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116-557: Holloway was the father of four-star admiral and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral James L. Holloway III . As of 2019, they are the only father and son to both serve as four-star admirals in the United States Navy while on active duty, as opposed to being promoted to that rank posthumously or at retirement . Holloway was born on June 20, 1898, in Fort Smith, Arkansas , to future centenarian James Lemuel Holloway and

232-406: A Navy Commendation Ribbon with the following citation: "Holloway prevented the many enemy submarines in the area from delivering effective torpedo fire and, by his aggressive fighting spirit and courageous leadership, contributed materially to the winning of a decisive victory over the enemy." Having gained a reputation for "unusual capacity for imparting enthusiasm as well as for organization", he

348-497: A Gold Star in lieu of a second Legion of Merit, with the following citation: "With his vessel operating as flagship of several important striking and covering forces ... Holloway rendered distinguished service throughout the intensive actions and, by his brilliant leadership and outstanding skill, contributed materially to the extensive and costly damage inflicted on the enemy." Holloway operated his battleship with characteristic flair, recalled Rear Admiral Ralph Kirk James, who had been

464-462: A House Appropriations subcommittee whether it was Navy policy to promote personnel on discharge even if they had been discharged because of Communist affiliations, a charge Senator Joseph R. McCarthy had leveled against the Army, Holloway replied, "It is not. I am not saying that in criticism of anyone else...Sometimes, in the best of families, the right hand does not know what the left hand doeth. But it

580-694: A Selection Board in Washington at the time, promptly met with Chief of Naval Operations Arleigh A. Burke , who warned that a deployment order was imminent but that commitments in East Asia precluded any reinforcements from the Seventh Fleet . Retorted Holloway, "I don't need any help. I can take over all of the Lebanon if you say the word." As one of Burke's few remaining peers in the Navy, Holloway took

696-607: A commission in the regular Navy and free education at government expense that was provided to Naval Academy midshipmen, without requiring a hard-to-obtain Congressional appointment. In return for a three-year service commitment, The federal government paid for officer candidates to obtain undergraduate degrees at accredited institutions, commissioning them upon graduation into the Naval Reserve. Unlike previous reservists, NROTC graduates could transfer their commissions into

812-419: A graduation requirement. To compensate for the increased academic expectations, Holloway loosened the regulations restricting midshipman activities, allowing first classmen to own cars, go on leave every other weekend, store civilian clothing in dormitory rooms, and stay up until 11:00 PM every night. Some of these liberties were later revoked by Holloway's successor, Vice Admiral Harry W. Hill . The first class

928-425: A grey streak in his hair. "I can tell you the moment it was born: when Holloway pulled his high-speed throttle-jockey stunt on me." Despite being captain of the premier surface vessel in the U.S. Navy, Holloway recognized that naval aviation had become dominant. Soon after assuming command of Iowa , he wrote an urgent letter to his son, Lieutenant James L. Holloway III , who was following in his father's footsteps as

1044-615: A junior officer on a destroyer, to advise the young lieutenant to abandon his promising career in the surface Navy to become a naval aviator as soon as possible. "The war in the Pacific is being won by the carriers. The future of the U.S. Navy lies in naval aviation." Lieutenant Holloway promptly applied for flight training and went on to captain the nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise , the premier aviation vessel of its era. Promoted to rear admiral, Holloway reported as Commander, of Fleet Training Command, Pacific Fleet on 8 August 1945. He

1160-580: A link between fleet commanders and the General Board, Ship Movements coordinated the movement of Navy vessels and oversaw navy yard overhauls, Communications accounted for the Navy's developing radio network, Publicity conducted the Navy's public affairs, and the Materiel section coordinated the work of the naval bureaus. Numbering only 75 staffers in January 1917, OPNAV increased in size following

1276-595: A midshipman's first lesson must be a concern for enlisted men's welfare and that Annapolis of all places must set the example. Throughout his career, Holloway vigorously defended the Naval Academy's special role as the preeminent source of naval officers in the U.S. As chairman of the Holloway Board, Holloway helped fend off proposals to downgrade the importance of Annapolis by converting the Academy into

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1392-482: A military administrative authority under the secretary, whose purpose would be to initiate and direct the steps necessary to carry out the Department's policy, and to coordinate the work of the bureaus and direct their energies toward the effective preparation of the fleet for war. However, reorganization attempts were opposed by Congress due to fears of a Prussian-style general staff and inadvertently increasing

1508-777: A new service academy for the Air Force. In 1954, Holloway's loyalty to the Naval Academy landed him in professional trouble for the only time in his career. Testifying before a congressional committee in favor of the proposed creation of the United States Air Force Academy , Holloway declared that he was sick and tired of sending Naval Academy graduates to the Air Force and admitted that he did everything possible to prevent such "desertions." Called to account by an infuriated Deputy Secretary of Defense Roger M. Kyes , Holloway stood by his words. "What's wrong with that?" he demanded. "We don't want our boys going to

1624-474: A powerful, aggressive CNO sharing authority with the Navy secretary, Benson demonstrated personal loyalty to Secretary Daniels and subordinated himself to civilian control, yet maintained the CNO's autonomy where necessary. While alienating reformers like Sims and Fiske (who retired in 1916), Benson's conduct gave Daniels immense trust in his new CNO, and Benson was delegated greater resources and authority. Among

1740-404: A quick inspection tour of West Coast demobilization centers and concluded that the biggest problem was understaffing at the receiving facilities, which lacked the personnel to process the paperwork for the flood of returning servicemen. To alleviate this bottleneck, Holloway augmented the demobilization center staff with yeomen, disbursing clerks, and anyone else who could read a form. However, after

1856-609: A term of four years by the President, by and with the advice of the Senate, who, under the Secretary of the Navy, shall be responsible for the readiness of the Navy for war and be charged with its general direction. In contrast, Daniels' version, included in the final bill, emphasized the office's subordination to the Navy secretary, allowed for the selection of the CNO from officers of the rank of captain, and denied it authority over

1972-831: A trip to Europe as the 1918 armistice with Germany was signed. His stance that the United States remain equal to Great Britain in naval power was very useful to House and Wilson, enough for Wilson to insist Benson remain in Europe until after the Treaty of Versailles was signed in July 1919. Benson's tenure as CNO was slated to end on 10 May 1919, but this was delayed by the president at Secretary Daniels' insistence; Benson instead retired on 25 September 1919. Admiral Robert Coontz replaced Benson as CNO on 1 November 1919. The CNO's office faced no significant changes in authority during

2088-413: A two-year postgraduate school for students who had already completed at least three years of college, a plan that would double the number of officers that could be produced by halving the time spent at the Academy. The Holloway Board also rejected another proposal, popular among local politicians, to expand enrollment by establishing satellite Naval Academies in other coastal cities. "It was deemed wiser that

2204-420: A two-year tour aboard the battleship West Virginia , over the course of which he received several departmental commendations for "contribution to gunnery efficiency" and had under his command the highest scoring 16 in (410 mm) gun turret in the Navy, which set a record in target practice that remained unbroken for several years. From August 1928 to June 1930, Holloway was aide and flag lieutenant on

2320-407: A weaker relationship with President Franklin D. Roosevelt than Pratt enjoyed with Hoover. Often in direct conflict with Navy secretary Claude A. Swanson and assistant secretary Henry L. Roosevelt , Standley's hostility to the latter was described as "poisonous". Conversely, Standley successfully improved relations with Congress, streamlining communications between the Department of the Navy and

2436-563: Is Lisa Franchetti , who was sworn in on November 2, 2023. The chief of naval operations (CNO) is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the U.S. Navy unless the chairman and/or the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are naval officers. The CNO is nominated for appointment by the president, for a four-year term of office, and must be confirmed by the Senate . A requirement for being Chief of Naval Operations

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2552-627: Is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C.   § 8033 ) held by an admiral who is a military adviser and deputy to the secretary of the Navy . The CNO is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C.   § 151 ) and in this capacity, a military adviser to the National Security Council , the Homeland Security Council , the secretary of defense , and the president . Despite

2668-465: Is a statutory organization within the executive part of the Department of the Navy, and its purpose is to furnish professional assistance to the secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) and the CNO in carrying out their responsibilities. Under the authority of the CNO, the director of the Navy Staff ( DNS ) is responsible for day-to-day administration of the Navy Staff and coordination of the activities of

2784-400: Is a way that you can write in a precept a certain qualification that you want, and we can write it so strongly that they can't accept anybody but Rickover." So I wrote a precept for a board of six line [officers] and three EDOs and ... tied it up so that the qualification was such that only Rickover could qualify. Rickover was promoted to rear admiral by the next selection board in July. "This

2900-448: Is certainly not the policy in the Navy, and it is one we abjure." Holloway was an early ally of Rear Admiral Hyman G. Rickover , the controversial father of the Navy's nuclear propulsion program . To induce promising line officers to submit to the rigors of nuclear training, Rickover insisted that only nuclear-qualified officers be allowed to command a nuclear vessel. Holloway agreed with Rickover's concept and allowed Rickover to screen

3016-435: Is having significant experience in joint duty assignments, which includes at least one full tour of duty in a joint duty assignment as a flag officer. However, the president may waive those requirements if he determines that appointing the officer is necessary for the national interest. The chief can be reappointed to serve one additional term, but only during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress. By statute,

3132-457: Is the end of the selection system," mourned one of Holloway's friends. "No, it isn't," Holloway replied. "It isn't the end...because we've used a law to promote him...to make the will of the Secretary felt. When we're too hidebound and reactionary, there's room in the law for the Secretary to get his way. If you don't do that, you'd have a special law in Congress which would really be the end of

3248-497: The American entry into World War I , as it was deemed of great importance to manage the rapid mobilization of forces to fight in the war. By war's end, OPNAV employed over 1462 people. The CNO and OPNAV thus gained influence over Navy administration but at the expense of the Navy secretary and bureau chiefs. In 1918, Benson became a military advisor to Edward M. House , an advisor and confidant of President Wilson, joining him on

3364-589: The General Board holding only advisory powers. Critics of the lack of military command authority included Charles J. Bonaparte , Navy secretary from 1905 to 1906, then-Captain Reginald R. Belknap and future admiral William Sims . Rear Admiral George A. Converse , commander of the Bureau of Navigation (BuNav) from 1905 to 1906, reported: [W]ith each year that passes the need is painfully apparent for

3480-478: The Great Depression . Under Pratt, such a "treaty system" was needed to maintain a compliant peacetime navy. Pratt opposed centralized management of the Navy, and encouraged diversity of opinion between the offices of the Navy secretary, CNO and the Navy's General Board. To this effect, Pratt removed the CNO as an ex officio member of the General Board, concerned that the office's association with

3596-627: The Hashemite dynasty in Iraq was overthrown by a military coup d'état . Fearing that he would be next, Lebanese president Camille Chamoun appealed for American military aid within 48 hours to settle domestic unrest in his own country, invoking the Eisenhower Doctrine , which stated that the United States would intervene upon request to stabilize countries threatened by international communism . Holloway, who happened to be serving on

James L. Holloway Jr. - Misplaced Pages Continue

3712-569: The Korean War and Vietnam , the opportunities were so great on the outside that many of them left the service and became quite successful in their civilian careers." On January 15, 1947, Admiral James L. Holloway Jr. became the 35th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy , succeeding Vice Admiral Fitch. At 48, Holloway was the youngest superintendent in fifty years, having been handpicked by Secretary of

3828-718: The Sixth Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Charles R. Brown . In November 1957, the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructed Holloway to establish a specified command , the first in Eisenhower's defense reorganization program. In the event of an emergency in the Middle East, he was to transfer his flag from London to the Mediterranean as Commander in Chief, Specified Command, Middle East (CINCSPECOMME). On July 14, 1958,

3944-808: The United States Military Academy at West Point . Eisenhower believed the curricula of West Point and Annapolis should be as close to identical as possible and proposed a full-scale exchange program in which West Point cadets and Annapolis midshipmen would each spend their third year at the other service's academy. Holloway's bluntly phrased rejection drove a furious Eisenhower to complain to Chief of Naval Operations Chester W. Nimitz that Holloway considered his idea "the ultimate in ridiculousness." Colonel and President of Georgia Tech Blake R Van Leer later defended Holloway's plans for training and education for naval officers. President Harry S. Truman and Holloway would later appoint Van Leer to

4060-599: The flagship of BatDiv 6, Scouting Fleet, and operated with the Scouting Fleet over the next 3½ years. In 1931, it was redesignated as the "Scouting Force." At this time, it consisted of the remaining cruisers and destroyers that were not with the Battle Force and a "Training Squadron" of three old battleships and eight destroyers. This force operated exclusively in the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. In 1932,

4176-524: The Air Force. We teach them things we don't want used against us later." After completing his tour as superintendent in 1950, Holloway served 30 months as Commander, Battleship-Cruiser Force, Atlantic (COMBATCRULANT) before being promoted to vice admiral on February 2, 1953, and appointed chief of the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BuPers). He served as Chief of Naval Personnel from 1953 to 1957, longer than any other BuPers chief in 75 years. Charged by statute with

4292-538: The Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet as the Battle Force and Scouting Force , this would be the core structure of the United States Navy until the beginning of World War II . The Scouting Fleet (comprising battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, and aircraft squadrons) was organized to conduct reconnaissance in force, in order to enable the Battle Fleet in its task of engaging, defeating, and destroying

4408-666: The Board could hamper diversities of opinion between the former and counterparts within the offices of the Navy secretary and OPNAV. Pratt's vision of a less powerful CNO also clashed with Representative Carl Vinson of Georgia , chair of the House Naval Affairs Committee from 1931 to 1947, a proponent of centralizing power within OPNAV. Vinson deliberately delayed many of his planned reorganization proposals until Pratt's replacement by William H. Standley to avoid

4524-463: The CNO into the ship design process. Swanson's ill health and assistant secretary Henry Roosevelt's death on 22 February 1936 gave Leahy unprecedented influence. Leahy had private lunches with the President frequently; during his tenure as CNO, Roosevelt had 52 meetings with him, compared with 12 with his Army counterpart, General Malin Craig , none of which were private lunches. Leahy retired from

4640-549: The CNO is appointed as a four-star admiral . As per 10 U.S.C.   § 8035 , whenever there is a vacancy for the chief of naval operations or during the absence or disability of the chief of naval operations, and unless the president directs otherwise, the vice chief of naval operations performs the duties of the chief of naval operations until a successor is appointed or the absence or disability ceases. The CNO also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U.S.C.   § 8033 , such as presiding over

4756-573: The Fleet Training Office in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations, where he was serving at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . "We were busy as bird-dogs in those weeks following the attack. It's hard to describe just how much the workload moved up. We stopped all routine computation of training and competitive exercises that Fleet Training had been responsible for, and we went into expediting production and perfecting

James L. Holloway Jr. - Misplaced Pages Continue

4872-497: The Fleet competent seagoing vessels and thoroughly indoctrinated personnel. His conspicuous success in fulfilling this important assignment and his skill in collaboration with other commands have contributed vitally to the effective prosecution of the war." Holloway became director of training at the Bureau of Naval Personnel in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 1943, where he earned a second Commendation Ribbon for having "integrated

4988-468: The Holloway Board became known as the Holloway Plan, and it dramatically expanded the avenues by which officer candidates could enter the regular Navy. Described as one of the most attractive educational opportunities ever offered, the Holloway Plan broke the Naval Academy's monopoly as a source for naval officers by offering students at fifty-two colleges and universities the same opportunities for

5104-554: The Holloway Plan quickly became a popular and effective program, and within five years its major features had been copied by the Army and the Air Force . Early Holloway Plan alumni included future astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and future four-star admiral George E. R. Kinnear II . Forty years later, Holloway's son was responsible for interviewing the eminent lawyers, businessmen, and government officials who applied for membership in

5220-629: The Holloway Plan spent the summer of 1946 stagnating as draft legislation in the House Naval Affairs Committee . Finally, with only two months before colleges were scheduled to begin their autumn classes, Holloway made a pilgrimage to the Georgia farm of committee chairman Carl Vinson , and the bill was placed on the House Calendar the following week. It passed by unanimous vote and was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on August 13, 1946. During its early years, critics complained that

5336-434: The Holloway Plan was a waste of taxpayer money because many reservists enrolled in the program only for the free college education, and quit the Navy after serving the minimum three-year commitment. Holloway himself anticipated that NROTC graduates would be less committed to a naval career than Naval Academy graduates, given that "The Naval Academy is an undergraduate institution which no man should enter unless he wishes to make

5452-483: The Naval Academy and the quality of its midshipmen would plummet because the better officer candidates could opt for an easy commission at a civilian university that lacked the rigor of Naval Academy discipline. A popular Annapolis chant went: "Keep your car, keep your gal, keep your pay—be an officer the 'Holloway'!" Officers in the fleet quipped: "Did you get your commission the hard way or the Holloway?" Nevertheless,

5568-493: The Naval Academy as a midshipman in 1915. He graduated in June 1918 near the bottom of the accelerated class of 1919, ranked 149th out of 199, and later said he had avoided flunking out of the Academy only because his class graduated early due to World War I. "I knew I would have bilged in mechanics." Commissioned ensign on June 7, 1918, Holloway was assigned to the destroyer Monaghan , operating out of Brest, France , as part of

5684-414: The Naval Academy at Annapolis, with its history and traditions, be the single institution representing...the ultimate in personal and professional standards, and a principal binding force...in the Navy as a whole." In January 1947, less than two weeks after becoming Academy superintendent, Holloway rebuffed a proposal by Army Chief of Staff Dwight D. Eisenhower to essentially unify the Naval Academy with

5800-476: The Navy Forrestal to implement the academic changes suggested by the Holloway Board, which had recommended that the Naval Academy curriculum move away from rote recitation and continuous crams "to give a stronger emphasis to basic and general education, rendering more fundamental and less detailed instruction in strictly naval material and techniques." In his first year as superintendent, Holloway revised

5916-455: The Navy a life career." He was convinced that Annapolis remained the surer but tougher path to a successful Navy career, but argued that the Navy should not risk "putting all our eggs in one basket insofar as methods of initial [officer] procurement are concerned." Annapolis loyalists objected that if NROTC graduates were given the same career opportunities and chances for promotion as Naval Academy graduates, there would be no advantage to attending

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6032-495: The Navy on 1 August 1939 to become Governor of Puerto Rico , a month before the invasion of Poland . Number One Observatory Circle , located on the northeast grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, DC, was built in 1893 for its superintendent. The chief of naval operations liked the house so much that in 1923 he took over the house as his own official residence . It remained

6148-644: The Navy secretary. The aide for operations was deemed by Meyer to be the most important one, responsible for devoting "his entire attention and study to the operations of the fleet," and drafting orders for the movement of ships on the advice of the General Board and approval of the secretary in times of war or emergency. The successes of Meyer's first operations aide, Rear Admiral Richard Wainwright , factored into Meyer's decision to make his third operations aide, Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske his de facto principal advisor on 10 February 1913. Fiske retained his post under Meyer's successor, Josephus Daniels , becoming

6264-672: The Navy to prepare for World War II without breaking potential limits from future arms control conferences. The Act also granted the CNO "soft oversight power" of the naval bureaus which nominally lay with the secretary of the Navy, as Standley gradually inserted OPNAV into the ship design process. Under Standley, the "treaty system" created by Pratt was abandoned. Outgoing commander, Battle Force William D. Leahy succeeded Standley as CNO on 2 January 1937. Leahy's close personal friendship with President Roosevelt since his days as Navy assistant secretary , as well as good relationships with Representative Vinson and Secretary Swanson brought him to

6380-507: The Navy's fleet commanders. In the waning years of his tenure, Benson set regulations for officers on shore duty to have temporary assignments with the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to maintain cohesion between the higher-level staff and the fleet. Until 1916, the CNO's office was chronically understaffed. The formal establishment of the CNO's "general staff", the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV), originally called

6496-413: The Navy's general direction: There shall be a Chief of Naval Operations, who shall be an officer on the active list of the Navy appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from the officers of the line of the Navy not below the grade of Captain for a period of four years, who shall, under the direction of the Secretary, be charged with the operations of the fleet, and with

6612-514: The Navy. He abolished the policy of separate recruitment of black and white sailors that had tended to channel white recruits into mainstream branches but relegate black recruits to menial commissary and steward functions. "Keeps a taut ship," remarked contemporaries at the Pentagon, but also "keeps a tight lip," despite a reputation for florid speech and unusually lengthy prepared statements before Congressional committees. For example, when asked by

6728-560: The Office for Operations, was exacerbated by Eugene Hale's retirement from politics in 1911, and skepticism of whether the CNO's small staff could implement President Wilson's policy of "preparedness" without violating American neutrality in World War I. By June 1916, OPNAV was organized into eight divisions: Operations, Plans, Naval Districts; Regulations; Ship Movements; Communications; Publicity; and Materiel. Operations provided

6844-451: The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV), exercising supervision of Navy organizations , and other duties assigned by the secretary or higher lawful authority, or the CNO delegates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in OPNAV or in organizations below. Acting for the secretary of the Navy, the CNO also designates naval personnel and naval forces available to the commanders of unified combatant commands , subject to

6960-523: The Pacific returnees had been processed and discharged, they still had to be transported overland from their West Coast debarkation ports to their homes, the vast majority of which were located east of the Rocky Mountains . Holloway deputized subordinate Howard "Red" Yeager as director of rail transportation for the Navy, and Yeager worked with the Association of American Railroads to assemble

7076-665: The Pearl Harbor attack and on 20 May 1942, he assumed command of Destroyer Squadron Ten (Desron 10), a newly built and newly commissioned member of the Atlantic Fleet. Promoted to captain in June, in November he led Desron 10 in screening the landings at Casablanca during the opening stages of Operation Torch , the Allied invasion of North Africa. As one of three principal destroyer commanders in this operation, he received

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7192-611: The Scouting Fleet, (c) the Control Force, and (d) the Fleet Base Force. Under the general heading of "Forces Not Assigned to the United States Fleet" came six categories: (a) Asiatic Fleet; (b) Naval Forces, Europe; (c) Special Service Squadrons; (d) Submarine Divisions, Atlantic; (e) Submarine Divisions, Pacific; and (f) Naval District Forces. While there was a reorganization in 1930, and the renaming of

7308-594: The aides system promulgated under Meyer. Captain William S. Benson was promoted to the temporary rank of rear admiral and became the first CNO on 11 May 1915. He further assumed the rank of admiral after the passage of the 1916 Naval Appropriations Bill with Fiske's amendments, second only to Admiral of the Navy George Dewey and explicitly senior to the commanders-in-chief of the Atlantic, Pacific and Asiatic Fleets. Unlike Fiske, who had campaigned for

7424-489: The approval of the secretary of defense. The CNO is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as prescribed by 10 U.S.C.   § 151 and 10 U.S.C.   § 8033 . Like the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the CNO is an administrative position, with no operational command authority over the United States Navy forces. Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, individually or collectively, in their capacity as military advisers, shall provide advice to

7540-459: The authority of the CNO. Benson also revamped the structure of the naval districts , transferring authority for them from SECNAV to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations under the Operations, Plans, Naval Districts division. This enabled closer cooperation between naval district commanders and the uniformed leadership, who could more easily handle communications between the former and

7656-424: The battleship Florida , a tour that included duty as aide and flag lieutenant to Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett Jr. As the admiral's aide, Holloway visited Brazil , Argentina , and Uruguay when Florida carried Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby and his party on a diplomatic cruise to South American and Caribbean ports in 1920. In August 1921, Holloway was assigned to destroyer duty, briefly commanding

7772-409: The candidate pool from which BuPers would select officers for nuclear training. Rickover retained this absolute control over nuclear candidate selection until his retirement in 1982. In June 1953, Rickover faced mandatory retirement after being passed over by the rear admiral selection board, and Holloway was one of the few flag officers to push for his promotion. Well, they passed him over, and there

7888-530: The chairman to the president, NSC, or SECDEF. When performing her JCS duties, the CNO is responsible directly to the SECDEF, but keeps SECNAV fully informed of significant military operations affecting the duties and responsibilities of the SECNAV, unless SECDEF orders otherwise. In 1900, administrative and operational authority over the Navy was concentrated in the secretary of the Navy and bureau chiefs , with

8004-575: The curriculum to promote a balanced program of mutually supporting courses, including a newly expanded leadership course on human relations problems, for which half of the textbook was written by psychology experts from Johns Hopkins University and the other half by Holloway himself. He also procured modern equipment for the ordnance, gunnery, and marine engineering departments and instituted annual faculty symposia to "explore and confirm methods employed in both education and training." Midshipmen were thoroughly indoctrinated "in all aspects of naval aviation" as

8120-491: The deputy chiefs of naval operations, who report directly to the CNO. The office was previously known as the assistant vice chief of naval operations (AVCNO) until 1996, when CNO Jeremy Boorda ordered its redesignation to its current name. Previously held by a three-star vice admiral, the position became a civilian's billet in 2018. The present DNS is a Vice Admiral Michael Boyle, a former 3rd Fleet commander. († - died in office ) Scouting Force The Scouting Fleet

8236-664: The destroyer Wainwright before serving as executive officer of the destroyer McCormick until June 1922, when he was promoted to full lieutenant and assigned as executive officer of the destroyer Truxtun for two years of sea duty in the Far East with the Asiatic Fleet . Upon his return to the U.S. in July 1924, he served as an instructor at the Naval Academy in the Department of Ordnance and Gunnery from August 1924 to June 1926, under successive superintendents Henry B. Wilson and Louis M. Nulton . In 1926, Holloway began

8352-520: The destroyer force tasked with anti-submarine patrols against German U-boats in European waters. He made a poor impression almost immediately. "They never told me about the lack of space on destroyers. My baggage filled the whole wardroom. I was a very unpopular young officer for that." Nevertheless, he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) in September. In January 1919, Holloway was assigned to

8468-580: The exclusive Metropolitan Club of the City of Washington between 1988 and 1992. "I was truly amazed at the number of these prospective members who asked if I were any relation to the admiral who founded the Holloway Plan," recalled the younger Holloway, by then a famous admiral in his own right. "When I answered yes, they would tell me that they wouldn't be sitting there today if it weren't for the Holloway Plan....It had put them through college—schools like Princeton , Duke University , Caltech , and Stanford . After

8584-580: The fifth Chief of Naval Operations on 17 September 1930, after the resignation of Charles F. Hughes . He had previously served as assistant chief of naval operations under CNO Benson. A premier naval policymaker and supporter of arms control under the Washington Naval Treaty, Pratt, despite otherwise good relations, clashed with President Herbert Hoover over building up naval force strength to treaty levels, with Hoover favoring restrictions in spending due to financial difficulties caused by

8700-677: The first lieutenant of the Langley , helped me. This boy gave me an extra 200 gallons of paint every month. I made her look like a yacht." Holloway was transferred to the Navy Department in June 1935 for three years of duty with the Gunnery Section of the Fleet Training Division, then was navigator of the battleship Idaho from 1938 until July 1939, when he assumed command of the cargo ship Sirius and

8816-462: The forefront of potential candidates for the post. Unlike Standley, who tried to dominate the bureaus, Leahy preferred to let the bureau chiefs function autonomously as per convention, with the CNO acting as a primus inter pares . Leahy's views of the CNO's authority led to clashes with his predecessor; Standley even attempted to block Leahy from being assigned a fleet command in retaliation. Leahy, on his part, continued Standley's efforts to insert

8932-511: The former Mary George Leaming. In 1904, his family moved to Dallas , Texas, where he was a varsity football tackle and a member of the debate team at Oak Cliff High School , from which he graduated in 1915. Unable to secure an appointment to the United States Military Academy —his original ambition—Holloway instead passed the entrance examinations for the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland , and entered

9048-413: The full House Committee on Naval Affairs on 6 January. Fiske's younger supporters expected him to be named the first chief of naval operations, and his versions of the bill provided for the minimum rank of the officeholder to be a two-star rear admiral. There shall be a Chief of Naval Operations, who shall be an officer on the active list of the Navy not below the grade of Rear Admiral, appointed for

9164-489: The homecoming of favored constituents. When a member of the United States Senate brought in a friend to ask a favor, Holloway appealed to the senator's better nature: "I look to you, Senator, to help me maintain my probity." Said Holloway later, "No Congressman ever failed to react to such a plea." While directing the navy's demobilization, Holloway also chaired an influential board that laid the foundation for

9280-572: The interwar period, largely due to the Navy secretaries opting to keep executive authority within their own office. Innovations during this period included encouraging coordination in war planning process, and compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty while still keeping to the shipbuilding plan authorized by the Naval Act of 1916 . and implementing the concept of naval aviation into naval doctrine. William V. Pratt became

9396-476: The main body of an enemy fleet. While there were numerous interwar exercises, and other deployments, the Scouting Fleet was initially primarily deployed in the Atlantic ocean, with the Battle Fleet in the Pacific ocean. Established in 1922, the fleet consisted mainly of older battleships and initially operated in the Atlantic ocean. Returning from European waters on 21 October 1922, USS  Utah became

9512-408: The maintenance officer responsible for repair work on damaged ships at Manus when Iowa arrived at that base to fix shafting problems on 25 December 1944. "Jimmy Holloway was charging up the harbor with this big battleship, the biggest I'd seen, and I was getting more and more nervous." Alarmed, James warned Holloway to reduce his speed before entering the drydock. "'Oh no,' [Holloway] said ... He got

9628-593: The most prominent advocate for what would become the office of CNO. In 1914, Fiske, frustrated at Daniels' ambivalence towards his opinion that the Navy was unprepared for the possibility of entry into World War I , bypassed the secretary to collaborate with Representative Richmond P. Hobson , a retired Navy admiral, to draft legislation providing for the office of "a chief of naval operations". The preliminary proposal (passed off as Hobson's own to mask Fiske's involvement), in spite of Daniels' opposition, passed Hobson's subcommittee unanimously on 4 January 1915, and passed

9744-446: The naval armament of the United States within the limitation so agreed upon, except that such suspension shall not apply to vessels actually under construction on the date of the passage of this act. ” This effectively provided security for all Navy vessels under construction; even if new shipbuilding projects could not be initiated, shipbuilders with new classes under construction could not legally be obliged to cease operations, allowing

9860-558: The naval oversight committees by appointing the first naval legislative liaisons, the highest-ranked of which reported to the judge advocate general . Standley also worked with Representative Vinson to pass the Vinson-Trammell Act, considered by Standley to be his most important achievement as CNO. The Act authorized the President: “to suspend” construction of the ships authorized by the law “ as may be necessary to bring

9976-545: The necessary rolling stock from scratch. "I think they reached as low as the Toonerville trolley", Holloway recalled. Under Holloway's immediate direction, the task of demobilizing over three million men was completed by September 1, 1946. He won a Letter of Commendation for his skill as administrator and was officially praised for his skillful direction and supervision of the Navy's personnel demobilization plan. Holloway resisted pressure from various dignitaries to speed

10092-485: The opportunity to tease the CNO. "But I've already had another proposition....From some Britisher. He thinks, if there's action, I should go up and take the port of Tripoli to protect their oil installations there." The famously mercurial Burke cursed him out. Chief of Naval Operations The chief of naval operations ( CNO ) is the highest-ranking officer of the United States Navy . The position

10208-475: The organizational efforts initiated or recommended by Benson included an advisory council to coordinate high-level staff activities, composed of himself, the SECNAV and the bureau chiefs which "worked out to the great satisfaction" of Daniels and Benson; the reestablishment of the Joint Army and Navy Board in 1918 with Benson as its Navy member; and the consolidation of all matters of naval aviation under

10324-771: The performance of weapons." In the weeks following the attack, Holloway was one of three duty officers selected to stand the night watch at the Navy Department, alternating four-hour shifts with Captain Cato D. Glover Jr. and Commander Forrest P. Sherman . "One night, we got a report that there was a dirigible off New York. I put out an emergency on the whole East Coast." The supposed enemy airship turned out to be an off-course American blimp, but Holloway's superiors approved his decision anyway. "After what had happened at Pearl Harbor, we went to general quarters in case of doubt." Holloway had applied for immediate sea duty after

10440-635: The personnel section of the Army staff at the time. "We must follow the system set up and prescribed by law.” On October 26, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Holloway to succeed Admiral Walter F. Boone as Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (CINCNELM), Holloway assumed command in November 1957, and was promoted to full admiral on January 1, 1958. with additional duty as Commander, Subordinate Command U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMSCOMLANTFLT), and later as U.S. Commander Eastern Atlantic (USCOMEASTLANT). As CINCNELM, Holloway commanded all U.S. naval forces in Europe, including

10556-724: The postwar Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). Named for its chairman, the Holloway Board was charged with "the development of the proper form, system, and method of education of officers in the postwar United States Navy." Its members included Williams College president James P. Baxter III , Illinois Institute of Technology president Henry T. Heald , Cornell University provost Arthur S. Adams , Rear Admiral Felix L. Johnson, Rear Admiral Stuart H. Ingersoll , Captain Charles D. Wheelock, Captain John P. W. Vest, Commander Charles K. Duncan , and Commander Douglas M. Swift. The report of

10672-571: The powers of the Navy secretary, which risked infringing on legislative authority. Senator Eugene Hale , chairman of the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs , disliked reformers like Sims and persistently blocked attempts to bring such ideas to debate. To circumvent the opposition, George von Lengerke Meyer , Secretary of the Navy under William Howard Taft implemented a system of "aides" on 18 November 1909. These aides lacked command authority and instead served as principal advisors to

10788-468: The preparation and readiness of plans for its use in war. Fiske's " end-running " of Daniels eliminated any possibility of him being named the first CNO. Nevertheless, satisfied with the change he had helped enact, Fiske made a final contribution: elevating the statutory rank of the CNO to admiral with commensurate pay. The Senate passed the appropriations bill creating the CNO position and its accompanying office on 3 March 1915, simultaneously abolishing

10904-451: The president, the National Security Council (NSC), or the secretary of defense (SECDEF) on a particular matter when the president, the NSC, or SECDEF requests such advice. Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (other than the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ) may submit to the chairman advice or an opinion in disagreement with, or advice or an opinion in addition to, the advice presented by

11020-413: The regular Navy, allowing them to compete on the same basis as Naval Academy graduates. NROTC was intended to provide about half of the Navy's new officers every year, with the other half coming from the Naval Academy. There were two main tracks: the standard four-year course for line officers , and a seven-year Naval Aviation College Program (NACP) for naval aviators . Submitted to Congress for approval,

11136-601: The residence of the CNO until 1974, when Congress authorized its transformation to an official residence for the vice president . The chief of naval operations currently resides in Quarters A in the Washington Naval Yard . The chief of naval operations presides over the Navy Staff , formally known as the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations ( OPNAV ). The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations

11252-401: The same core academic curriculum at a single unified academy, as favored by the new Secretary of Defense , Louis Johnson , with Annapolis and West Point being reduced to specialized training campuses. To everyone's surprise, Holloway persuaded the other members to adopt the diametrically opposite recommendation that the existing service academy system be not only preserved but expanded by adding

11368-410: The selection and assignment of all naval personnel, his hiring philosophy was, "We should get the best people we can for these jobs and make them play over their heads." As Chief of Naval Personnel, Holloway managed a variety of personnel issues arising from the end of the Korean War , such as promotions for returned prisoners of war and improvement of housing facilities, as well as the desegregation of

11484-407: The selection system." Only a couple of weeks later, Congress proved Holloway's point by attaching a provision to the annual defense appropriations bill that promoted Brigadier General Robert S. Moore to major general, after the Army had refused to advance him through the normal system. "This sort of thing is what we must guard against," complained General Herbert B. Powell , Holloway's counterpart in

11600-418: The ship just about halfway into the dry dock when he ordered full speed astern. The Iowa shook like a damned destroyer and stopped just where she was supposed to be." Unfortunately, the backwash from the engine reversal swept away the drydock support blocks from underneath the ship, and James and his crew had to spend an extra three hours resetting the blocks before Iowa could dock. Afterward, James discovered

11716-583: The staff of Rear Admiral Harris Laning , chief of staff of the Battle Fleet and subsequently Commander Battleship Division Two. He remained Laning's aide for the first two years of the admiral's next assignment as President of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island , then had duty as assistant gunnery officer aboard the battleship Nevada from June 1932 – May 1933. In May 1933, he

11832-559: The time of his relief on 14 November, 99 destroyer escorts and 20 destroyers had already graduated from the program and 25 other ships were being trained. The shakedown period had been reduced from six to eight weeks of haphazard preparation to only four weeks for destroyer escorts and five weeks for destroyers, with vastly superior quality of training. For this success, Holloway was awarded the Legion of Merit , whose citation commended his having "built up an efficient organization, turning over to

11948-409: The title, the CNO does not have operational command authority over naval forces. The CNO is an administrative position based in the Pentagon , and exercises supervision of Navy organizations as the designee of the secretary of the Navy. Operational command of naval forces falls within the purview of the combatant commanders who report to the secretary of defense. The current chief of naval operations

12064-505: The training job, "where you are hitting your peak." Forrestal finally relented in late 1944 and released Holloway for duty in the Pacific theater. Holloway assumed command of the battleship Iowa , flagship of Battleship Division 7, in November 1944. Under his command, Iowa took part in attacks on Luzon later that month, shooting down many enemy aircraft, and participated in strikes on the Japanese homeland from March to July 1945. For commanding Iowa during these operations, he received

12180-418: The unnecessary delays that would otherwise have happened with Pratt. Pratt also enjoyed a good working relationship with Army chief of staff Douglas MacArthur , and negotiated several key agreements with him over coordinating their services' radio communications networks, mutual interests in coastal defense, and authority over Army and Navy aviation. William H. Standley , who succeeded Pratt in 1933, had

12296-517: The use of their equipment, in daylight and in darkness, against towed surface targets and "tame" submarines. Task force staff handled all repairs and logistics, freeing commanding officers to focus solely on training their crews. At first, Holloway's training program only covered destroyer escorts and a few gunboats, but his "Bermuda college" was so successful that it was expanded in September to encompass all newly built destroyers, and would eventually be extended to Canadian and British vessels as well. By

12412-513: The various programs into one efficient organization with the bureau the center of all policies and procedures. His able directorship and foresight contributed greatly to the successful expansion of the naval training program during this crucial year of war." Holloway's sheer efficiency in this role worked against him when his request for sea duty was rejected by Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal , who ruled that Holloway should continue in

12528-486: The visitor board and have him assist with creating programs and advising on the curriculum. In March 1949, Holloway was the junior member of the Stearns-Eisenhower Board, convened to consider the topic of educational unification among the services. Chaired by University of Colorado president Robert Stearns , the board was initially inclined to recommend that officer candidates from all services study

12644-475: Was a hell of a roar on the Hill. I talked to [Senator] Henry Jackson , whom I know very well, and he said, "Admiral, I know he's probably obnoxious to a lot of people, but that fellow's got a following." And I said, "I ... agree with you." So I went to Bob Anderson , the Secretary of the Navy, and I said, "There is machinery in the law which is very strict about the promotion and the Secretary can't dictate, but there

12760-528: Was again assigned as aide and flag lieutenant to now-Vice Admiral Laning, Commander Cruisers Scouting Force . He was promoted to lieutenant commander in June. In June 1934, Holloway began a year in command of the destroyer Hopkins , flagship of Commander, Destroyer Squadron Three in the Pacific Fleet . "I made a beauty out of the Hopkins . I brought her up in appearance and gunnery. A friend of mine,

12876-445: Was also delegated greater responsibility for student governance, and attempted to purge "flagrant violations of mature personal dignity" from midshipman hazing rituals, with mixed success. Despite his energetic reforms and personal popularity among the midshipmen, Holloway's three-year tour as superintendent ultimately was too brief to reverse the Naval Academy's entrenched cultural bias against academic achievement. A more durable legacy

12992-478: Was created in 1922 as part of a major, post- World War I reorganization of the United States Navy . The Atlantic and Pacific fleets, which comprised a significant portion of the ships in the United States Navy, were combined into a new entity, the United States Fleet . Defined as "the principal naval force of the United States," the new fleet was composed of four elements: (a) the Battle Fleet , (b)

13108-463: Was detached from that command less than two months later, on 26 September, to take charge of the Navy's troubled postwar demobilization . Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler , Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, informed Holloway that demobilization in the Pacific was "completely chaotic", and ordered Holloway to take charge of the effort with the hastily created title of Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Demobilization. Holloway immediately conducted

13224-556: Was promoted to the rank of full commander. In September 1939, Holloway became chief of staff to Rear Admiral Hayne Ellis, commander of the Atlantic Squadron , in which capacity Holloway directed the expansion and deployment of the Atlantic Squadron for Neutrality Patrol operations after the outbreak of World War II in Europe. In October 1940, Holloway was assigned as officer in charge of the gunnery section of

13340-698: Was relieved of the command of Desron 10 on 8 April 1943, to lead the new Destroyer and Destroyer Escort (DD-DE) Shakedown Task Force that was being organized at Bermuda to systematically work up newly built destroyers and destroyer escorts before they joined the Atlantic Fleet. Arriving at Bermuda on 13 April aboard the destroyer tender Hamul , Holloway quickly established an efficient arena for drilling untrained crews in operations at sea. When newly commissioned ships arrived at Bermuda, their officers and men debarked for training aboard Hamul and ashore while their vessels underwent inspection and repair by task force staff. Ships then returned to sea to practice tactics and

13456-480: Was the series of yawl races Holloway initiated to promote seamanship and competitive sailing, dubbed the Holloway trophy races after the award for the winning midshipman skipper. Holloway also addressed the dismal living conditions of the enlisted men based at the Academy by upgrading their quarters from trailer parks to a village of Wherry housing units on the north shore of the Severn River . He declared that

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