32-627: Holbeck is an inner city area of Leeds , West Yorkshire , England. It begins on the southern edge of Leeds city centre and mainly lies in the LS11 postcode district . The M1 and M621 motorways used to end/begin in Holbeck. Now the M621 is the only motorway that passes through the area since the end of the M1 moved to Hook Moor near Aberford . Since large parts of Holbeck have been vacated in preparation for
64-418: A civil parish , 1 April 1925 the parish was abolished and merged with Leeds. In 1921 the parish had a population of 38,152. The name Holbeck derives its name from the brook on which it is situated. Since industrialisation the beck , a natural watercourse, has been canalised with stone-set floor and stone walls. It is crossed by several bridges giving access from Water Lane. Holbeck is on the flood plain on
96-408: A downtown or city centre area. Sociologists sometimes turn the euphemism into a formal designation by applying the term inner city to such residential areas , rather than to more geographically central commercial districts , often referred to by terms like downtown or city centre . The term inner city first achieved consistent usage through the writings of white liberal Protestants in
128-596: A local public campaign. The activities there were featured in the 2016–17 BBC documentary series Sex, Drugs & Murder: Life in the Red Light Zone . [REDACTED] Media related to Holbeck at Wikimedia Commons Inner city The term inner city (also called the hood ) has been used, especially in the United States, as a euphemism for majority-minority lower-income residential districts that often refer to rundown neighborhoods, in
160-454: Is a bookmaker and several fast food takeaways. In 2014 Leeds Council in conjunction with West Yorkshire Police trialled a managed approach to prostitution which allowed for soliciting and purchasing of sex in a light industrial area in a bid to: After a review in 2016 it was announced that this was to continue indefinitely. However, the managed zone policy was ended in March 2020 following
192-559: Is expected to attract investment of around £800 million and create around 5,000 jobs. However, the area surrounding the 'Village' is deprived and run down. From 2007, Leeds City Council began vacating the back-to-back housing and in 2010 began demolition. The main area of demolition during the regeneration was the Jenkinson Estate. Many low-rise flat blocks were demolished and the remaining housing received new UPVC windows, new roofing & external covering. The land where
224-461: Is located on Sweet Street in a warehouse opposite the Commercial pub and has been in Holbeck since early 2008. The area has lost amenities as part of the population exodus connected with the demolition of properties as part of the regeneration scheme. Kwik Save supermarket closed in 2005, leaving small independent convenience stores. The post office closed in 2008, but reopened in 2009. There
256-520: Is unique in Leeds as an area where many early to mid 19th century industrial buildings survive in an unaltered group within the original street pattern. The buildings are utilitarian two or three-storey brick structures with some larger complexes such as Temple Mill and the brick terracotta towers of Tower Works. Railway viaducts cut through the area, notably that of the Leeds and Bradford Railway of 1846 and
288-541: The Borthwick Institute for Archives , University of York . His family sold the properties at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution . It 'was still listed as a separate out-township as late as 1878, and was routinely cited without reference to Leeds'. But as the area industrialised around the mid-19th century, it became increasingly integrated into Leeds. There were ironworks, works for
320-528: The Dark Arches . In 1864 it was proposed to build a "New Station" in Leeds. Construction began in 1866 and the station was completed in 1869. The new station was built on arches which span the River Aire , Neville Street and Swinegate. The building of the station led to the creation of the 'Dark Arches' over Neville Street. Over 18 million bricks were used during their construction, breaking records at
352-548: The London and North Western Railway 's extension line of 1882. Holbeck Public Library is built in red brick and terracotta. The 1877 Holbeck Working Men's Club is the oldest surviving working men's club in the UK. The old chapel, dedicated to St. Catherine and recorded in ancient documents as existing in 809, was rebuilt on the same site in the early 18th century. It became inadequate for the rapidly increasing population at that time and
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#1732775845799384-513: The United States ) is a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities. Urban renewal is the clearing out of blighted areas in inner cities to create opportunities for higher class housing, businesses, and more. In Canada, in the 1970s, the government introduced Neighbourhood Improvement Programs to deal with urban decay, especially in inner cities. Also, some inner-city areas in various places have undergone
416-702: The Viking Age ), thus 'stream in the hollow'. The old manor belonged to the priory of the Holy Trinity at York and after the Dissolution of the Monasteries passed to the Darcy and Ingram families. In the 18th century Holbeck was still a village outside Leeds, and expanded with the development of hand weaving. At this time, Holbeck was known for its spa water, which resembled that of Harrogate , and
448-542: The track bed (which is currently overgrown with trees and shrubs) into a raised walkway leading directly into Leeds city centre. In the 1960s, Leeds sought to become a 'motorway city', and 1972–75 saw the completion of the M621, which runs through Holbeck, and the A643, creating a new boundary on Holbeck's west side. From 1956 to 2004 Kays Catalogues was the largest employer in Holbeck, acquiring Samuel Driver Ltd in 1956 and taking over Temple Works on Marshall Street, expanding
480-530: The Granary Wharf shopping centre was situated underneath the Dark Arches. There were several established businesses underneath the arches, these included; restaurants, shops, boutiques, cafes, a bakery, exhibition spaces and a 1,000 capacity events venue. The Arches as a shopping centre was in decline for some time, and has now been developed as a car park. In 2009 Granary Wharf was redeveloped with
512-580: The Hol Beck and nearby the Sheepscar Beck from the north that led to a fording place and a small community which eventually grew into the town of Leeds. The place-name Holbeck is first attested in the 12th century in forms such as Holebec and Holesbec , from hol 'a hollow' and beck 'a stream' (an Old Norse loanword, from bekkr , reflecting Scandinavian influence in Yorkshire during
544-404: The U.S. after World War II , contrasting with the growing affluent suburbs . According to urban historian Bench Ansfield, the term signified both a bounded geographic construct and a set of cultural pathologies inscribed onto urban black communities. Inner city thus originated as a term of containment. Its genesis was the product of an era when a largely white suburban mainline Protestantism
576-546: The low-rise flat blocks were has been used for brand-new social housing including four-bedroom family homes to two-bedroom apartments. Three rows of back-to-back terraced homes on Brown Lane-West and Top Moor Side have been demolished and made way for some more social housing, built by Keepmoat. In July 2017, residents had noticed some of the council-owned back-to-back terraced homes are being renovated with new windows and roofing. Holbeck Conservation Area includes several industrial archaeological sites and Listed buildings. Holbeck
608-451: The manufacture of steam engines and machinery of all kinds. Key factories were: In the mid-19th century Holbeck was one of the most densely populated suburbs of Leeds, described in 1834 as 'one of the most crowded, one of the most filthy, one of the most unpleasant, and one of the most unhealthy villages in the county of York'. Slum clearance took place after the cholera epidemics of 1832 and 1849. Holbeck railway station (now demolished)
640-603: The most notable of these are: The Dark Arches , the Hol Beck , Marshall's Mill , the Midland Mills , the Round Foundry , Temple Works , Tower Works and two railway roundhouses . The last active church in the area (until the recent establishment of new ones) was St. Matthew's, built in 1829–30 and deconsecrated in 1981. The railway station has been demolished, but plans began to be developed in 2014 to convert
672-469: The regeneration of the area, the district has in large parts suffered from a population exodus. Holbeck had a population of 5,505 in 2011. The district currently falls within the Beeston and Holbeck ward of Leeds City Council . The Leeds and Liverpool Canal also runs through Holbeck. The Hol Beck is the name of a stream running from the south-west into the River Aire . It was the deposition of silt by
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#1732775845799704-493: The role of the church in the nationwide project of urban renewal. Thus, even as it arose in contexts aiming to entice mainline Protestantism back into the cities it had fled, the term accrued its meaning by generating symbolic and geographic distance between white liberal churches and the black communities they sought to help. Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in the United Kingdom and urban redevelopment in
736-594: The site in the 1950s and again in 1981. Part of the Kay's premises is a listed building. In 2003 Kays was bought by the Barclay Brothers, and within a year the Holbeck distribution centre had been closed down. The 1981 distribution centre was soon demolished, the 1952 building became derelict, and in December 2008 Temple Works suffered a structural failure. Holbeck was formerly a township , in 1866 Holbeck became
768-404: The socioeconomic process of gentrification , especially since the 1990s. The Dark Arches Granary Wharf is a mixed-use development that stands next to the brick tunnels beside the Leeds and Liverpool Canal , and the River Aire in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England. Leeds City railway station sits above the brick tunnels on Dark Neville Street. The tunnel complex is known locally as
800-569: The south side of the River Aire of which the Hol Beck is a tributary. It covers an area of about 553 acres. According to Simon Bradley, writing in 2016, The boundaries of Holbeck have moved over time, but my interviewees broadly agree on where it lies: bounded by Leeds City railway station and the River Aire to the North; the M621 to the south; the east perimeter follows Victoria Road, overlooked by Bridgewater Place (known locally as 'The Dalek');
832-442: The time . Although the arches appear to be part of one single structure, closer inspection reveals that it is a series of independent viaducts two or four tracks wide . The station is situated next to the terminus of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal , but as the station is raised high above ground level it is possible to gain access to the Dark Arches from the towpath . Developed in the 1990s and advertised as Leeds' best kept secret,
864-552: The west is defined by the A643 feeder road joining the M621 to Armley Gyratory. For the interviewees, the north and south boundaries are more debatable than the east and west. Confusingly, for example, Holbeck Cemetery , founded in the mid-1850s, is to the south of Holbeck, in Beeston . Over recent years efforts have been made to regenerate the Holbeck area. The most notable scheme is the Holbeck Urban Village , which
896-430: Was 4,470. Further slum clearance took place in the 1930s, and a workhouse, built by around 1870, was at this time converted into a hostel for the destitute, before being demolished in the 1970s and replaced with a school. Many of the industrial buildings and warehouses have been demolished or fallen into disrepair. Holbeck is nevertheless home to 33 listed buildings and many other important architectural structures. Some of
928-553: Was built during the century. It was notable because it was a two-tier station with a low line and a high line; the railway viaduct , built in 1869, was thought to be one of the engineering marvels of the Victorian age . In 1877, the Holbeck Working Men's Club opened, one of the first in the country. Holbeck has suffered significant decline since the 19th century; in 1921, its population was around 38,152, but in 2010
960-400: Was carried into Leeds for sale. The supply diminished when numerous wells were sunk to supply the mills and works in the area and the water, which previously rose to the surface, could only be obtained by pumping from a considerable depth. In the first half of the 19th century, Holbeck village was a hamlet of few streets. Most were owned by John Scholey (1774–1834) and are listed in his will at
992-616: Was demolished in 1836. The church of St. Matthew was built on common land next to the old burial-ground. It cost £3,786 and was a Commissioners' church built by the Parliamentary Commissioners and consecrated in 1832. It is built in the early English style. There were places of worship for Independents, Wesleyans and other denominations. Currently the groups that meet in Holbeck include the Holbeck Christian Fellowship and Mosaic Church, which
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1024-436: Was negotiating its relationship to American cities. Liberal Protestants’ missionary brand of urban renewal refocused attention away from the blight and structural obsolescence thought to be responsible for urban decay, and instead brought into focus the cultural pathologies they mapped onto black neighborhoods. The term inner city arose in this racial liberal context, providing a rhetorical and ideological tool for articulating
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