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45-495: Hod HaSharon was officially formed and made a local council in 1964 by the merging of four moshavot : Magdiel , Ramatayim , Hadar , and Ramat Hadar . The land area of Hod HaSharon is 19.2 square kilometres (7.4 sq mi), and according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2022 the city had a population of 65,614. Hod HaSharon is home to Tel Qana , an archeological site inhabited in

90-515: A city until 2002 due to its residents wanting to preserve its image as a small town), or becoming part of a regional council . The Union of Local Authorities in Israel (ULAI) is the umbrella organization of local councils which represents their collective interests vis-à-vis the national government. It traces its roots to the League of National Councils, which had been established under 1938 under

135-502: A demographic profile of the ma'abarot: "The Holocaust survivor population was usually older and contained fewer children. On the other hand, the Jews from developing countries in Asia and Africa tended to have a large number of children but a smaller elderly population. The European immigrants were generally better educated. Neither group however, resembled the profile of pre‑state immigration:

180-485: A different approach: "I don't accept this pampering [approach] with respect to people not living in tents. We are spoiling them. People can live for years in tents. Anyone who doesn't want to live in them needn't bother coming here." By the end of 1951, there were 227,000 people, close to one-sixth of Israel's population, living in 123 or 125 ma'abarot. By the following year, 172,500 were registered as living in 111 canvas tents, and another 38,544 in provisory wooden shacks,

225-584: A group from the Netherlands . Ramatayim was founded in July 1925 by immigrants from Poland. It was founded on the principle of private initiative. Ramatayim was built on two hills connected by a valley, hence the name Ramatayim, literally 'two hills'. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities , Ramatayim had a population of 180, in 31 houses. In 1949, Ramatayim became

270-687: A program for American high school students who spend two months to a year in Israel. Each year, the senior class of the Charles E Smith Jewish Day School (located in Rockville, Maryland a suburb of Washington DC) come to The Alexander Muss High School in Israel for the second semester and approximately half of the tenth grade class from the Milken Community High School in Los Angeles, CA , come to Hod Hasharon to study for

315-445: A scale large enough to be declared a city. In general this applies to all settlements of over 2,000 people. The Israeli Interior Minister has the authority of to decide if a locality meets the requirements of a municipal council (a city ). The minister then reviews the residents request, which may include the locality remaining a local council despite meeting the city status requirements (e.g., Ramat HaSharon , which did not become

360-480: A semester along with this program. Hod HaSharon is roughly bounded by Highway 531 in the north, Highway 40 in the east, Highway 5 in the south and Highway 4 in the west. Road 402 runs through the city. The city is served by two railway stations, Hod HaSharon Sokolov and Kfar Sava Nordau at its north border, right next to Highway 531. Line M1 of the Tel Aviv Metro , that is expected to be built in

405-574: A significant population influx, particularly of Jews from Arab countries. Dr. Roy Kozlovsky notes that the prior existence of the One Million Plan suggests that "the concept of the ma'abara was in fact the precondition for, not the effect of, mass immigration". An important part of the One Million Plan Planning Committee's plans and recommendations were implemented following the creation of Israel; as well as

450-430: A significantly lower percentage of the post‑1948 immigrants were in the primary wage earning group (only 50.4% in the 15–45 age group as compared to 66.8% in earlier immigration waves) and consequently fewer could participate in the work force of the new state. The newer immigrants had less education: 16% of those aged 15 and above had completed secondary education as compared to 34% among the earlier settlers." Over time,

495-520: Is the lowest in the Sharon Plain. The population growth rate in 2006 was 3.3%. According to the CBS, as of 2005, there were 18,612 salaried workers and 2,006 are self-employed in the city. According to the CBS, there are 18 schools and 8,083 students in the city: 12 elementary schools: The Democratic School, HaMagen, Yigal Alon, Lapid, Shilo, Mamlachti Alef, Neve Ne'eman, Rabin, Re'ut, Tali, Ha'Yarok in

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540-601: The Sha'ar Ha'aliya (Immigration Gate) camp, where they underwent health checkups before dispersal, while a smaller number were housed in immigrant housing consisting of wooden huts built along the lines of military barracks, and known as batei olim . In March 1950, Levi Eshkol , head of the Jewish Agency Settlement Department, responded to the pressure on the Agency's budget due to the size of

585-485: The British Mandate . Ma%27abara Ma'abarot ( Hebrew : מַעְבָּרוֹת ) were immigrant and refugee absorption camps established in Israel in the 1950s, constituting one of the largest public projects planned by the state to implement its sociospatial and housing policies. The ma'abarot were meant to provide accommodation for the large influx of Jewish refugees and new Jewish immigrants ( olim ) arriving to

630-647: The Early , Middle , and Late Bronze Ages, Iron Age I–II, and the Persian , Roman , and Byzantine periods. A 1,300-year-old olive oil factory, of mason-worked blocks, was unearthed in Hod HaSharon. According to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), the size of the press suggested it was meant for commercial production, rather than local or personal use." Before the 20th century,

675-480: The coastal plain during the 19th century led to deforestation and subsequent environmental degradation , known from Hebrew sources . In 1964, Hod HaSharon was created through a merger of Magdiel with Hadar Ramatayim , an administrative body which encompassed the former moshavot of Ramatayim, Hadar and Ramat Hadar. Hod Hasharon was governed by a local council until it was declared a city in April 1990. Magdiel

720-591: The ma'abara of Ganei Tzvi, established in the end of 1948 Arab–Israeli War as Kfar Nitzahon , and renamed earlier in 1956 after Lord Harry (Tzvi) Morris of Kenwood , a major donor of the Jewish National Fund . Ramat Hadar was established in December 1938 by middle-class immigrants fleeing from Nazi Germany , members of the Fifth Aliyah . Ramat Hadar was built on a hill south of Hadar, near

765-476: The olim will be dispersed all over the country and a wide sector of the population will shoulder the burden of their care.' Eshkol's proposal aimed to make immigrants independent of the Agency, provide them with housing and jobs, and position them so that they could be integrated into the pre-existing economy by residential contiguity with Israel's towns and villages. The first ma'abara, in Kesalon , built atop

810-506: The 2030-s, is expected to pass through Western Hod HaSharon. Hod Hasharon Park is a park in southern Hod Hasharon. The park contains a hill, which was formerly used as the municipal landfill of Hod Hasharon, and is now used as a hiking and observation area of the park. From the top of the hill, one can see Hod Hasharon, the settlements of the Drom HaSharon Regional Council , Tel Aviv, Herzliya and Samaria. Near

855-623: The Middle East increased. Health problems, particularly evident among Mizrachi, aroused considerable concern among Israeli authorities who worried about the risks of contagion. 20% of the North African Jewish immigrants vetted at Marseilles required long and intensive hospitalization and trachoma rates reached 70%. Of the 5,000 Yemenite Jews trapped for years in the Geula transit camp near Aden, 80% had symptoms of malaria. Given

900-507: The area of Hod HaSharon formed part of the Forest of Sharon, a hallmark of the region's historical landscape; the landscape was an open woodland , dominated by sections of Mount Tabor oak ( Quercus ithaburensis ), extending from Kfar Yona in the north to Ra'anana in the south. Traditionally, the local Arab inhabitants used the area for pasture , firewood and intermittent cultivation . The intensification of settlement and agriculture on

945-533: The choice in itself to bring to Israel so many thousands of immigrants, following the idea of the "One Million Plan" unveiled by Ben Gurion in 1944". The first influx of Jews after the 1948 establishment of Israel was mainly composed of Holocaust survivors from displaced-persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy, and British detention camps in Cyprus. In the coming years, the number of Jews from North Africa and

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990-717: The emptied Palestinian village of Kasla in the Judean Hills , became functional in May 1950 when 150 families were settled there. In July Giora Yoseftal had 70,000 immigrants shifted into the ma'abarot, and by the following year a further 50,000 were relocated in them as the batei olim , already at capacity, were closed. Plans to provide immigrants with jobs requiring heavy physical labour, and with housing and plots of agricultural land in outlying areas, were generally unsuccessful, with many migrating back to camps near cities and towns on finding themselves ill-equipped or unprepared for

1035-547: The farmers of Hadar also engaged in poultry farming. According to the 1931 census , Hadar had 71 inhabitants, all Jews, in 23 houses. In the early 1940s, Yemenite immigrants moved to Hadar, establishing the Shikun Hateymanim quarter, today part of the Gannei Tzvi neighborhood. In 1951, Ramatayim and Hadar merged to form Hadar Ramatayim. In April 1956, the boundaries of Hadar Ramatayim were extended to include

1080-501: The first local council to be established in Israel. Hadar was established in 1927 by Yael Leah Eichhorn, a middle-class immigrant from Eastern Europe , who was joined soon thereafter by a group of Italian Jews . The land was purchased from the Abou Kishk Bedouin tribe. The pioneers decided to build a rural settlement founded on citrus farming (hence the village's name, "Hadar", Hebrew for "citrus"). In its early years,

1125-526: The former Arab village on the site, was one of two large ma'abarot established in Jerusalem , and consisted of hundreds of asbestos huts inhabited by new immigrants from both North Africa and Eastern Europe. Most of the huts were dismantled in the 1960s and tenements were built in their stead. Two surviving pieces were slated for demolition in 2012, despite protests that they should be conserved as part of Israel's heritage. The prefabricated structures used in

1170-645: The hill, the largest ecological lake in Israel was established, with an area of around 27,000 m . Near the lake, there is a variety of waterfowl, herons, geese, ducks and songbirds. In the water. African softshell turtles , nutria and fish of various types have been observed. Hod HaSharon is twinned with: Local council (Israel) Local councils ( Hebrew plural: מוֹעָצוֹת מְקוֹמִיּוֹת , romanized :  Mo'atzot Mekomiot ; singular: מוֹעָצָה מְקוֹמִית Mo'atza Mekomit ; Arabic plural: مجالس محليّة , romanized :  Majalis Mahaliyya ; singular: مجلس محلّي Majlis Mahallī ) are one of

1215-601: The immigrant camps, the new country implemented rapid Jewish migration, requested reparations from Germany and projects such as the National Water Carrier and the National Outline Plan. Dr. Piera Rossetto described the debate around the conditions of the Ma'abarot, stating that in her opinion "the most controversial issue in this respect is not the outcome (e.g. the ma'abarot) of the choice, rather

1260-453: The influx by making a 'revolutionary proposal'. I propose that we dismantle the immigrant camps and put up immigrant housing throughout the length and breadth of the country, beside every settlement from Dan to Nir-Am that has some foothold in the economy. We will establish sixty neighbourhoods for up to 1,000 persons. The olim will be employed in afforestation, fruit-tree planting, reclamation, terracing and landscape clearing. In this manner,

1305-433: The latter by 1953 were erected to cope with the housing needs of 70,000 immigrants in 42 of ma'abarot. The remaining 69 canvas tent ma'abarot held 108,850 residents. According to scholars Emma Murphy and Clive Jones, the "housing policies weighted in favour of Ashkenazi immigrants over Oriental Jews . Housing units earmarked for Oriental Jews were often reallocated to European Jewish immigrants, consigning Oriental Jews to

1350-403: The lowest rates in the world- was high, reaching 157 deaths per 1000 live births. All these facts generated harsh criticism. A considerable numbers of immigrant transit camps and ma'abarot were established in former British military bases transferred or sold to Israel. Some of these bases were also allocated to MALBEN . Eventually most of these bases were demolished. When the ma'abarot plan

1395-503: The ma'abarot metamorphosed into Israeli towns, or were absorbed as neighbourhoods of the towns they were attached to, and residents were provided with permanent housing. The number of people housed in Ma'abarot began to decline from 1952 onwards. The last Ma'abarot were closed sometime around 1963. Most of the camps transformed into development towns , among them Kiryat Shmona , Sderot , Beit She'an , Yokneam , Or Yehuda and Migdal HaEmek . Israeli satirist Ephraim Kishon produced

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1440-656: The ma'abarot were imported from Canada, the United States, Finland, Sweden and Japan, which was costly, but the government faced a political dilemma: to adjust the pace of immigration to the building industry's capacity to building permanent homes or accelerate immigration and bridge the gap with temporary structures. During the first years after Israel's independence, the largest group of immigrants arriving in Israel at this time—over 100,000—hailed from Iraq . The rest were from Europe, including more than 270,000 from different parts of Eastern Europe. Jonathan Kaplan offers

1485-411: The main road from Petah Tikva to Ramatayim (nowadays road 402 ). The economy of Ramat Hadar was based on small farms, mainly poultry, as well as citrus orchards. Ramat Hadar had its own post office from 1959 til 1989. In 1963, Ramat Hadar became part of Hadar Ramatayim. In 2006, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.9% Jewish, with no significant Arab population. The population density of Hod HaSharon

1530-600: The missing children adopted out to childless couples . Eventually, hut-shaped canvas tents were added, followed by tin or wooden shacks. Sanitary conditions were dismal. According to a journalist who visited the Migdal Gad maabara, "in the whole camp there were two faucets for everyone. About a thousand people. The toilets had no roof and were infested with flies." In one community it was reported that there were 350 people to each shower and in another 56 to each toilet. Infant mortality—the pre-state Yishuv had achieved one of

1575-553: The name of Ariel Sharon, and Begin (4,406 students). 4 middle schools: HaRishonim, HaShachar, Atidim and Tzurim (1,628 students). A fifth middle school, HaShkimim opened in 2018. 5 high schools: Hadarim, Alexander Muss High School in Israel, Ramon, Mosenson and Na'amat (2,049 students). A sixth high school named HaShikmim was opened in 2021. 71.7% of the city's 12th graders were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001. Mosenson Youth Village accepts both Israelis and overseas students. The Alexander Muss High School in Israel offers

1620-423: The new arrivals. Immigrants housed in these communities were Jewish refugees mainly from Middle East and North Africa , as well as Holocaust survivors from Europe . Though such camps were set up early in 1950, the word only entered official usage in the spring of that year. According to Dr. Irit Katz, the camps were the product of the 1944 One Million Plan , which produced detailed recommendations for absorbing

1665-437: The newly independent State of Israel, replacing the less habitable immigrant camps or tent cities. In 1951 there were 127 Ma'abarot housing 250,000 Jews, of which 75% were Mizrahi Jews ; 58% of Mizrahi Jews who had immigrated up to that point had been sent to Ma'abarot, compared to 18% of European Jews. The ma'abarot began to empty by the mid-1950s, and many formed the basis for Israel's development towns . The last ma'abara

1710-649: The privations of ma'abarot for longer periods." 78% of residents in the ma'abarot were of Middle Eastern extraction, and unemployment rates ran as high as 90-96% in the worst camps. Those ma'abarot with a less dense population and an Ashkenazi majority, such as Kfar Vitkin and Even Yehuda , had better employment opportunities. In ma'abarot camps like Emek Hefer , Pardes Hanna and Caesarea , police reports described ethnic tensions along an Ashkenazi/Mizrachi divide as explosive, but infra-communal rifts also occurred, for example between Iraqi Kurdish Jews and Iraqi Arab Jews . Beit Mazmil (today Kiryat HaYovel ), named after

1755-643: The task. The camps were under the guidance of two religious parties, Agudat Israel and Mizrachi . Violent confrontations broke out over issues of forced secularization, which were opposed by Yemeni Jews, and several people were shot dead or died during these clashes, variously at Ein Shemer , Beit Lid and Pardes Hanna in the first half of 1950. The early ma'abarot consisted of tents, one for each family. In those conditions, infants were separated from their mothers and placed in children's housing where nursing personnel had almost exclusive control and parental access

1800-446: The three types of local government found in Israel , the other two being cities and regional councils . There are 124 local councils in Israel, including 69 Arab local councils. Local councils should not be confused with local committees , which are lower-level administrative entities. Local council status is determined by passing a minimum threshold: enough to justify operations as independent municipal units, although not of

1845-528: The urgency of the situation, and the incapacity of foreign hospitals to cope with the large numbers of aged and ill, plans to treat such populations before making aliyah or subject them for medical selection, as suggested by the Jewish Agency, were dropped in favour of transporting all potential olim irrespective of their health, to Israel, creating a critical burden for the nascent state's health system. Newly arrived people were generally quarantined in

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1890-433: Was dismantled in 1963. The ma'abarot became the most enduring symbol of the plight of Jewish immigrants from Arab lands in Israel ; according to Dalia Gavriely-Nuri, the memory of these camps has been largely erased from Israeli memory. The Hebrew word Ma'abara (singular) derives from the word ma'avar ( Hebrew : מעבר , lit.   'transit'). Ma'abarot (plural) were meant to be temporary communities for

1935-485: Was first implemented, the Jewish Agency was responsible for providing utilities such as water, electricity and sanitation. After this responsibility was transferred to the local authorities, the Jewish Agency claimed it could no longer oversee maintenance due to financial and manpower constraints. Eliyahu Dobkin protested the poor conditions in the ma'abarot, calling them a "holy horror." David Ben-Gurion took

1980-458: Was founded on 2 August 1924, by a group of twelve Ashkenazi families. They received a plot of land from Yehoshua Hankin , which they cultivated and prepared for farming. Magdiel was established as a moshava , starting on 4,000 dunams of land purchased near the Arab village of Biyar 'Adas . The initial population included Jewish immigrants from Russia , Poland and Lithuania , later joined by

2025-423: Was highly restricted. On occasion, these children were transferred to hospitals without the knowledge of their families, and parents encountered great difficulties in travelling from the ma'abarot to these distant facilities. Cases exist of parents arriving at hospitals only to be informed their child had died, occurrences which fed into what became a narrative of suspicion that the state putatively engaged in having

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