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30-569: Because the Hoko River, like the nearby Pysht River , is brushy, full of snags , and often carries tannin stained water , it is known as a "cedar creek". The name Hoko is of Makah origin and refers to the large projecting rock at the river mouth. The Hoko River is the namesake of the Late Eocene Hoko River Formation , which was formally described in 1976 by Parke D. Snavely, Jr. et al from outcrops along

60-744: A monophyletic group. The order Salmoniformes first appeared during the Santonian and Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous , and is most closely related to pike and mudminnows in the order Esociformes , to the extent that some authors have grouped the Esociformes within the Salmoniformes. Although it is assumed that salmon and pike diverged from one another during the Cretaceous, no definitive salmonids appear before

90-423: A closer examination of the salmonid genome, and has allowed for a more precise dating of the whole-genome duplication of the group, that places the latest possible date for the event at 88 million years ago. This more precise dating and examination of the salmonid whole-genome duplication event has allowed more speculation on the radiation of species within the group. Historically, the whole-genome duplication event

120-546: A river in the state of Washington is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pysht River The Pysht River ( / ˈ p ɪ ʃ t / PISHT ) is a stream in the U.S. state of Washington . It originates near Ellis Mountain in the northern Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula and flows generally north, emptying into the Strait of Juan de Fuca . The Pysht and nearby Hoko River are

150-568: A single row of sharp teeth . Although the smallest salmonid species is just 13 cm (5.1 in) long for adults, most salmonids are much larger, with the largest reaching 2 m (6 ft 7 in). All salmonids are migratory fish that spawn in the shallow gravel beds of freshwater headstreams , spend the growing juvenile years in rivers , creeks , small lakes and wetlands , but migrate downstream upon maturity and spend most of their adult lives at much larger waterbodies. Many salmonid species are euryhaline and migrate to

180-673: Is an archaic salmonid, representing an important stage in salmonid evolution. Fossil scales of coregonines are known from the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene of California. A gap appears in the salmonine fossil record after E. driftwoodensis until about 7 million years ago ( mya ), in the Late Miocene , when trout-like fossils appear in Idaho , in the Clarkia Lake beds . Several of these species appear to be Oncorhynchus —

210-477: Is industrial forest and subject to repeated logging. Most trees are less than thirty years old. The Pysht River, its floodplain , and its aquatic habitat has been altered in various ways including road and railroad grade construction, road maintenance and protection (such as riprap ), channelization , channel relocation, logging , in-channel wood removal, dredging , homesteading, agricultural development, wetland filling, and rural development. Logging began in

240-401: Is the fourth of its kind to happen in the evolutionary lineage of the salmonids, with two having occurred commonly to all bony vertebrates, and another specifically in the teleost fishes. Extant salmonids all show evidence of partial tetraploidy, as studies show the genome has undergone selection to regain a diploid state. Work done in the rainbow trout ( Onchorhynchus mykiss ) has shown that

270-596: The Eocene . The Salmonidae first appear in the fossil record in the Early Eocene with Eosalmo driftwoodensis , a stem- salmonine , which was first described from fossils found at Driftwood Creek , central British Columbia , and has been recovered from most sites in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands . This genus shares traits found in all three subfamily lineages. Hence, E. driftwoodensis

300-635: The United States Forest Service . The lower reaches, with low gradients, are largely owned by two industrial forest owners. The name of the Pysht River comes from the Clallam (Salishan) pəšc't , perhaps meaning "against the wind or current". The Pysht River originates near Ellis Mountain in the northwestern Olympic Mountains of Olympic National Forest . It flows southeast a short distance before turning northeast and leaving

330-415: The biomass transfer provided by their mass migration from oceanic to inland waterbodies. Current salmonids comprise three main clades taxonomically treated as subfamilies : Coregoninae ( freshwater whitefishes ), Thymallinae ( graylings ), and Salmoninae ( trout , salmon , char , taimens and lenoks ). Generally, all three lineages are accepted to allocate a suite of derived traits indicating

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360-683: The sea or brackish estuaries as soon as they approach adulthood, returning to the upper streams only to reproduce. Such sea-run life cycle is described as anadromous , and other freshwater salmonids that migrate purely between lakes and rivers are considered potamodromous . Salmonids are carnivorous predators of the middle food chain , feeding on smaller fish, crustaceans , aquatic insects and larvae , tadpoles and sometimes fish eggs (even those of their own kind), and in turn being preyed upon by larger predators. Many species of salmonids are thus considered keystone organisms important for both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems due to

390-559: The subarctic and cool temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere . The Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ), whose Latin name became that of its genus Salmo , is also the eponym of the family and order names. Salmonids have a relatively primitive appearance among teleost fish, with the pelvic fins being placed far back, and an adipose fin towards the rear of the back. They have slender bodies with rounded scales and forked tail fins , and their mouths contain

420-508: The Hoko River stock. The causes of habitat degradation are thought to have resulted from logging, highway and railroad construction, log transport, and channelization. Other causes of population decline include fishing and disease caused by hatchery supplementation of salmonides. The large estuary is an important salmon rearing habitat. It has recovered somewhat from past heavy impacts, but active restoration efforts may be required to prevent further population declines. Before commercial logging,

450-593: The Pillar Point Recreation Area and campground. The mouth of the Pysht is a tidally influenced estuary and supports a large complex of forested and tidal emergent wetlands. Because the Pysht River, like the Hoko River, is brushy, full of snags , and often carries tannin stained water , it is known as a "cedar creek". The river supports nine species of freshwater fish, five salmonid and four non-salmonid. The non-salmonids known to be found in

480-520: The Pliocene. Suggestions have gone back as far as the Early Miocene (about 20 mya). Based on the most current evidence, salmonids diverged from the rest of teleost fish no later than 88 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous . This divergence was marked by a whole-genome duplication event in the ancestral salmonid, where the diploid ancestor became tetraploid . This duplication

510-552: The Pysht River include Pacific lamprey ( Lampetra tridentata ), three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), and two freshwater sculpin species: coastrange sculpin ( Cottus aleuticus ) and prickly sculpin ( Cottus asper ). Salmonid species include chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ), chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ), sea-run coastal cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki clarki ), and steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus ). Other fish species are likely to be present in

540-496: The South Fork confluence the main stem Pysht River flows mainly east and slightly north to the small settlement of Pysht near the coast. The river makes a large bend north, then east, then south, then east before emptying into the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Two additional tributaries, Reed Creek and Indian Creek, join in the last reach. The mouth of the Pysht River is just south of a headland called Pillar Point and just north of

570-593: The current genus for Pacific salmon and Pacific trout. The presence of these species so far inland established that Oncorhynchus was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the Pliocene (~5–6 mya), but also that rainbow and cutthroat trout , and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between Oncorhynchus and Salmo (Atlantic salmon and European trout) must have occurred well before

600-405: The early 20th century and eliminated the original old-growth forests. The Pysht River was channelized to facilitate the transport of logs along the lower river and estuary. Dredging was routinely carried out on the lower river and the dredge spoils were reportedly dumped into the estuary's tidal wetlands for the purpose of agricultural development. A network of logging railroads were built adjacent to

630-401: The forests of the lower Pysht River watershed featured large-diameter stands of Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ), Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ), and western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ). Deciduous trees such as red alder ( Alnus rubra ) and big-leaf maple ( Acer macrophyllum ) were present to a lesser degree. Today nearly the entire basin

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660-449: The genome is still partially-tetraploid. Around half of the duplicated protein-coding genes have been deleted, but all apparent miRNA sequences still show full duplication, with potential to influence regulation of the rainbow trout's genome. This pattern of partial tetraploidy is thought to be reflected in the rest of extant salmonids. The first fossil species representing a true salmonid fish ( E. driftwoodensis ) does not appear until

690-883: The main stem Pysht and the South Fork Pysht. A wagon road that paralleled the Pysht River was converted into a paved state highway Washington State Route 112 in the 1940s. Salmonid Salmonidae ( / s æ l ˈ m ɒ n ɪ d iː / , lit. "salmon-like") is a family of ray-finned fish that constitutes the only currently extant family in the order Salmoniformes ( / s æ l ˈ m ɒ n ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / , lit. "salmon-shaped"), consisting of 11 extant genera and over 200 species collectively known as " salmonids " or " salmonoids ". The family includes salmon (both Atlantic and Pacific species), trout (both ocean-going and landlocked), char , graylings , freshwater whitefishes , taimens and lenoks , all coldwater mid- level predatory fish that inhabit

720-427: The middle Eocene. This fossil already displays traits associated with extant salmonids, but as the genome of E. driftwoodensis cannot be sequenced, it cannot be confirmed if polyploidy was present in this animal at this point in time. This fossil is also significantly younger than the proposed salmonid divergence from the rest of the teleost fishes, and is the earliest confirmed salmonid currently known. This means that

750-606: The national forest and the mountainous country to enter more rolling and hilly terrain. It collects the tributaries Needham Creek and Green Creek less than a mile upriver from its confluence with the South Fork Pysht River. The South Fork originates in the northern Olympic Mountains and flows north and west to join the main stem Pysht. Tributaries of the South Fork include the West Fork Pysht River, Middle Creek, and Salmonberry Creek. Downstream from

780-408: The river's estuary, but which have not been formally sampled, include starry flounder , surf perches , and smelts . Historically the anadromous salmonid fish runs were robust but all have declined, especially the main stem -dependent chinook and chum salmon. Chinook salmon may no longer be viable in the Pysht watershed and the few that are still seen may be strays from nearby populations such as

810-468: The river. Sites along the Hoko River have proved it to be an ideal location for preserving artifacts, bones, antlers, and baskets from the past. Hooks, cordage used for lines, and drying racks made from wood have all been found near the Hoko River sites. These artifacts' production is dated to around 1000 BCE. 48°17′5″N 124°21′52″W  /  48.28472°N 124.36444°W  / 48.28472; -124.36444 This article related to

840-441: The salmonids have a ghost lineage of approximately 33 million years. Given a lack of earlier transition fossils, and the inability to extract genomic data from specimens other than extant species, the dating of the whole-genome duplication event in salmonids was historically a very broad categorization of times, ranging from 25 to 100 million years in age. New advances in calibrated relaxed molecular clock analyses have allowed for

870-488: The two largest streams flowing into the southwestern portion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The watershed of the Pysht River drains a region of industrial forest lands; 98% of the watershed is zoned commercial forestry and the remainder rural. Nearly all of the forests have been logged at least once and most trees are less than thirty years old. The upper portions of the watershed, which feature steep gradients, are owned by

900-615: Was thought to be the reason for the variation within Salmonidae. Current evidence done with molecular clock analyses revealed that much of the speciation of the group occurred during periods of intense climate change associated with the last ice ages, with especially high speciation rates being observed in salmonids that developed an anadromous lifestyle. Together with the closely related orders Esociformes ( pikes and mudminnows ), Osmeriformes ( true smelts ) and Argentiniformes ( marine smelts and barreleyes ), Salmoniformes comprise

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