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28-550: Hobiyee comes from the phrase " Hobixis hee! " meaning the "moon is in the shape of the hoobix ." The hoobix is the bowl of the Nisg̱aʼa wooden spoon. Hobiyee thus signifies the potential for an abundant harvest (or filled spoon) if the crescent moon's edges point upward. At Hobiyee, if the crescent moon is seen with its edges pointing upward, it foretells an abundant year of salmon, oolichans ( saak ), berries and various other foods. The months Buxw-laḵs and X̱saak indicate

56-525: A swan̓iskw or swan̓isgwit meaning spiritual leader, medicine person or doctor. Some were considered able "to forecast the weather" and called guxw-hloḵsit (astronomer/astrologist). A swan̓iskw would study the moon in Buxw-laḵs to determine when the harvest would begin in Ḵ'alii-Aksim Lisims . Grandfathers would keep an eye on the moon, and upon seeing the Hobiyee moon, they would run into

84-731: A blueprint for the protection and recovery of the southern Distinct Population Segment (DPS) of eulachon ( Thaleichthys pacificus ) using the best available science per the requirements of the Endangered Species Act . In Canada, the Central Pacific Coast and Fraser River populations were classified as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 2011. At that time,

112-855: A maximum recorded age of 94 years although the majority of the commercial catch in many areas is less than 20 years old. Sablefish growth varies regionally, with larger maximum sizes in Alaska, where total lengths up to 114 cm (45 in) weights up to 25 kg (55 lb) have been recorded. However, average lengths are typically below 70 cm (28 in) and 4 kg (8.8 lb). Tagging studies have indicated that sablefish have been observed to move as much as 2,000 km (1,200 mi) before recapture with one study estimating an average distance between release and recapture of 602 km (374 mi), with an average annual movement of 191 km (119 mi). Sablefish are typically caught in bottom trawl , longline and pot fisheries. In

140-414: A river which has large runs sees a year with no returns; the reasons for such variability are not known. The eulachon run is characteristic for the early portion being almost entirely male, with females following about midway through the run to its conclusion. Males are easily distinguished from females during spawning by fleshy ridges which form along the length of their bodies. Indigenous communities of

168-660: A staple of New York appetizing stores , one of many smoked fish products usually eaten with bagels for breakfast in American Jewish cuisine . In Japanese cuisine , the black cod ( gindara ) is often cooked saikyo yaki style, marinated for several days in sweet white miso or sake lees ( kasuzuke ) then broiled. The Japanese-Peruvian-American chef Nobu Matsuhisa introduced his version of gindara saikyo yaki at his restaurant in Los Angeles, and brought it to his New York restaurant Nobu in 1994, where it

196-639: Is brown or blue on the back extending to the top of the head, lighter to silvery white or light blue on the sides, and white on the ventral surface; speckling is extra fine, sparse, and restricted to the back. Adults can reach maximum lengths of 30 cm (12 in) but most adults are between 15 and 20 cm (6 and 8 in). Adults have striae on their operculum that aid in distinguishing Thaleichthys pacificus from other smelt. They feed on plankton but only while at sea. Eulachon feed primarily on plankton as well as fish eggs , insect larvae, ocean debris and small crustaceans. It forms an important part of

224-579: Is considered his signature dish, under the name "Black Cod with Miso". Kasuzuke sablefish is popular in Seattle thanks to a large Japanese community in that area. Nutritional information for sablefish is as follows. Protein calories % : 39% Fat calories % : 61% Carbohydrate calories % : 0.0% Studies of accumulated mercury levels find average mercury concentrations from 0.1 ppm, 0.2 ppm, and up to 0.4 ppm. The US Food and Drug Administration puts sablefish in

252-536: Is from the Chinookan language and the Chinook Jargon based on that language. One of several theories for the origin of the name of the state of Oregon is that it was a corruption from the term "Oolichan Trail", the native trade route for oolichan oil. In some parts it is also known as "halimotkw", which can be translated as "savior fish" or "salvation fish", due to its availability for fishing often coming at

280-689: The Columbia , Fraser and Klinaklini rivers in 1994. Sablefish The sablefish ( Anoplopoma fimbria ) is one of two members of the fish family Anoplopomatidae and the only species in the genus Anoplopoma . In English , common names for it include sable (US), butterfish (US), black cod (US, UK, Canada), blue cod (UK), bluefish (UK), candlefish (UK), coal cod (UK), snowfish ( ปลาหิมะ ; Thailand), coalfish (Canada), beshow , and skil (Canada), although many of these names also refer to other, unrelated, species. The US Food and Drug Administration accepts only "sablefish" as

308-542: The Marine Stewardship Council as is the US West Coast limited entry groundfish trawl fishery which includes sablefish. Longline fisheries in Alaska frequently experience predation of sablefish by killer whales and sperm whales which remove the fish from the hooks during the process of retrieving the gear. Sablefish aquaculture is an area of active research. The white flesh of

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336-801: The Nass / Skeena Rivers population was given threatened status, but this was downgraded to Special Concern status when the Nass / Skeena Rivers population was individually reassessed by COSEWIC in 2013. As of May 2023, a decision is pending on the listing of these populations under Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act . Overall, the species faces multiple threats, including overharvest , pollution, loss of freshwater spawning habitat due to logging , diversion and dam construction and climate change . Canadian spawning runs have been severely depleted compared to historic levels, while abrupt declines were reported in

364-558: The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a petition from the Cowlitz Tribe to list a distinct population segment (DPS) of eulachon from Washington , Oregon , and California , (the so-called Southern DPS) as an endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act . (ESA). NMFS found that this petition presented enough information to warrant conducting a status review of

392-478: The Pacific coast of North America from northern California to Alaska . The name "candlefish" derives from it being so fatty during spawning, with up to 15% of the total body weight in fat, that if caught, dried, and strung on a wick, it can be burned as a candle. This is the name most often used by early explorers. The name eulachon (occasionally seen as oolichan , ooligan , oulachon , and uthlecan )

420-602: The Northeast Pacific, sablefish fisheries are managed separately in three areas: Alaska , the Canadian province of British Columbia , and the west coast of the contiguous United States ( Washington , Oregon , and California ). In all these areas catches peaked in the 1970s and 80s and have been lower since that time due to a combination of reduced populations and management restrictions. The sablefish longline fishery in Alaska has been certified as sustainable by

448-597: The Pacific Coast from California to Alaska made eulachon an important part of their diet, as well as a valuable trade item with peoples whose territories did not include spawning rivers. The species was caught using traps, rakes, and nets. The harvest continues today, with other residents taking part in the exploitation of the large runs. Today harvested eulachon are typically stored frozen and thawed as needed. They may also be fried, dried, smoked, or canned. Eulachon were also processed for their rich oil. The usual process

476-854: The acceptable market name in the United States; "black cod" is considered a vernacular (regional) name and should not be used as a statement of identity for this species. The sablefish is found in muddy sea beds in the North Pacific Ocean at depths of 300 to 2,700 m (980 to 8,860 ft) and is commercially important to Japan . The sablefish is a species of deep-sea fish common to the North Pacific Ocean. Adult sablefish are opportunistic piscivores, preying on Alaskan pollock , eulachon , capelin , herring , sandlance , and Pacific cod , as well as squid , euphausiids , and jellyfish . Sablefish are long-lived, with

504-469: The diet of many ocean and shore predators, and serves as a prominent food source for people living near its spawning streams. Eulachon, as anadromous fish, spend most of their adult lives in the ocean but return to their natal freshwater streams and rivers to spawn and die. As such, one stream may see regular large runs of eulachon while a neighboring stream sees few or none at all. Regular annual runs are common but not entirely predictable, and occasionally

532-454: The end of the winter and the emergence of oolichans in the rivers, the first food supply to arrive when winter resources were depleted ( buxw means 'to blow about' and laḵs means 'needles'; x̱saak means 'to eat oolichans'). If a star is sitting in the centre of the crescent moon (" ii luu-t’aahl bil̓ist ahl ts’im hoobix "), it is a sign of abundance in Nisg̱a’a. Other positions of

560-642: The end of winter, when food supplies typically run low. The unrelated sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria is also called "candlefish" in the United Kingdom . Eulachon are distinguished by the large canine-like teeth on the vomer bone and 19 to 31 rays in the anal fin . Like salmon and trout they have an adipose fin (aft of the dorsal); it is sickle-shaped. The paired fins are longer in male fish than in females. All fins have well-developed breeding parts (raised tissue "bumps") in ripe males, but these are poorly developed or absent in females. Adult coloration

588-594: The first feed of oolichan over the open fire. We also have a special story about the Simgigadim Saak /the Oolichan Chieftains which is part of the Tx̱eemsim Adaawaḵ, and also, an account of how the oolichan and spring salmon taunted each other as they passed each other in Ḵ’alii-Aksim Lisims ... a brief but interesting story illustrating our belief in being one with nature.... The 2017 date of

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616-401: The observance was February 14–15. Eulachon The eulachon ( / ˈ j uː l ə k ɒ n / ( Thaleichthys pacificus ), also spelled oolichan / ˈ uː l ɪ k ɑː n / , ooligan / ˈ uː l ɪ ɡ ə n / , hooligan / ˈ h uː l ɪ ɡ ə n / ), or the candlefish , is a small anadromous species of smelt that spawns in some of the major river systems along

644-513: The sablefish is soft-textured and mildly flavored. It is considered a delicacy in many countries. When cooked, its flaky texture is similar to Patagonian toothfish (Chilean sea bass). The meat has a high fat content and can be prepared in many ways, including grilling , smoking , or frying , or served as sushi . Sablefish flesh is high in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids , EPA , and DHA . It contains about as much as wild salmon . Smoked sablefish , often called simply "sable", has long been

672-634: The species. Based on the status review NMFS proposed listing this species as threatened on March 13, 2009. On March 16, 2010, NOAA announced that the Southern DPS of eulachon will be listed as threatened under the ESA, effective on May 17, 2010 (See: the Federal Register notice published on May 18, 2010, at 74 FR 3178). On September 6, 2017, the NMFS approved a recovery plan intended to serve as

700-468: The stars around the moon have different interpretations. A sideways Hobiyee moon without a star sitting in it denotes a poor year of resources as was the case in 2006 The simgigat (Nisg̱aʼa chieftains) were responsible for the proper management of resources on their lands as well as studying astrology . An adept sim’oogit would be able to practise the Halayt discipline which allows them to become

728-436: The traditional act of informing the villagers. Before he passed on, Sim’oogit Gitx̱hun, Paul Clayton, shared that the Nisg̱a’a had a ceremony for the first feed of oolichan. He could not remember the song, only that it was called " Limx Wi’idim Saak / song for roasting (the first feed of) oolichans." The performer donned special ceremonial gear—in particular, special coverings for his arms; he danced, and he sang as he roasted

756-456: The village yelling, " Hobiyee! Hobiyee! " followed by children raising their arms in the shape of the Hobiyee moon. Hlayim Wil witnessed this in the village of Gitwinksihlkw around 1940, when suddenly a loud voice would be heard outside, hollering, and immediately, the entire village was in motion. A senior member in the Wilp of Bax̱k’ap had sighted the Hobiyee moon and consequently carried out

784-493: Was to allow the fish to decompose (rot) for a week or more in a hole in the ground, then add boiling hot water and skim off the oil, which would rise to the surface, being less dense than water. Eulachon oil (also known as "Eulachon grease") was traded with inland communities; as a result, the trails over which the trade was conducted came to be known as grease trails . Other uses of eulachon by non-Natives include bait for sportfishing and food for cats and dogs. In November 2008,

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