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35-541: Hodgson is a patronymic surname , thought by some to mean "son of Hodge", with Hodge being a Middle English personal name usually representing a pet-form of the name Roger. However, Geoffrey Hodgson shows that both distribution of the name and DNA suggest a Norse-Irish origin, making “son of Oddgeir” a more likely derivation. The Hodson surname is less common and generally derives from Hodgson. Other probable variants of Hodgson include Hodgeson, Hodgshon, Hodshon, Hodgin, Hodgins, Hodgen, Hodgens, Hodghson, Hodgon and Hodgeon. In

70-482: A 15-year-old girl named Blær (a masculine noun in Icelandic) was allowed to keep her name in a court decision that overruled an initial rejection by the naming committee . Her mother, Björk Eiðsdóttir, did not realize at the time that "Blær" was considered masculine; she had read Halldór Laxness 's novel The Fish Can Sing , which has a female character named Blær, meaning "light breeze", and decided that if she had

105-482: A daughter, she would name her Blær. In 2019, the laws governing names were changed. First names are no longer restricted by gender. Moreover, Icelanders who are officially registered as nonbinary are permitted to use the patro/matronymic suffix -bur ("child of") instead of -son or -dóttir . A man named Jón Einarsson has a son named Ólafur . Ólafur's last name will not be Einarsson like his father's; it will be Jónsson , indicating that Ólafur

140-494: A generalised breakdown of Reiver society (Robb 2018). They would steal goods, cattle and women from across the nominal border. Some Hodgsons in Cumberland were themselves a clan organisation (Fraser 1971). The border clans were eventually subjected by state authorities. Many were forced or obliged to emigrate to North America in the 18th century (Fischer 1989). Many Hodgsons emigrated in this period. Hodgson can also be

175-616: A given name: Antiquarian and Archaeological Society , New Series, 25, pp. 244–49. Patronymic surname A patronymic surname is a surname originated from the given name of the father or a patrilineal ancestor . Different cultures have different ways of producing patronymic surnames. In the Old Testament of the Bible, men are identified by their lineage through use of their father's first (and only) name. Last names were ‘normalized’ and became more standardized with

210-434: A landowner, or living in an area might adopt the same crest, especially when landowners had to provide troops to their nation or king for battle. Scottish clans and tartans served as family or area identifiers. Of note, some Asian countries list family name first, most adapt to given plus family standard when abroad. Whereas, some Latino countries add mother's family name at the end. This onomastics -related article

245-543: A middle name and conversational honorific. In Iceland, listings such as the telephone directory are alphabetised by first name rather than surname. To reduce ambiguity, the directory also lists professions. Icelanders formally address others by their first names. By way of example, the former prime minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir would not be introduced as 'Ms Sigurðardóttir' but by either her first name or her full name, and usually addressed by her first name only. Icelandic singer Björk goes by her first name (her full name

280-436: Is Björk Guðmundsdóttir). Björk is how any Icelander would address her, whether formally or casually. In the case of two people in the same group having the same given name, perhaps one named Jón Stefánsson and the other Jón Þorláksson, one could address Jón Stefánsson as "Jón Stefáns" and Jón Þorláksson as "Jón Þorláks". When someone has a conversation with two such people at the same time, "son" need not be used; in that case,

315-429: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Icelandic name Icelandic names are names used by people from Iceland . Icelandic surnames are different from most other naming systems in the modern Western world in that they are patronymic or occasionally matronymic : they indicate the father (or mother) of the child and not the historic family lineage. Iceland shares a common cultural heritage with

350-695: Is associated with several other Hodgson families, including the Hodgsons of West Keal in Lincolnshire, the Hodgsons of Bascodyke in Cumberland (Hodgson 1925), the Hodshons of Amsterdam , and with Thomas Hodgson (1738–1817) a Liverpool merchant and slave trader, and the owner of a mill in Caton, Lancashire (Hodgson 2008). For centuries before James VI 's assentation to the throne of England ( Union of

385-517: Is the son of Jón (Jóns + son). The same practice is used for daughters. Jón Einarsson's daughter Sigríður ' s last name is not Einarsson but Jónsdóttir . Again, the name means "Jón's daughter" (Jóns + dóttir). In some cases, a person's surname is derived from their parent's second given name instead of the first. For example, if Jón is the son of Hjálmar Arnar Vilhjálmsson, he may either be named Jón Hjálmarsson (Jón, son of Hjálmar) or Jón Arnarsson (Jón, son of Arnar). The reason for this may be that

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420-730: The Icelandic Naming Committee . The criterion for acceptance is whether a name can easily be incorporated into the Icelandic language. With some exceptions, it must contain only letters found in the Icelandic alphabet (including þ and ð ), and it must be possible to decline the name according to the language's grammatical case system, which in practice means that a genitive form can be constructed in accordance with Icelandic rules. Names considered to be gender-nonconforming were historically not allowed, but in 2013,

455-501: The Icelandic sagas . The vast majority of Icelandic last names carry the name of the father, but occasionally the mother's name is used: e.g. if the child or mother wishes to end social ties with the father. Some women use it as a social statement while others simply choose it as a matter of style. In all of these cases, the convention is the same: Ólafur, the son of Bryndís, will have the full name Ólafur Bryndísarson ("son of Bryndís"). Some well-known Icelanders with matronymic names are

490-524: The Scandinavian countries of Denmark , Norway , and Sweden . Unlike these countries, Icelanders have continued to use their traditional name system, which was formerly used in most of Northern Europe. The Icelandic system is thus not based on family names (although some people do have family names and might use both systems). Generally, a person's last name indicates the first name of their father (patronymic) or in some cases mother (matronymic) in

525-573: The genitive , followed by -son ("son") or -dóttir ("daughter"). Some family names exist in Iceland, most commonly adaptations from last names Icelanders adopted when living abroad, usually in Denmark. Notable Icelanders with inherited family names include former prime minister Geir Haarde , football star Eiður Smári Guðjohnsen , entrepreneur Magnús Scheving , film director Baltasar Kormákur Samper , and actress Anita Briem . Before 1925, it

560-552: The British media and commentators. The TV personality Magnus Magnusson acquired his repetitive name when his parents adopted British naming conventions (and Magnus's father's patronymic) during World War II, Magnus having been named at birth Magnús Sigursteinsson. Expatriate Icelanders or people of Icelandic descent who live in foreign countries, such as the significant Icelandic community in Manitoba , Canada, usually abandon

595-524: The Crowns ), the remote Anglo-Scottish borderland region had been the lair of unruly clans and gangs of robbers that were largely beyond the reach of the law. A peculiar form of clan organisation grew up in this area. This was the land of the Border Reivers . These clans had a legal system distinct from that of the majority of England and Scotland (Robb 2018). The suppression of this legal system led to

630-604: The North of England the "s" is often silent in the pronunciation of Hodgson. This accounts for variants such as Hodgin, Hodgen, Hodgon and Hodgeon. The Hodgsons of Hebburn , a mine-owning Catholic family living in the North East of England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Surtees 1820, vol. 2, pp. 77, 319, James 1974, Hodgson 2008), bore a heraldic coat of arms , blazoned as "per chevron, embattled or and azure, three martlets counterchanged". This same coat of arms

665-542: The Western tradition of giving a child their father's last name , usually a collective family name), and Bjarkardóttir , a conventional Icelandic matronymic. A gender autonomy act the Icelandic Parliament approved in 2019 allows people who register their gender as neutral (i.e., non-binary) to use bur , a poetic word for "son", to be repurposed as a neuter suffix instead of son or dóttir . Unlike

700-494: The adoption of new family names. Some common arguments against using family names were that they were not authentically "Icelandic"; that the usage of -son in family names made it unclear whether the name was a family name or patronymic; and that low-class people could adopt the family names of well-known upper-class families. Some common arguments for using family names were that they made it easier to trace lineages and to distinguish individuals (a problem in mid-19th century Iceland

735-498: The advent of mass literacy, paper availability and documentation, and mobility. For example, passports vs early letters of introduction for travel. For example, early patronymic Welsh surnames were the result of the Anglicizing of the historical Welsh naming system, which sometimes had included references to several generations: e.g., Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ap Morgan (Llywelyn son of Gruffydd son of Morgan), and which gave rise to

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770-621: The children in this example would be Ólafur Bryndísarson and Katrín Bryndísardóttir. Patronymics thus have the formula (genitive case of father's name, usually adding -s , or if the name ends in -i , it will change to -a ) + son/dóttir/bur , while matronymics are (genitive case of mother's name, often -ar , or if the name ends in -a , it will change to -u ) + son/dóttir/bur . The Icelandic naming system occasionally causes problems for families travelling abroad, especially with young children, since non-Icelandic immigration staff (apart from those of other Nordic countries) are usually unfamiliar with

805-406: The continental Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, where hereditary family names came into widespread use for the general population during the course of the 19th century or the beginning of the 20th century, ultimately as a consequence of legislation. As the outcome of this, a large majority of Scandinavian family names originated as the patronymics borne by the heads of family at

840-588: The film's plot. Some people have both a matronymic and a patronymic, such as Dagur Bergþóruson Eggertsson ("the son of Bergþóra and Eggert"), the mayor of Reykjavík since 2014. Another example is the girl Blær mentioned above: her full name is Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir ("the daughter of Björk and Rúnar "). Icelandic singer-songwriter Björk had a daughter in 2002 with American contemporary artist and filmmaker Matthew Barney . The pair named her Ísadóra Bjarkardóttir Barney, giving her two last names of different origin: Barney , her father's last name ( following

875-472: The football player Heiðar Helguson ("Helga's son"), the novelist Guðrún Eva Mínervudóttir ("Minerva's daughter"), and the medieval poet Eilífr Goðrúnarson ("Goðrún's son"). In the Icelandic film Bjarnfreðarson the title character's name is the subject of some mockery for his having a matronymic – as Bjarnfreður's son – rather than a patronymic. In the film this is connected to the mother's radical feminism and shame over his paternity, which are part of

910-518: The genitive form of the father's name could be used like a nickname, although it is just as common in such cases to refer to people by their middle names (having a middle name being nowadays the general rule for people with a common name like 'Jón'). Because the vast majority of Icelanders use patronymics, a family will normally have a variety of last names: the children of (married or unmarried) parents Jón Einarsson and Bryndís Atladóttir could be named Ólafur Jónsson and Katrín Jónsdóttir. With matronymics,

945-516: The other Nordic countries, Iceland never formalized a system of family names. A growing number of Icelanders—primarily those who had studied abroad—began to adopt family names in the second half of the 19th century. In 1855, there were 108 family names. In 1910 there were 297. In 1913, the Althing legalized the adoption of family names. Icelanders who had family names tended to be upper-class and serve as government officials. In 1925, Althing banned

980-625: The parent prefers to be called by the second given name instead of the first; this is fairly common. It may also be that the parent's second name seems to fit the child's first name better. In cases where two people in the same social circle bear the same first name and the same father's name, they have traditionally been distinguished by their paternal grandfather's name (avonymic), e.g. Jón Þórsson Bjarnasonar (Jón, son of Þór, son of Bjarni) and Jón Þórsson Hallssonar (Jón, son of Þór, son of Hallur). This practice has become less common (the use of middle names having replaced it), but features conspicuously in

1015-472: The practice and therefore expect children to have the same last names as that of their parents. Icelandic footballers who work abroad similarly are called by their patronymics, even though that is improper from an Icelandic standpoint. Aron Gunnarsson , for example, wore the name "Gunnarsson" on the back of his shirt in the Premier League before his move to Al-Arabi , and was referred to as such by

1050-403: The quip, "as long as a Welshman's pedigree." As an example of Anglicization, the name Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was turned into Llywelyn Gruffydds; i.e., the "ap" meaning "son of" was replaced by the genitive suffix "-s", but there are other cases like "ab Evan" being turned into "Bevan". Some Welsh surnames, such as John or Howell , did not acquire the suffix "-s." In some other cases, the suffix

1085-456: The times when these laws came into effect, and these surnames mostly display a limited variety reflecting the popularity of male given names during the 18th and 19th centuries in those countries. Most Mauritanian surnames are also patronymic, with names consisting of " Ould " or "Mint" followed by the ancestor's name or names. Heraldry, like early pictographs, logos or icons, also helped designate families across much of Europe. People working for

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1120-428: The traditional Icelandic naming system. In most cases, they adopt the naming convention of their country of residence—most commonly by retaining the patronymic of their first ancestor to immigrate to the new country as a permanent family surname, much as other Nordic immigrants did before surnames became fully established in their own countries. Alternatively, a permanent family surname may sometimes be chosen to represent

1155-887: Was affixed to the surname much later, in the 18th or 19th century. Likewise, in some cases, the "ap" coalesced into the name in some form, as in Broderick (ab Rhydderch), Price (ap Rhys) and Upjohn (ap John). Similarly, last names or surnames were not set in Russia, but patronymic and based on a father's first name. Peter's children might be Jan and Roman Petrovich. Peter's grand children could be Aleksandr Janowicz and Ivan Romanowicz/ Romanovich. Peter's great grandchildren could be Nicolai Aleksandrovich and Dmitri Ivanovich. Nearly all Icelandic surnames are strictly patronymic, or in some cases matronymic , as Icelandic society generally does not make use of hereditary family names. A similar situation could, until relatively recently, be found in

1190-458: Was legal to adopt new family names; one Icelander to do so was the Nobel Prize -winning author Halldór Laxness , while another author, Einar Hjörleifsson , and his brothers chose the family name "Kvaran". Since 1925, it has been illegal for Icelanders to adopt a family name unless they have a right to do so through inheritance. First names not previously used in Iceland must be approved by

1225-401: Was that there were so many people named Jón—in fact, one in six Icelandic males were named Jón at the time) and that Iceland ought to follow the lead of its Nordic neighbours. In Russia , where name-patronyms of similar style were historically used (such as Ivan Petrovich which means Ivan, the son of Peter ), the much larger population necessitated family names, relegating the patronymic to

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