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48-589: The first mention of Hohenheim is in a donation of some land to Hirsau Abbey by Egilof von Hohenheim . The castle was sold by the von Hohenheim family in 1406, and passed to the Esslingen hospital in 1432. In 1676, it was bought by Immanuel von Garb, after whom it was known as Garbenhof for some time. As von Garb's granddaughter died without heirs in 1768, the estate fell into the possession of Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg . Charles Eugene made Hohenheim his main residence in 1772 and made major changes to

96-454: A building once part of the monastery complex. 48°44′16″N 8°43′56″E  /  48.73778°N 8.73222°E  / 48.73778; 8.73222 Rule of Saint Benedict The Rule of Saint Benedict ( Latin : Regula Sancti Benedicti ) is a book of precepts written in Latin c.  530 by St. Benedict of Nursia (c. AD 480–550) for monks living communally under

144-460: A chant, three antiphons, three psalms, and three lessons, along with celebrations of any local saints' days. Afterwards the monks would retire for a few hours of sleep and then rise at 6am to wash and attend the office of Prime . They then gathered in Chapter to receive instructions for the day and to attend to any judicial business. Then came private Mass or spiritual reading or work until 9am when

192-423: A consequent decline of strict discipline, but the vigorous efforts of several abbots checked the decadence, and temporarily re-established the stricter observance. About the end of the 12th century Hirsau Abbey was again very perceptibly on the decline both materially and morally. It never afterwards again rose into importance. In the fifteenth century, however, the famous "Customs" gradually became little more than

240-539: A dead letter. Wolfram, the thirty-eighth abbot (1428–1460), introduced the contemporary Melk Reform . A few years later Hirsau adopted the Constitutions of Bursfelde Abbey and became part of the Bursfelde Congregation . Wolfram's successor, Bernhard, carried on the work of revival, freed the abbey from its debts, restored the monastic buildings, and also reformed several other monasteries. In

288-503: A short time, but after the Peace of Westphalia (1648) it once more came under the control of the Dukes of Württemberg and another series of Lutheran abbots presided over it. The community eventually came to an end and Christoph, Duke of Württemberg established a Protestant boarding school at the former monastery. His son, Louis III, Duke of Württemberg built a hunting lodge on the site of

336-489: A successful monastic school was established. Over about a hundred and fifty years, under the care of the Counts of Calw, it enjoyed great prosperity, and became an important seat of learning. However, towards the end of the 10th century the ravages of pestilence, combined with the greed of its patrons and the laxity of the community, brought it to ruin. In 988 a severe plague devastated the neighbourhood and carried off sixty of

384-540: Is sometimes regarded as the founder of Western monasticism due to the reforming influence that his rules had on the then-current Catholic hierarchy. There is, however, no evidence to suggest that Benedict intended to found a religious order in the modern sense, and it was not until the Late Middle Ages that mention was made of an " Order of Saint Benedict ". His Rule was written as a guide for individual, autonomous communities, and all Benedictine Houses (and

432-686: The Cistercians , the Trappists (a reform of the Cistercians), and the Sylvestrines . Charlemagne had Benedict's Rule copied and distributed to encourage monks throughout western Europe to follow it as a standard. Beyond its religious influences, the Rule of St Benedict was one of the most important written works to shape medieval Europe , embodying the ideas of a written constitution and

480-413: The passion of Christ that [they] may deserve also to share in his Kingdom" (Prol. 50, passionibus Christi per patientiam participemur, ut et regno eius mereamur esse consortes ; note: Latin passionibus and patientiam have the same root, cf. Fry, RB 1980, p.167). Saint Benedict's model for the monastic life was the family , with the abbot as father and all the monks as brothers. Priesthood

528-757: The Black Forest in Swabia, as well as the Thuringian monastery of Reinhardsbrunn , Franconian Comburg and St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal in Carinthia . Hirsau priories were located at Reichenbach and Schönrain , in Bavarian Fischbachau and Thuringian Paulinzella . A friend and correspondent of Pope Gregory VII and Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury , William took active part in

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576-484: The Congregations in which they have grouped themselves) still remain self-governing. Advantages seen in retaining this unique Benedictine emphasis on autonomy include cultivating models of tightly bonded communities and contemplative lifestyles. Perceived disadvantages comprise geographical isolation from important activities in adjacent communities. Other perceived losses include inefficiency and lack of mobility in

624-652: The Duke's death at Hohenheim. His brother, Duke Frederick II Eugene died in Hohenheim in 1797, after which the estate land was rented out to tenants and the manor and gardens placed under the administration of the city of Stuttgart , falling into gradual decline. It was used as a military hospital in 1814. In 1818, King Wilhelm I of Württemberg and his wife Catherine founded the Agricultural Educational Testing and Model Institution , which

672-526: The University have been found on the castle grounds since 1818. The Kavaliersbau German : Squire's lodge , the University of Hohenheim established a canteen in 1918 that was converted into a restaurant in 1958. Hirsau Abbey Hirsau Abbey , formerly known as Hirschau Abbey , was once one of the most important Benedictine abbeys of Germany . It is located in the Hirsau borough of Calw on

720-611: The abbot's house. Hirsau Abbey was finally destroyed during the Nine Years' War by French troops under General Lieutenant Mélac in 1692. The Church of St. Aurelius was renovated in 1954. The relics of St. Aurelius were brought back from Zwiefalten and the church restored as a place of worship. In 1991, the city of Calw and the Badisches Landesmuseum founded the Monastery Museum Hirsau in

768-456: The adjacent new monastic compound designed according to the Plan of Saint Gall , while old St Aurelius was converted into a priory . William also refounded the monastic school for which the abbey had formerly been famous throughout Germany. But the abbot's greatest work, perhaps, and that for which his name is best remembered, was the reformation that he effected within the community itself. Cluny

816-463: The applicability of the principles and spirit of the Rule of Saint Benedict to the secular working environment. During the more than 1500 years of their existence, Benedictines have seen cycles of flourish and decline. Several reform movements sought more intense devotion to both the letter and spirit of the Rule of St Benedict, at least as they understood it. Examples include the Camaldolese ,

864-495: The authority of an abbot . The spirit of Saint Benedict's Rule is summed up in the motto of the Benedictine Confederation : pax ("peace") and the traditional ora et labora ("pray and work"). Compared to other precepts, the Rule provides a moderate path between individual zeal and formulaic institutionalism; because of this middle ground, it has been widely popular. Benedict's concerns were his views of

912-463: The buildings already begun and from 1082 afterwards greatly added to them, as the needs of the increasing community required, a new monastery complex on a high plateau on the opposite side of the Nagold river. The Sts Peter and Paul 's abbey church, which was modelled on Cluny II finished about 981 under Abbot Majolus , was consecrated in 1091. The convent followed the next year, when it moved into

960-468: The claims of Eberhard, but neither party would give way to the other and in the end the count brought in an armed force to settle the quarrel. The result was that the abbey was pillaged, the monks dispersed, and the valuable library destroyed. The count became master of the property and the abbey remained empty for over sixty years, during which time the buildings fell into a ruinous state. In 1049 Pope Leo IX , uncle of Count Adalbert of Calw and grandson of

1008-625: The community, and regular discipline was very much relaxed. Abbot William's zeal and prudence by degrees remedied this unsatisfactory state of affairs and inaugurated a period of great prosperity, both spiritual and temporal. During the Investiture Controversy that shook the Holy Roman Empire , he secured the independence of the abbey from the Counts of Calw and placed its finances on a sound footing. In 1089, monks from Hirsau founded Zwiefalten Abbey . William completed

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1056-541: The cycle again. In modern times, this timetable is often changed to accommodate any apostolate outside the monastic enclosure (e.g. the running of a school or parish). Many Benedictine Houses have a number of Oblates (secular) who are affiliated with them in prayer, having made a formal private promise (usually renewed annually) to follow the Rule of St Benedict in their private life as closely as their individual circumstances and prior commitments permit. In recent years discussions have occasionally been held concerning

1104-645: The daily life of the Benedictine revolved around the eight canonical hours. The monastic timetable, or Horarium , would begin at midnight with the service, or "office", of Matins (today also called the Office of Readings), followed by the morning office of Lauds at 3 am. Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting; and monks were expected to memorise everything. These services could be very long, sometimes lasting till dawn, but usually consisted of

1152-546: The days of Abbot John III (1514–1556) Hirsau fell on hard times: the Protestant Reformation began to make its influence felt, and after a brief period of struggle, the abbey, through the involvement of Duke Ulrich of Württemberg , passed into Lutheran hands, though still maintaining its monastic character. In consequence of the Reformation it was secularized in 1558. In 1630 it became Catholic again for

1200-519: The estate, turning it into a full sized Rococo manor. The gardens around the castle were also planned at this time. They featured pillars depicting the Roman gods Jupiter (god) and a playhouse now used as a museum by the University of Hohenheim. The gardens continued to be maintained and many exotic plants were added. The Duke commissioned an extensive residential palace to be built on the grounds of Hohenheim in 1782 until construction halted in 1793 due to

1248-636: The inspiration of Saint Anthony the Great (251–356), ascetic monks led by Saint Pachomius (286–346) formed the first Christian monastic communities under what became known as an Abbot , from the Aramaic abba (father). Within a generation, both solitary as well as communal monasticism became very popular and spread outside of Egypt, first to Palestine and the Judean Desert and thence to Syria and North Africa . Saint Basil of Caesarea codified

1296-487: The late 8th century. The monastery itself was founded in about 830 by the Rhenish Franconian count Erlafried of Calw at the instigation of his son, Bishop Notting of Vercelli , who gave it the relics of Saint Aurelius of Riditio, an Armenian bishop who had died about 475, brought from Milan among other treasures. They were first placed in the oratory of St. Nazarius' Chapel, while the monastery at Hirsau

1344-498: The main principles of the religious life, viz. : the renunciation of one's own will and arming oneself "with the strong and noble weapons of obedience " under the banner of " the true King , Christ the Lord" (Prol. 3). He proposes to establish a "school for the Lord's service" (Prol. 45) in which the "way to salvation" (Prol. 48) shall be taught, so that by persevering in the monastery till death his disciples may "through patience share in

1392-413: The monastic day into regular periods of communal and private prayer , sleep, spiritual reading, and manual labour – ut in omnibus glorificetur Deus , "that in all [things] God may be glorified" ( cf. Rule ch. 57.9). In later centuries, intellectual work and teaching took the place of farming, crafts, or other forms of manual labour for many – if not most – Benedictines . Traditionally,

1440-528: The monks including the abbot, Hartfried. Only a dozen were left to elect a successor, and they divided into two parties. The more fervent chose one Conrad, whose election was confirmed by the Ruprecht, Bishop of Speyer , but some of the others, who favoured a more relaxed rule, elected an opposition abbot in the person of Eberhard, the cellarer. For some time the dispute ran high between the rival superiors and their respective followers. The Count of Calw supported

1488-440: The needs of monks in a community environment: namely, to establish due order, to foster an understanding of the relational nature of human beings, and to provide a spiritual father to support and strengthen the individual's ascetic effort and the spiritual growth that is required for the fulfillment of the human vocation, theosis . The Rule of Saint Benedict has been used by Benedictines for 15 centuries, and thus St. Benedict

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1536-799: The northern slopes of the Black Forest mountain range, in the present-day state of Baden-Württemberg . In the 11th and 12th century, the monastery was a centre of the Cluniac Reforms , implemented as "Hirsau Reforms" in the German lands by William of Hirsau . The complex was devastated during the War of the Palatine Succession in 1692 and not rebuilt. The ruins served as a quarry for a period of time. A Christian chapel at Hirsau dedicated to Saint Nazarius had already been erected in

1584-411: The office of Terce was said, and then High Mass. At noon came the office of Sext and the midday meal. After a brief period of communal recreation, the monk could retire to rest until the office of None at 3pm. This was followed by farming and housekeeping work until after twilight, the evening prayer of Vespers at 6pm, then the night prayer of Compline at 9pm, and retiring to bed, before beginning

1632-490: The politico-ecclesiastical controversies of his time. He was also author of inter alia the treatise De musica et tonis , as well as the Philosophicarum et astronomicarum institutionum libri iii . The abbot then wrote his well-known "Consuetudines Hirsaugienses" which for several centuries remained the standard of monastic observance. Under William monks were sent out from Hirsau to reform other German monasteries on

1680-576: The precepts for these eastern monasteries in his Ascetic Rule, or Ascetica , which is still used today in the Eastern Orthodox Church . In the West in about the year 500, Benedict became so upset by the immorality of society in Rome that he gave up his studies there, at age fourteen, and chose the life of an ascetic monk in the pursuit of personal holiness, living as a hermit in a cave near

1728-588: The religious community only making minor changes more in line with the time period relevant to his system. The Rule was translated into Armenian by Nerses of Lampron in the 10th century and is used by the Armenian Catholic Mekhitarists today. It was also translated into Old English by Æthelwold . The Rule opens with a hortatory preface, drawing on the Admonitio ad filium spiritualem , in which Saint Benedict sets forth

1776-399: The rugged region of Subiaco . In time, setting an example with his zeal, he began to attract disciples. After considerable initial struggles with his first community at Subiaco, he eventually founded the monastery of Monte Cassino in 529, where he wrote his Rule near the end of his life. In chapter 73, Saint Benedict commends the Rule of Saint Basil and alludes to further authorities. He

1824-427: The same lines, and from it seven new monasteries were founded. The numbers of the community increased to 150 under his rule, manual labour and the copying of manuscripts forming an important part of their occupations. Numerous exemptions and other privileges were obtained from time to time from emperors and popes. In the twelfth century the autocratic rule of Abbot Manegold caused for a time some internal dissensions and

1872-643: The service of others, and insufficient appeal to potential members. These different emphases emerged within the framework of the Rule in the course of history and are to some extent present within the Benedictine Confederation and the Cistercian Orders of the Common and the Strict Observance . Christian monasticism first appeared in the Egyptian desert, before Benedict of Nursia . Under

1920-470: The spoliator, came to Hirschau, and required Adalbert to restore the abbey. The count had the abbey church rebuilt in the style of a Roman basilica with an attached cloister . He renovated the premises, but so slowly that they were not refurbished until 1065, when the monastery was resettled by a dozen monks from the renowned Einsiedeln Abbey in Swabia , with Abbot Frederick at their head. Abbot Frederick

1968-525: Was being built on the count's estates. It was settled by a colony of fifteen monks descending from Fulda Abbey , disciples of Rabanus Maurus and Walafrid Strabo , under an abbot Liudebert or Lutpert. Count Erlafried endowed the new foundation with extended lands and other gifts, and made a solemn donation of the whole into the hands of Lutpert, on condition that the Rule of Saint Benedict should be observed. A first aisleless church , dedicated to Saint Aurelius,

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2016-407: Was deposed and the Counts of Calw dismissed his elected successor, Abbot Friedrich. They had a distant connection to Otto, Bishop of Regensburg . In May 1069, William , a monk of Saint Emmeram's Abbey was psent as successor. He immediately took over the management of the monastery, but refused to accept the abbatial benediction until after the death of his unjustly deposed predecessor in 1071. He

2064-574: Was housed in a separate building on the castle and the Paracelsus School was housed in the east wing much later. A wing of the castle was destroyed during World War II. In the 1970s, the castle was restored and modernized and the rococo plaster removed. The 1990s saw the return of this plaster to lock once again. Today, the University of Hohenheim uses large portions of the castle grounds. The Horticulture and Agriculture Departments of

2112-403: Was not completed until 838, when it was consecrated by Archbishop Odgar of Mainz , who at the same time translated the relics from their temporary resting place to the new church. Abbot Lutpert died in 853, having brought about a substantial increase both in the possessions of the abbey and in the number of the monks under his rule. Regular observance flourished under him and his successors and

2160-468: Was not initially an important part of Benedictine monasticism – monks used the services of their local priest. Because of this, almost all the Rule is applicable to communities of women under the authority of an abbess . This appeal to multiple groups would later make the Rule of Saint Benedict an integral set of guidelines for the development of the Christian faith. Saint Benedict's Rule organises

2208-567: Was probably aware of the Rule written by Pachomius (or attributed to him), and his Rule also shows influence by the Rule of St Augustine of Hippo and the writings of Saint John Cassian . Benedict's greatest debt, however, may be to the anonymous document known as the Rule of the Master , which Benedict seems to have radically excised, expanded, revised and corrected in the light of his own considerable experience and insight. Saint Benedict's work expounded upon preconceived ideas that were present in

2256-544: Was solemnly inaugurated by the Bishop of Speyer on Ascension Day in 1071. When William came the condition of the monastery was far from satisfactory. The monks were living in cramped conditions, as the buildings were still incomplete and furthermore repeatedly affected by floods of the Nagold river. Count Adalbert still retained possession of some of the monastic property, together with a certain amount of unhelpful influence over

2304-647: Was then at the height of its fame and William sent some of his monks there to learn the Cluniac customs and rule, after which the Cluniac discipline was introduced at Hirsau. By his Constitutiones Hirsaugienses , the Ordo Hirsaugiensis , was formed. Known as the Hirsau Reforms , the adoption of this rule revitalised Benedictine monasteries throughout Germany, such as those of Zwiefalten , Blaubeuren Petershausen , Saint Peter and Saint George in

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