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101-460: The city of Augsburg proper, after it gained free imperial status, was a separate entity and constitutionally and politically independent of the prince-bishopric of the same name. The prince-bishopric covered some 2365 km and had approximately 100,000 inhabitants at the time it was annexed to Bavaria in the course of the German mediatization . Nothing is known with certainty about the history of

202-569: A siege ensued through the winter of 1634/35 and thousands died from hunger and disease. During the Swedish occupation and the siege by Catholic troops, the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000. Diseases such as typhus and the plague ravaged the city. In the first half of the 17th century Augsburg was pivotal in the European network of goldsmiths . Augsburg attracted goldsmith journeymen from all over Europe and in

303-598: A university , and, in 1564, gave the direction of the new university to the Jesuits, for whom he had built a college in Dillingen. It is due to his untiring labours and those of Canisius that much larger portions of the diocese were not lost to the Church. Under the immediate successors of Otto, the revival instituted by him progressed rapidly, and many excellent decrees were formulated. Under Marquard II von Berg (1575–91)

404-509: A canon of Hildesheim. In 1003 Bruno supported the revolt of Henry of Schweinfurt , Margrave of the Nordgau against his brother. When the revolt failed, Bruno fled to Bohemia and then stayed for a time at the court of his brother-in-law, Stephen I of Hungary . He was reconciled to his brother in early 1004, through the efforts of Stephen of Hungary. Bruno served as chancellor for a year before being elected Bishop of Augsburg in 1006 or 1007,

505-707: A certain number are especially prominent, either on account of the offices they filled in the Empire, or for their personal qualifications; thus Witgar, Chancellor and Archchaplain of Louis the German ; Adalbero (887–910), of the line of the Counts of Dillingen , confidant and friend of Emperor Arnulf , who entrusted Adalbero with the education of his son, the German King Louis the Child , distinguished for generosity to

606-422: A forward impulse, as, for instance, under Bishop Walther II Count Palatine von Dillingen (1133–52), under whom the possessions of the diocese were again consolidated and increased by his own inheritance; under Udalskalk (1184–1202), who with great ceremony placed the recently discovered bones of St. Ulrich in the new church of Sts. Ulrich and Afra . These days of peace alternated with periods of conflict into which

707-518: A great friend and benefactor of monasteries and of the poor, and patron of the arts and sciences. During the episcopate of these bishops, Augsburg acquired, through the industry of its citizens, a worldwide commerce. Some members of its families, e.g. the Fuggers and the Welsers , were the greatest merchants of their time; they lent large sums of money to the emperors and princes of Germany, conducted

808-627: A large forestland. The city itself is also heavily verdant. As a result, in 1997 Augsburg was the first German city to win the Europe-wide contest Entente Florale for Europe's greenest and most livable city. Augsburg is surrounded by the counties Landkreis Augsburg in the west and Aichach-Friedberg in the east. The suburbs of Augsburg are Friedberg , Königsbrunn , Stadtbergen , Neusäß , Gersthofen , Diedorf . Neighbouring municipalities: Rehling , Affing , Kissing , Mering , Merching , Bobingen , Gessertshausen . The city of Augsburg

909-633: A mixed Catholic–Protestant city council presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt . Augsburg's economic boom years occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the bank and metal businesses of the merchant families Fugger , Welser and Hochstetter . These families held a near total monopoly in important industries. Monopolies were considered criminal in contemporary laws and these families' practices were criticised by Martin Luther himself, but as Emperor Charles V needed their financial assistance, he cancelled

1010-649: A pontifical boarding school (alumnatus) was founded in Dillingen, colleges were established by the Jesuits in Landsberg , and through the bounty of the Fugger family, in Augsburg (1580). Heinrich von Knöringen, made bishop at the early age of twenty-eight, took especial interest in the university and the Seminary of Dillingen, both of which he enriched with many endowments; he convened several synods, converted Wolfgang ,

1111-619: A population of 100,000, as per the Bavarian Gemeindeordnung . The mayor of Augsburg has been Eva Weber of the Christian Social Union (CSU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: The Augsburg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and

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1212-721: A population of about 30,000. This put it on a level with cities like Cologne and Prague . Augsburg passed 100,000 residents in 1909 and the population has grown steadily since then. Augsburg is twinned with: The main road link is autobahn A 8 between Munich and Stuttgart . Public transport is very well catered for. It is controlled by the Augsburger Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Augsburg transport and tariff association, AVV) extended over central Swabia. There are seven rail Regionalbahn lines, five tram lines, 27 city bus lines and six night bus lines, as well as several taxi companies. The Augsburg tramway network

1313-415: A post he held until 1029. As a bishop , he encouraged King Stephen of Hungary's efforts to convert rebellious pagans to the new faith. The diocese of Augsburg attained great splendour under Bishop Bruno (1006–20); he restored a number of ruined monasteries, founded the church and college of St. Maurice, placed Benedictine monks in the collegiate church of St. Afra, and added to the episcopal possessions by

1414-591: A short time. At the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, at which the so-called Confessio Augustana was delivered to the emperor in the chapel of the episcopal palace, the emperor issued an edict according to which all innovations were to be abolished, and Catholics reinstated in their rights and property. The city council however, set itself up in opposition, recalled (1531) the Protestant preachers who had been expatriated, suppressed Catholic services in all churches except

1515-405: A smaller Kaserne for former Luftwaffe communications units. The American military presence in the city started with the U.S. 5th Infantry Division stationed at FLAK Kaserne from 1945 to 1955, then by 11th Airborne Division , followed by the 24th Infantry Division , U.S. Army VII Corps artillery, USASA Field Station Augsburg and finally the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade , which returned

1616-537: A synod at Dillingen, at which it was forbidden to read Luther's writings; he promulgated throughout his diocese the Bull of Pope Leo X (1520) against Luther; he forbade the Carmelites, who were spreading the new doctrine, to preach; he warned the magistrates of Augsburg, Memmingen , and other places not to tolerate the reformers, and he adopted other similar measures. Despite all this, the followers of Luther obtained

1717-637: Is a university town and the regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Swabia with a well preserved Altstadt (historical city centre). Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg . It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg ), with a population of 304,000 and 885,000 in its metropolitan area. After Neuss , Trier , Worms , Cologne and Xanten , Augsburg

1818-681: Is now 35.5 km-long after the opening of new lines to the university in 1996, the northern city boundary in 2001 and to the Klinikum Augsburg (Augsburg hospital) in 2002. Tram line 6, which runs 5.2 km from Friedberg West to Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), opened in December 2010. In December 2021, tram line 3 was extended southward to the neighboring city of Königsbrunn . There is one station for intercity bus services in Augsburg: Augsburg Nord, located in

1919-529: Is on the Munich–Augsburg and Ulm–Augsburg lines and is connected by ICE and IC services to Munich , Berlin , Dortmund , Frankfurt , Hamburg and Stuttgart . As of December 2007, the French TGV connected Augsburg with a direct High Speed Connection to Paris . In addition EC and night train services connect to Amsterdam , Paris and Vienna and connections will be substantially improved by

2020-545: Is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus . It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefited from being part of

2121-587: The Dachau concentration camp outside Augsburg supplied approximately 1,300 forced labourers to local military-related industry, especially the Messerschmitt AG military aircraft firm, headquartered in Augsburg. In 1941 Rudolf Hess , without Adolf Hitler 's permission, secretly took off from a local Augsburg airport and flew to Scotland, crashing in Eaglesham , to the south of Glasgow. His objective

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2222-624: The Duke of Neuburg , to Catholicism, and during his long episcopate (1598–1646) reconciled many Protestant cities and parishes to the Catholic Church, being aided in a particular manner by the Jesuits, for whom he founded establishments in Neuburg, Memmingen , and Kaufbeuren . By means of the Edict of Restitution of Emperor Ferdinand II (1629), vigorously and even too forcefully executed by

2323-850: The Dutch Republic . The coalition was formed to defend the Electorate of the Palatinate and fought against France in the Nine Years' War . The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss or the Final Recess of 1803, saw the annexation of nearly all of the 51 Free Imperial Cities, excepting Augsburg and five others. However, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, Napoleon encouraged his German allies to annex their smaller neighbours, and Augsburg lost its independence. It

2424-636: The Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I . The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg . The Fuggerei , the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger . In 2019 UNESCO recognised

2525-583: The 0 °C isotherm, a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). The water systems of Augsburg have been the site of innovations in hydraulic engineering for centuries. Augsburg was built on top of an aquifer fed by the Lech and Wertach rivers, which provided purified groundwater that ran through the city through springs and streams. The canals channelling this water through the city were first mentioned in 1276, and by 1416 waterworks, pumps and water towers were added to distribute this water effectively. In 1545 Augsburg

2626-415: The 1490s onwards, as official members of the court of Maximilian I). Several witch hunts occurred in Augsburg in the late 16th century. Following the 1585–1588 plague epidemic, southeast Germany was shattered by the 1589–1591 witch hunts. Following the 1592–1593 plague epidemic, cities in southeast Germany entered a period of inflation , marked by brutal witch hunts in urban areas. Religious peace in

2727-635: The 18th century a large number of silversmiths and goldsmiths became master craftsman in Augsburg. In 1686 the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I formed the League of Augsburg , also known as the "Grand Alliance" after England joined in 1689. The coalition consisted at various times of Austria, Bavaria , Brandenburg , England, the Holy Roman Empire , the Electorate of the Palatinate , Portugal, Savoy , Saxony , Spain, Sweden, and

2828-517: The Abbot of St. Afra, and expelled him from the city. Only after the conclusion of the Concordat of Worms (1122) did Hermann obtain the confirmation of the pope and relief from excommunication. The political disturbances resulting from the dissensions between the popes and the German emperors reacted on the Church of Augsburg. There were short periods of rest, during which ecclesiastical life received

2929-577: The Augsburg Church during the centuries immediately following the collapse of Roman power in Germany and the turbulence of the great migrations, but it did survive. While two catalogues of the Bishops of Augsburg, dating from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, mention several bishops from this early period, the first one whose record has been historically corroborated is Wikterp (or Wicbpert), who

3030-673: The Bavarian ; Marquard I of Randeck (1348–65), again redeemed the mortgaged property of the diocese, and by the favor of Emperor Charles IV was made Patriarch of Aquileia in 1365. New dissensions between the Prince-Bishop and the Free Imperial City arose under Burkhard von Ellerbach (1373–1404), whose accession was marked by grave discord growing out of the overthrow of the Patrizier, or aristocratic government, and

3131-596: The Bavarian State Government recognised this fact and promoted Augsburg to Metropole . Bruno of Augsburg Bruno (or Brun ) von Bayern (c. 992–1029) was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria (the Wrangler or Quarrelsome) and Gisela of Burgundy . He was the younger brother of St. Henry II of Germany , the only Holy Roman Emperor to be made a saint . He and his brother were tutored by Wolfgang of Regensburg . Bruno later became

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3232-552: The Bishop exercised only spiritual authority. It included 1,050 parishes with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Besides the cathedral chapter, it could boast eight collegiate foundations, forty-six monasteries for men, and thirty-eight convents for women. Luther, who was summoned to vindicate himself in the presence of the papal legate before the Imperial Diet at Augsburg (1518), found enthusiastic adherents in this diocese among both

3333-412: The Bishops of Augsburg were drawn, often against their will, in their capacity as Princes of the Empire, and the life of the Church accordingly suffered decline. Under Siboto von Lechfeld (1227–47) monasteries of the newly founded mendicant orders were first established in Augsburg. Additional causes of conflict were the troubles that arose between the Bishops of Augsburg and the city authorities. During

3434-587: The Diocese of Augsburg lost to the Reformation about 250 parishes, 24 monasteries, and over 500 benefices. Although the religious upheaval brought with it a great loss of worldly possessions, it was not without beneficial effect on religious life of the diocese. Bishop Christopher von Stadion , while trying to protect Catholicism from the inroads of the Reformation, had sought to strengthen and revive ecclesiastical discipline, which had sadly declined, among both

3535-514: The Edict of Restitution. Finally, the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) established equality between Catholics and Protestants, and was followed by a long period of internal peace. Owing to the losses suffered by the diocese on account of the treaty, a solemn protest was laid before the imperial chancery by Bishop Sigmund Francis , Archduke of Austria (1646–65). This bishop, on account of his youth, ruled

3636-557: The German re-armament before the Second World War , the Wehrmacht enlarged Augsburg's one original Kaserne (barracks) to three: Somme Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Artillerie-Regiment 27); Arras Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 27) and Panzerjäger Kaserne (housing Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 27 (later Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27)). Wehrmacht Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27 was later moved to Füssen . The MAN factory at Augsburg

3737-562: The Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted a lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the sixteenth century, and "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from Innsbruck to Venice and from Brussels to Antwerp , in these cities,

3838-450: The Seminary of Meersbury and introduced missions among the people. Joseph, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1740–68) exhumed with great ceremony the bones of St. Ulrich and instituted an investigation into the life of Crescentia Höss of Kaufbeuren, who died in the odour of sanctity. Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony and Poland (1768–1812) made a great number of excellent disciplinary regulations, and took measures for their execution; after

3939-897: The Virgin Mary; and obtained from the Emperor Charlemagne an exact definition of his diocesan limits. His jurisdiction extended at that time from the Iller eastward over the Lech , north of the Danube to the Alb , and south to the spurs of the Alps. Moreover, various estates and villages in the valley of the Danube, and in Tyrol , belonged to the diocese. Among the bishops of the following period,

4040-597: The Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering. Augsburg lies at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach and on the Singold . The oldest part of the city and the southern quarters are on the northern foothills of a high terrace, which has emerged between

4141-575: The administrative capital of the Roman province of Raetia . Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in the 11th century. Augsburg was granted the status of a Free Imperial City on 9 March 1276 and from then until 1803, it was independent of its former overlord, the Prince-Bishop of Augsburg . Frictions between

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4242-658: The airport is used almost entirely by business airplanes. Augsburg is a vibrant industrial city. Many global market leaders namely MAN , EADS or KUKA produce high technology products like printing systems, large diesel engines, industrial robots or components for the Airbus A380 and the Ariane carrier rocket. After Munich , Augsburg is considered the high-tech centre for Information and Communication in Bavaria and takes advantage of its lower operating costs , yet close proximity to Munich and potential customers. In 2018

4343-475: The attitude towards Catholics. At the outbreak of hostilities (1546) between the emperor and the Schmalkaldic League, Augsburg, as a member of the league, took up arms against Charles V, and Bishop Otto invested and plundered Füssen, and confiscated nearly all the remaining possessions of the diocese. After the victory at Mühlberg (1547), however, the imperial troops marched against Augsburg, and

4444-719: The base of two banking families that rose to great prominence, the Fuggers and the Welsers . The Fugger family donated the Fuggerei part of the city devoted to housing for needy citizens in 1516, which remains in use today. In 1530, the Augsburg Confession was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg . Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities were to be legally protected,

4545-399: The bishop withdrew with the cathedral chapter to Dillingen, whence he addressed to the pope and the emperor an appeal for the redress of his grievances. In the city of Augsburg the Catholic churches were seized by Lutheran and Zwinglian preachers; at the command of the council pictures were removed, and at the instigation of Bucer and others a storm of popular iconoclasm followed, resulting in

4646-407: The bishop, the Thirty Years' War first accomplished an almost complete restoration of the former possessions of the Diocese of Augsburg. The occupation of Augsburg by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1632) restored temporarily the balance of power to the Protestants. Until the relief of the city by imperial troops (1635), the Catholics were hard pressed and were forced to give up all they had gained via

4747-465: The bishop. Burkhard proceeded with great energy against the heresy of the Wyclifites who had gained a foothold in Augsburg and condemned to the stake five persons who refused to abjure. After the death of Eberhard II (1404–13), a quarrel arose in 1413 because the city of Augsburg declined to recognize the lawful bishop, Anselm von Nenningen (1413–23), and set up in opposition Friedrich von Grafeneek who had been presented by Emperor Sigismund . This trouble

4848-414: The cathedral (1534), and in 1537 joined the Schmalkaldic League . At the beginning of this year a decree of the council was made, forbidding everywhere the celebration of Mass, preaching, and all ecclesiastical ceremonies, and giving to the Catholic clergy the alternative of enrolling themselves anew as citizens or leaving the city. An overwhelming majority of both secular and regular clergy chose banishment;

4949-410: The cause of education by founding schools; he summoned the Jesuits to his diocese, among others Blessed Peter Canisius , who from 1549, in the capacity, of cathedral preacher, confessor, and catechist, exercised a remarkable fruitful and efficacious ministry. In 1549, Bishop Otto founded a seminary in Dillingen for the training of priests, obtained from the pope (1554) a decree raising it to the rank of

5050-403: The charge in the 1530s. In the 16th century Augsburg became one of Germany's largest cities. Augsburg was a major manufacturing centre for textiles , armor , scientific instruments , as well as gold- and silver-smithing. The prolific printers of Augsburg also made the city the largest producer of German-language books in the Holy Roman Empire . Like other free imperial cities , Augsburg

5151-418: The citizens passed to open violence under the Bishop Hartmann von Dillingen (1248–86), and wrung from the bishops many municipal liberties and advantages. A characteristic instance is the confirmation by King Rudolph I of Germany at the Imperial Diet held in Augsburg (1276) of the Stadtbuch , or municipal register, containing the ancient customs, episcopal and municipal rights, etc., specified in detail; on

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5252-420: The city was forced to beg for mercy, surrender twelve pieces of artillery, pay a fine, restore the greater number of churches to the Catholics and reimburse the diocese and the clergy for property confiscated. In 1547 the bishop, Otto von Truchsess , who had meanwhile been created a cardinal, returned to the city with the cathedral chapter, followed shortly after by the emperor. At the Diet held at Augsburg in 1548

5353-508: The city was largely maintained despite increasing tensions up to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1629, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution , which restored the legal situation of 1552. However, the edict was revoked in April 1632, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden occupied Augsburg. In 1634, the Swedish army was defeated at the nearby Battle of Nördlingen . By October 1634, Catholic troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish army refused to surrender and

5454-401: The city-state and the prince-bishops were to remain frequent however, particularly after Augsburg became Protestant and curtailed the rights and freedoms of Catholics . With its strategic location at an intersection of trade routes to Italy, the Free Imperial City of Augsburg became a major trading centre. Augsburg produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles. Augsburg became

5555-429: The collegiate church of St. Afra, and added to the episcopal possessions by the gift of his own inheritance of Straubing. Under Henry II of Augsburg (1047–63), the guardian of Henry IV , the diocese secured the right of coinage and was enriched by many donations; under Embrico (or Emmerich, 1063–77) the cathedral was dedicated (1065) and the canonicate and church of St. Peter and St. Felicitas were built. During

5656-402: The communication system and the news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well (despite a widely circulated theory which holds that the Fuggers themselves operated their own communication system, in reality they relied upon the imperial posts, presumably from

5757-442: The courage of the citizens, compelled the Hungarians to withdraw, and contributed much to the decisive victory on the Lechfeld (955). He built churches in honor of Saint Afra and Saint John , founded the monastery of Saint Stephen for Benedictine nuns. His success was largely due to the example he set his clergy and diocese. The diocese suffered much during the episcopate of his successor, Henry I (973–82), for he sided with

5858-437: The creation of the planned Magistrale for Europe . The AVV operates seven Regionalbahn lines from the main station to: Starting in 2008, the regional services are planned to be altered to S-Bahn frequencies and developed long term as integrated into the Augsburg S-Bahn. Until 2005 Augsburg was served by nearby Augsburg Airport (AGB). In that year all air passenger transport was relocated to Munich Airport . Since then,

5959-406: The deaths of several hundred people. Following the war the three Kasernen changed hands confusingly between the American and Germans, finally ending up in US hands for the duration of the Cold War . They became the three main US barracks in Augsburg: Reese, Sheridan and FLAK. US Base FLAK had been an anti-aircraft barracks since 1936 and US Base Sheridan 'united' the former infantry barracks with

6060-496: The decadent moral and intellectual life of the clergy; he restored the discipline and renewed the fallen splendor of many monasteries, canonries and collegiate churches. He completed the rebuilding of the cathedral in Gothic style, consecrated it in 1431 and in 1457 laid the cornerstone of the new church of SS Ulrich and Afra . Succeeding prelates carried on the reformation of the diocese with no less solicitude and zeal. Among them were John II, Count of Werdenberg (1469–86), tutor to

6161-431: The destruction of many monuments of art and antiquity. The greatest intolerance was exercised towards the Catholics who had remained in the Free Imperial City; their schools were dissolved; parents were compelled to send their children to Lutheran institutions; it was even forbidden to hear Mass outside the city under severe penalties. Under Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (1543æ73) the first signs of improvement were noted in

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6262-404: The diocese lying outside of Bavaria were separated from it and annexed to other dioceses. It was not until 1817 that the Concordat between the Holy See and the Bavarian government reconstructed the Diocese of Augsburg and made it subject to the Metropolitan of Munich – Freising . In 1821, the territory subject to the ecclesiastical authority of Augsburg was increased by the addition of sections of

6363-476: The diocese through administrators, and later resigned his office. His successor, Johann Christopher von Freiberg (1665–90), was particularly desirous of liquidating the heavy burden of debt borne by the chapter, but was nevertheless generous towards churches and monasteries. His successor, Alexander Sigmund (1690–1737), son of the Elector Palatine , guarded the purity of doctrine in liturgical books and prayer books. Johann Friedrich von Stauffenberg (1737–40) founded

6464-440: The distinguished painters Hans Holbein the Elder , Burgkmair and others. With wealth, however, came a spirit of worldliness and cupidity. Pride and a super-refinement of culture furnished the rank soil in which the impending religious revolution was to find abundant nourishment. The Reformation brought disaster on the Diocese of Augsburg, which extended well beyond the territory of the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg and over which

6565-434: The emperor's son, afterwards Emperor Maximilian I , who convened a synod in Dillingen, and encouraged the recently invented art of printing; Friedrich von Zollern (1486–1505) pupil of the great preacher Geiler of Kaysersberg , and founder of a college in Dillingen, who held a synod in the same city, promoted the printing of liturgical books , and greatly enriched the possessions of the diocese; Henry IV of Lichtenau (1505–17),

6666-433: The establishment and expansion of the Kaiserliche Reichspost in the late 15th and early 16th century. This postal system, which was the first modern postal service in the world, was created through negotiations and agreements between the Taxis family represented by Franz von Taxis  [ de ] and the early Habsburgs monarches, notably Maximilian I , his son Philip the Handsome and grandson Charles V. Even when

6767-435: The fall of Augsburg from the dignity of a principality of the Empire. In 1802, by an act of the Delegation of the Perpetual Imperial Diet ( Reichsdeputationsrezess ) the territory of the Diocese of Augsburg was given to the Elector of Bavaria , who took possession of it on 1 December 1802. The cathedral chapter, together with forty canonicates, forty-one benefices, nine colleges, twenty-five abbeys, thirty-four monasteries of

6868-413: The financial enterprises of the papacy, and even extended their operations to the newly discovered continent of America. Among the citizens of Augsburg famous at that time in literature and art were the humanist Conrad Peutinger ; the brothers Bernard and Conrad Adelmann von Adelmannsfelden; Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg , secretary to Emperor Frederick III , and later Cardinal and Archbishop of Salzburg ;

6969-406: The foes of Emperor Otto II , and remained for several months in prison. After his liberation he renounced his former views and bequeathed to his church his possessions at Geisenhausen. The diocese attained great splendor under Bishop Bruno (1006–20), brother of Emperor Henry II ; he restored a number of ruined monasteries, founded the church and college of St. Maurice , placed Benedictine monks in

7070-454: The former Kaserne to German hands in 1998. Originally the Heeresverpflegungshauptamt Südbayern and an Officers' caisson existed on or near the location of Reese-Kaserne but was demolished by the occupying Americans. From 1266 until 1548, the terms Stadtpfleger (head of town council) and Mayor were used interchangeably, or occasionally, simultaneously. In 1548 the title was finally fixed to Stadtpfleger , who officiated for several years and

7171-428: The gift of his own inheritance of Straubing. Bruno was exiled in 1024, possibly over a disagreement with Henry over the founding of the Diocese of Bamberg . Bruno later became an important adviser to Emperor Conrad II . In 1026, Bruno was named regent in Germany during Conrad's expedition in Italy. That same year Henry V, Duke of Bavaria , brother of Henry II's wife Cunigunde of Luxembourg , died without issue. Bruno

7272-676: The immediate precincts of Augsburg. Thus, after many perturbations and temporary restorations of the Catholic religion, the Protestants finally gained the upper hand in Württemberg , Oettingen , Neuburg , the Free Imperial Cities of Nördlingen , Memmingen , Kaufbeuren , Dinkelsbühl , Donauwörth , Ulm , in the ecclesiastical territory of Feuchtwangen and elsewhere. Altogether during these years of religious warfare

7373-427: The last years of his episcopate, in the quarrel of Emperor Henry IV with the papacy, Embrico took the imperial side and only temporarily yielded to the papal legate. The struggle continued under his successors; four anti-bishops were set up in opposition to Siegfried II (1077–96). Hermann, Count of Vohburg (1096 or 1097–1132) supported with treachery and cunning his claim to the see he had purchased, violently persecuted

7474-408: The mendicant orders, and two convents were the victims of this act of secularization . Unfortunately, owing to the inconsiderate conduct of the commissioners appointed by the Bavarian minister, Montgelas , innumerable artistic treasures, valuable books, and documents were destroyed. For five years after the death of the last bishop of princely rank (1812) the episcopal see remained vacant; the parts of

7575-476: The monasteries. The See of Augsburg reached the period of its greatest splendor under Saint Ulrich (923-973). He sought to improve the low moral and social condition of the clergy by the reformation of existing schools and the establishment of new ones. He provided for the poor, and rebuilt decayed churches and monasteries. During the incursion of the Hungarians and the siege of Augsburg (955), he sustained

7676-494: The north of the city. Augsburg has seven stations, the Central Station ( Hauptbahnhof ), Hochzoll , Oberhausen , Haunstetterstraße , Morellstraße , Messe and Inningen . The Central Station, built from 1843 to 1846, is Germany's oldest main station in a large city still providing services in the original building. It is currently being modernised and an underground tram station is built underneath it. Hauptbahnhof

7777-923: The results were as follows: Augsburg is located in the Wahlkreis 253 Augsburg-Stadt constituency, which includes Königsbrunn and parts of the District of Augsburg ( Landkreis Augsburg ). Volker Ullrich of the CSU was directly elected to the Bundestag in the 18th German Bundestag . Indirectly elected to the Bundestag to adhere to the Landesliste were Ulrike Bahr for the SPD and Claudia Roth for Bündnis 90/Die Grünen . Augsburg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) or, following

7878-533: The right of preaching. During the German Peasants' War , many monasteries, institutions, and castles were destroyed. Between 1524 and 1573, there was a significant Anabaptist presence in Augsburg. It was the venue for the Martyrs' Synod in late August 1527, an international meeting of representatives from various Anabaptist groups. A majority of the participants died as martyrs for their witness within

7979-462: The rise in municipal power of the crafts or guilds. Irritated by Burkhard's support of the nobility in their struggle with the Swabian cities, the inhabitants of Augsburg plundered the dwellings of the canons, drove some of the clergy from the city (1381), destroyed, after a short interval of respite (1388), the episcopal stronghold, the deanery, and the mint, and became almost completely independent of

8080-435: The same occasion Augsburg was recognized as a Free Imperial City . Hartmann bequeathed to the Church of Augsburg his paternal inheritance, including the town and castle of Dillingen. Peace reigned under the succeeding bishops, of whom Frederick I (1309–31) acquired for his see the castle and stronghold of Füssen; Ulrich II of Schönegg (1331–37), and his brother Henry III of Schönegg (1337–48) remained faithful to Emperor Louis

8181-494: The secular and regular clergy, but especially among the Carmelites , in whose convent of St. Anne he dwelt; he also found favor among the city councillors, burghers, and tradesmen. Bishop Christoph von Stadion (1517–43) did all in his power to arrest the spread of the now teachings; he called learned men to the pulpit of the cathedral, among others Urbanus Rhegius , who, however, soon went over to Martin Luther ; he convened

8282-411: The secular and regular clergy. This work was carried on even more energetically by Bishop Otto Truchsess, who achieved a fruitful counter-reformation. By frequent visitations he sought to become familiar with existing evils, and by means of diocesan synods and a vigorous enforcement of measures against ignorant and dissolute clerics, secular and regular, he endeavored to remedy these conditions. He advanced

8383-593: The see, hitherto suffragan to the Patriarchate of Aquileia , was placed among the suffragan sees of the newly founded Archdiocese of Mainz (746). Saint Simpert (c. 810), hitherto abbot of Murbach , and a relative of Charlemagne , renovated many churches and monasteries laid waste in the wars of the Franks and Bavarians , and during the incursions of the Avari ; he built the first cathedral of Augsburg in honour of

8484-526: The so-called "Augsburg Interim" was arranged. After a temporary occupation of the city and suppression of Catholic services by the Elector, Prince Maurice of Saxony (1551), the "Religious Peace of Augsburg " was concluded at the Diet of 1555; it was followed by a long period of peace. The disturbances of the Reformation were more disastrous in their results throughout the diocese and adjoining lands than within

8585-482: The steep rim of the hills of Friedberg in the east and the high hills of the west. In the south extends the Lechfeld, an outwash plain of the post ice age between the rivers Lech and Wertach, where rare primeval landscapes were preserved. The Augsburg city forest and the Lech valley heaths today rank among the most species-rich middle European habitats. Augsburg borders the nature park Augsburg Western Woods ,

8686-405: The struggles between the popes and the emperors, Augsburg, like other large cities throughout the greater part of Germany, attained enormous wealth, owing to the industrial and commercial activity of the citizens. From time to time efforts were made to restrict as much as possible the ancient civil rights of the bishops and their stewards, and even to abrogate them entirely. From a state of discontent

8787-487: The suppressed See of Constance, and the present limits were then defined. Augsburg Augsburg ( UK : / ˈ aʊ ɡ z b ɜːr ɡ / OWGZ -burg , US : / ˈ ɔː ɡ z -/ AWGZ - , German: [ˈaʊksbʊʁk] ; Swabian German : Ougschburg ) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia , Germany, around 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of the Bavarian capital Munich . It

8888-556: The suppression of the Society of Jesus he afforded its members protection and employment in his diocese; he made a vigorous resistance to the rapidly spreading Rationalism and infidelity, and was honored by a visit from Pope Pius VI (1782). During this episcopate began the worldwide upheaval inaugurated by the French Revolution . It was destined to put an end to the temporal power of the Church in Germany, and to bring about

8989-476: The upper hand in the city council, which was facilitated by the fact that Augsburg, being a Free Imperial City, was totally independent of the Prince-Bishop. By 1524, various Catholic ecclesiastical usages, notably the observance of fast days, had been abolished in Augsburg. The apostate priests, many of whom, after Luther's example, had taken wives, were supported by the city council, and the Catholics were denied

9090-514: The world to generate electricity from water and they are still in use today. On 6 July 2019 the Water Management System of Augsburg was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Augsburg has a population of about 300,000. It is the third largest city in Bavaria and the largest city in the Swabia region. In the 16th century, Augsburg was one of the largest cities in Holy Roman Empire , with

9191-589: Was an independent entity, and had authority over its tax policies. Augsburg's wealth attracted artists seeking patrons . The city rapidly became a creative centre for sculptors and musicians . Augsburg became the base of the Holbein family, starting with Hans Holbein the Elder . The composer Leopold Mozart was born and educated in Augsburg. Rococo became so prevalent that it became known as "Augsburg style" throughout Germany. Augsburg benefitted majorly from

9292-545: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In 1817, the city became an administrative capital of the Oberdonaukreis , then administrative capital in 1837 for the district Swabia and Neuburg . During the end of the 19th century, Augsburg's textile industry again rose to prominence followed by the machine manufacturing industry. Augsburg was historically a militarily important city due to its strategic location. During

9393-472: Was bishop about 739 or 768. He took part in several synods convened in Germany by Saint Boniface . Along with Magnus of Füssen , he founded the monastery of Füssen , and, with Saint Boniface, dedicated the monastery at Benediktbeuern . Under either Saint Wikterp or his successor, Tazzo (or Tozzo), about whom little is known, many monasteries were established, among others the abbeys of Wessobrunn , Ellwangen , Polling and Ottobeuren . At this time, also,

9494-558: Was composed of parts of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27. The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States on 28 April 1945 when the U.S. Army occupied the city. The city and its Messerschmitt works were bombed on three occasions during the war. Collateral damage included the destruction of just under 25% of all homes in the city and

9595-519: Was founded in 15 BC on the orders of Emperor Augustus . Emperor Augustus conducted extensive military campaigns and established administrative settlements. The Roman colony that became Augsburg was known as Augusta Vindelicorum , meaning "the Augustan city of the Vindelici ". The settlement was established at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach . In 120 AD Augsburg became

9696-407: Was one of the first European towns to separate drinking water from water used for industry, effectively preventing water-borne diseases. The pumps and waterwheels also generated power for fountains and food processing, such as a 17th-century butcher's hall that still stands today. In the 19th and 20th centuries hydroelectic power plants were also installed. These power plants were some of the first in

9797-469: Was settled by Pope Martin V , who compelled both bishops to resign, and on his own authority replaced them by Peter von Schauenberg, Canon of Bamberg and Würzburg (1423–69). Peter was endowed by the Pope with extraordinary faculties, made cardinal and legate a latere for all Germany. He worked with zeal and energy for the reformation of his diocese, held synods and made episcopal visitations in order to raise

9898-407: Was the closest related heir, but as an ecclesiastic could not claim the title. Before leaving for Italy, Conrad named his son Henry as his heir, and recognizing the Bishop as an experienced statesman, named Bruno Henry's guardian and tutor. During Conrad's absence, Welf II, Count of Swabia sacked and pillaged the city of Augsburg, seizing the Bishop's treasury. Bruno escaped across the Alps, taking

9999-668: Was the largest German manufacturer of engines for U-boats in World War II and became the target of the Augsburg Raid. When the Avro Lancaster bomber was new in service, the RAF sent 12 at low level to bomb the factory in daylight, on 17 April 1942. The bombers were intercepted en route and only five returned, all damaged. The factory was damaged but production continued; the factory was repeatedly bombed later. A subcamp of

10100-496: Was then awarded the title for life (though no longer governing), thus resulting confusingly, in records of two or more simultaneous Stadtpfleger . After the transfer to Bavaria in 1806, Augsburg was ruled by a Magistrate with two mayors, supported by an additional council of "Community Commissioners": the Gemeindebevollmächtige . As of 1907, the Mayor was entitled Oberbürgermeister , as Augsburg had reached

10201-669: Was to meet the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign. The Reichswehr Infanterie Regiment 19 was stationed in Augsburg and became the base unit for the Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 40, a subsection of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27 (which later became the Wehrmacht Panzerdivision 17). Elements of Wehrmacht II Battalion of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 99 (especially Wehrmacht Panzerjäger Kompanie 14)

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