491: The lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs . In this area the three parishes each became a borough: Hackney , Shoreditch and Stoke Newington . There were some rationalisations to boundaries, notably that Shoreditch absorbed part of the tiny Liberty of Norton Folgate (with the rest going to neighbouring Stepney ). Stoke Newington was smaller than the desired size for the new boroughs, and there were proposals to re-merge Stoke Newington and Hackney, or to detach
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#17327717716034940-624: The main Road shopping streets and in a few remaining middle class squares in the west. In Hoxton Street, a plaque marks the location of the Britannia Theatre . This evolved from the former Pimlico tea gardens, a tavern and a saloon, into a 3,000-seat theatre, designed by Finch Hill. Together with the nearby Pollock's Toy Museum , it was destroyed in Second World War bombing. Hoxton Hall , also in Hoxton Street, which survives as
5035-511: The mistreatment of Catholics through force (Fraser 63). To please the Protestants, who were distressed over the growing strength of the Catholic religion, James proclaimed his detestation of Catholics in England. Once again priests were expelled, fines were taxed, and Catholics went back to living a hidden life, but some Catholics were not so accepting of the secretive nature in which they had to practise their faith. In 1604 Robert Catesby ,
5130-582: The modern borough broadly corresponds to the three ancient parishes of Hackney , Shoreditch and Stoke Newington , which had all historically been part of the Ossulstone hundred of the county of Middlesex . For some administrative functions, Ossulstone was divided into four divisions. Stoke Newington was part of the Finsbury division . Hackney and Shoreditch were both part of the Tower division , which
5225-463: The move towards supermarkets and away from the traditional street market meeting all of the community's needs. In 2013 the local business community, working with the council, started work to revive the market and this has attracted great attention and increased trade, complemented by new shops opening along the length of the market. Hoxton is a National Rail station on the East London line of
5320-648: The much smaller Metropolitan Boroughs of Stoke Newington and Shoreditch . Hackney is bounded by Islington to the west, Haringey to the north, Waltham Forest to the north-east, Newham to the east, Tower Hamlets to the south-east and the City of London to the south-west. Hackney was one of the host boroughs of the London Olympics in 2012 , with several of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park venues falling within its boundaries. In
5415-593: The name are still to be found throughout the area. Both are also considered to be part of the East End of London . Manufacturing developments in the years after the Second World War meant that many of the small industries that characterised Hoxton moved out. By the early 1980s, these industrial lofts and buildings came to be occupied by young artists as inexpensive live/work spaces, while exhibitions, raves and clubs occupied former office and retail space at
5510-549: The north side, Wharf Road and City Road to the west, Old Street to the south, and Kingsland Road to the east. There is a Hoxton electoral ward which returns three councillors to Hackney London Borough Council . The area forms part of the Hackney South and Shoreditch parliamentary constituency. The earliest recorded names of the settlement are Hochestone, in the Domesday Book in 1086, and Hocston, which
5605-478: The northern part of Hackney and join it with Stoke Newington. These proposals were rejected due to the experience of "intolerable and interminable feuds" between the districts when they were previously "forced together". The First Lord of the Treasury , Arthur Balfour recognised that there was "great ill-feeling and mutual ill-will... between the inhabitants of the two districts". It was therefore decided to merge
5700-568: The only remains are by Hackney Community College, where a part of the house was incorporated into the school that replaced it in 1921. In the late 17th Century, Hoxton Square and Charles Square were laid out, forming a popular area for residents. Non-conformist sects were attracted to the area, away from the restrictions of the City 's regulations. In the Victorian era the railways made travelling to distant suburbs easier, and this combined with infill building and industrialisation to drive away
5795-405: The phrase 'Britain's Poorest Borough' in official materials. It was described in this way as late as 2001 and in Parliament in 2010. This picture has now changed: the 2019 Indices of Multiple Deprivation found that Hackney was the 22nd most deprived borough in England, down from 11th in 2015 and 2nd in 2010, whilst Hackney has also featured prominently in discussions of gentrification . It
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#17327717716035890-763: The playwright Ben Jonson fought a fatal duel in Hoxton Fields, killing actor Gabriel Spencer . Jonson was able to prove his literacy, thereby claiming benefit of clergy to escape a hanging. Hoxton's public gardens were a popular resort from the overcrowded City streets, and it is reputed that the name of Pimlico came from the publican, Ben Pimlico, and his particular brew. Have at thee, then, my merrie boyes, and beg for old Ben Pimlico's nut-brown ale. The gardens appear to have been situated near Hoxton Street, known at that time, as Pimlico Path . The modern area of Pimlico derives its name from its former use in Hoxton. On 26 October 1605 Hoxton achieved notoriety, when
5985-429: The plot. The argument against Mary Habington having sent the letter is that the letter was too clumsy, and that there were far better ways to discreetly deliver the information, had it come from her. As for a conspirator, Monteagle benefited too richly—and the conspirators too terribly—for that to be the case. Initially Thomas Wintour's confession suggested that Monteagle had sent warning to him, Catesby and Tresham about
6080-437: The plotters ample time to lease out a small house in the centre of London where Fawkes would live under the alias "John Johnson" as Thomas Percy's servant while gathering the gunpowder necessary (Fraser 174). By March 1605, the 36 barrels of gunpowder were moved to the newly leased out cellar directly under the House of Lords. On 26 October an anonymous letter warned Lord Monteagle to avoid the opening of Parliament. This letter
6175-549: The plotters pleaded not guilty but nevertheless the seven were found guilty of high treason and each was executed on 30 and 31 January. On 26 October 1605, while sitting at supper at his house in Hoxton , London, he received a letter warning of the Gunpowder Plot. It is believed by some historians that he wrote the letter himself to win acclaim and favour with the King. The historians in question are likely biased against him having Catholic sympathies or actually being
6270-464: The plotters were very careful not to talk to anyone outside their own circle prior to the discovery and even tried to maintain ignorance of the gunpowder element initially after their arrest. According to the Jesuit history they received two more warnings on Saturday, 2nd November (that the King had taken the letter very seriously) and Sunday, 3rd November (that it was being handled with great secrecy), yet they still didn't abandon their scheme and flee to
6365-517: The remaining pensioners moving to Kent and Hampshire. The LCC took on the almshouses and opened the Geffrye Museum in 1914 to house collections of furniture and wood crafts. Museum of the Home now occupies the site, and following an extensive refurbishment, is a free museum with access directly opposite Hoxton Station. Hoxton House, was established as a private asylum in 1695. It was owned by
6460-416: The retreat of wealthy citizens, that there is at this time near a hundred coaches kept in it; tho' I will not join with a certain satyrical author, who said of Hackney, that there were more coaches than Christians in it. The parish church of St John-at-Hackney was built in 1792, replacing the nearby former 16th-century parish church dedicated to St Augustine (pulled down in 1798). Notable residents from
6555-770: The river from the Trinovantes to the east. The Romans built the Roman road , Ermine Street , which runs through the modern borough under the names Shoreditch High Street and Kingsland Road , among others. In the Anglo-Saxon period, the River Lea separated the core territories of the East Saxons (on the east side) from the Middle Saxons (on the western, Hackney side) they often controlled. This continuity of this natural boundary from pre-Roman period may be
6650-450: The road now known as the A10 was Roman, and others, like many in England, may be older. With the obvious exception of the urbanisation of the area, the greatest changes have been to the waterways and wetlands of the area. The River Lea , the area's primary geographic feature, has lost its grazing marshes and seen the River Lee Navigation created in 1770. This is an artificial channel of the river, passing through Hackney Cut and across
6745-553: The studios, and films including The Lady Vanishes and The Wicked Lady were shot there. The studios operated there from 1924 to 1951, and were demolished in 2002, replaced by a modern apartment block, also named Gainsborough Studios. The Stag's Head, Hoxton was built in 1936 for Truman's Brewery , and designed by their in-house architect A. E. Sewell . With a new-found popularity, large parts of Hoxton have been gentrified . This has inevitably aroused hostility among some local residents, who believe they are being priced out of
6840-515: The style of the original facade but expanding vertically to include residential properties. Planning permission for the refurbishment took a considerable time due to local opposition to the design. The cinema plans to open in 2019. The National Centre for Circus Arts is based in the former vestry of St Leonard Shoreditch Electric Light Station, just to the north of Hoxton Market. Inside, the "Generating Chamber" and "Combustion Chamber" provide facilities for circus training and production. The building
6935-536: The turn of the century. This increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the new towns under the Abercrombie Plan for London (1944). The population is now rising again, and the 2001 census gives Hackney a population of 202,824. William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle William Parker, 13th Baron Morley, 4th Baron Monteagle (1575 – 1 July 1622),
7030-495: The unemployment and crime rates, with the exceptions of drug offences, robbery and theft, are relatively high compared to some parts of the borough. Hoxton Street Market is the focal point of this end of the district. The market sells a wide range of household goods during the week and specialises in independent fashion, art and design products on Saturdays. Nearby is the Museum of the Home and Hoxton War Memorial . The Hoxton Trust
7125-656: The wealthier classes, leaving Hoxton a concentration of the poor with many slums. The area became a centre for the furniture trade. In the 1860s Hoxton Square became home to the Augustinian Priory , school and Church of St Monica (architect: E. W. Pugin ) built 1864-66 and the first Augustinian House in England since the Reformation era. Charles Booth in Life and Labour of the People in London of 1902 gave
7220-510: The word "blow" really meant, and was trying very hard both to prevent the carnage (thinking it was a warning of a violent insurrection) and save his former friends from the consequences of their own infamy. He knew Catesby and Wintour well enough to deduce that if a rebellion was planned, they were likely part of it or may be he got Tresham to admit as much to him. After deciphering the letter, Monteagle rushed to Whitehall and showed it to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury , who then showed it to
7315-473: Was a nun; the second, Catherine, married John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers ; and the youngest, Elizabeth, married Edward Cranfield, and was the mother of Edward Cranfield . Through Catherine, he was the 5× great-grandfather of Alfred, Lord Tennyson . Parker was summoned to parliament as Baron Morley and Baron Monteagle in 1618 after the death of his father. He died on 1 July 1622 at Great Hallingbury in Essex and
7410-488: Was allied with many Roman Catholic families, and during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I was in sympathy with their cause. His wife, the daughter of Sir Thomas Tresham , came from a well-known Roman Catholic family. His sister married Thomas Habington , also a Roman Catholic. He was knighted while with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex , in Ireland in 1599, and in 1601 he took part in the latter's rebellion in London. He
7505-660: Was an English peer, best known for his role in the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot . In 1605 Parker was due to attend the opening of Parliament . He was a member of the House of Lords as Lord Monteagle , the title on his mother's side. He received a letter; it appears that someone, presumably a fellow Catholic, was afraid he would be blown up. The so-called Monteagle letter survives in the National Archives (SP 14/216/2), but its origin remains mysterious. William
7600-536: Was committed to the Tower and wrote to Cecil under the name Lord Monteagle, he was fined under the name Sir William Parker, suggesting he may have been stripped of his right to sit in the Lords as a result of his treason and lost some of his land in Essex, although these were restored when King James pardoned actions prior to his reign. Having close ties with the extremist Catholic faction during Queen Elizabeth I's rule, and
7695-417: Was condemned, his wife's pleas to her brother secured his reprieve. Despite revealing the Gunpowder Plot, Parker seems to have retained some connections to the Catholic community. His eldest son of six children, Henry Lord Morley, was also a known Catholic and in 1609, he was suspected of sheltering students from St. Omer's seminary . Monteagle gave permission for his eldest daughter Frances Parker to become
7790-470: Was confirmed to have received a letter warning of the plot. In 1609, Parker invested in the second Virginia Company and became a member of the council. He had shares in the East India and North West Companies as well. Parker used his influence to protect his brother-in-law, Thomas Habington, from the possible consequence of death, after harbouring the forbidden priests at Hindlip . Although Habington
7885-518: Was constructed by the Vestry in 1895 to burn local rubbish and generate electricity. It also provided steam to heat the public baths. This replaced an earlier facility providing gas-light, located in Shoreditch . Gainsborough Studios were located in a former power station, in Poole Street, by the Regents Canal . Alfred Hitchcock , Michael Balcon , Ivor Novello and Gracie Fields all worked at
7980-483: Was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963 . It covered the combined area of the three metropolitan boroughs of Hackney, Shoreditch and Stoke Newington. The local authority is Hackney Council, which meets at Hackney Town Hall and has its main offices in the adjoining Hackney Service Centre. Since 2002 the council has been led by the directly elected Mayor of Hackney . A speaker fulfils
8075-409: Was established in 1983 and exists to make the area of Hoxton and Shoreditch a better place for everyone who lives or works there. The award-winning community garden is a private space for the benefit of everyone who lives and works in the area. It is maintained by our volunteers and community gardener and is not a council-run park. Property prices have continued to rise steeply since the early years of
8170-482: Was found in the early hours of 5 November. Most of the conspirators fled on the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, but Francis Tresham was arrested a few days later at his house in Hoxton. A commemorative plaque is attached to modern flats at the site of Parker's house in Hoxton Street. By the end of the 17th century the nobility's estates began to be broken up. Many of these large houses came to be used as schools, hospitals or mad houses , with almshouses being built on
8265-670: Was governed by its vestry , whilst Hackney and Stoke Newington were initially grouped into the Hackney District with a single board covering the two parishes. This proved unpopular, especially in more affluent Stoke Newington. After four unsuccessful attempts, the Hackney District was dissolved in 1894 under the Metropolis Management (Plumstead and Hackney) Act 1893, and its two parishes were then each governed separately by their own vestries. In 1900
8360-423: Was noteworthy in that the men of the area owed military service to the Tower of London . The ancient parishes provided a framework for both civil (administrative) and ecclesiastical (church) functions, but during the 19th century there was a divergence into distinct civil and ecclesiastical parish systems. The ecclesiastical parishes were gradually sub-divided to better serve the needs of a growing population, while
8455-427: Was possibly sent by Monteagle's brother-in-law, Francis Tresham. In any event, it caused enough suspicion that on the night of 4 November the undercroft beneath the House of Lords was searched by guards, where Guy Fawkes was found in possession of matches and gunpowder was found hidden under coal. After intense torture in the Tower of London Fawkes gave his true name and those of his fellow conspirators. All but one of
8550-537: Was punished by imprisonment in the Tower and indicted but made a direct appeal to Cecil to intercede on his behalf with the Queen, which was successful and he was subsequently released and "reserved for her Majesty's use" after paying a fine of £4,000 (according to Cecil's private papers) or a fine of £8,000. Being "reserved" meant he was not forgiven of his involvement, as some others were, but essentially on parole as were Robert Catesby and Francis Tresham. Also, whilst he
8645-498: Was ranked as inner London's "greenest borough" and London Transport's "best bike borough 2006", with 62 parks and open spaces , covering 815 acres (3.3 km ). Seven Hackney parks have now achieved Green Flag status. One, Abney Park , became scheduled in 2009 as one of Britain's historic parks and garden at risk from neglect and decay. Hackney Marshes play host to the largest collection of football pitches in Europe. Part of it
8740-488: Was read aloud at supper, before prominent Catholics, and then he delivered it personally to Robert Cecil at Whitehall . While the conspirators were alerted, by the public reading, to the existence of the letter they persevered with their plot as their gunpowder remained undiscovered. William Parker accompanied Thomas Howard , the Lord Chamberlain , at his visit to the undercroft of Parliament, where Guy Fawkes
8835-526: Was taken between 1971 and 2000 at the nearest national weather station in Greenwich ; around 7 miles (11.3 km) south of Hackney Town Hall: In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 14,609. This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 95,000 in the middle of that century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth increased — reaching nearly 374,000 by
8930-400: Was the eldest son of Edward Parker, 12th Baron Morley (died 1618), and of Elizabeth Stanley, daughter and heiress of William Stanley, 3rd Baron Monteagle (died 1581). He had both a younger brother, Charles, and a younger sister, Mary. William's father was a recusant , but appears to have been in favour at court; he was one of the noblemen who tried Mary, Queen of Scots . However, William
9025-636: Was used as a site for events of the 2012 Summer Olympics . There are 1,300 listed buildings in Hackney , including the Hackney Empire , Tudor Sutton House , and the Grade I medieval St Augustine's Tower , the borough's oldest building. The borough contains 25 conservation areas including Clapton Square and urban open-spaces including Clapton Common and Clissold Park . Conservation areas also protect large areas of Georgian and Victorian housing , and areas of industrial heritage . The area of
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