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117-407: The school was named after Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1809–1894), a well-known physician, poet and author from Cambridge , Massachusetts. His son, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , was a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court . Holmes was also a relative of one of the first American authors, Anne Bradstreet . His most renowned poem is " Old Ironsides ". One of his most popular works is The Autocrat of

234-518: A feeder school . Based on these criticisms, DMS was placed on "confidential probation" in 1956 by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Council on Medical Education. At the time of the probation, Dartmouth College had already anticipated the medical school's plight, amassing capital to fund a revitalization of the school. In 1956, the trustees of the college formally agreed to

351-435: A teaching assistant for a teacher, the office, or the library. The school is laid out in a fairly simple manner. There are bike racks for the students to put their bikes: one in the front of the school and one near the gym. There are six basketball courts to the west of the gym. The classrooms fit in around the basketball courts, the gym, the lunch eating areas and the quad. On most of the walls, there are banks of lockers. At

468-734: A "refounding" of the school's academic offerings, physical facilities, and faculty. S. Marsh Tenney, DMS class of 1944, was appointed to carry out this task. Tenney more than doubled the size of the faculty and the student body, added several new departments, and oversaw the construction of five new campus buildings by 1964. In the 1960s, due to a national shortage of physicians and government incentives for schools that increased their class sizes, Dartmouth Medical School graduates began to experience difficulty in trying to transfer to other medical schools to complete their final two years of medical school as other medical schools had increased their class size and could not accommodate transfer students. In

585-633: A book of the same name in 1858 and became his most enduring work, selling ten thousand copies in three days. Its sequel, The Professor at the Breakfast-Table , was released shortly after beginning in serialized installments in January 1859. Holmes's first novel, Elsie Venner , was published serially in the Atlantic beginning in December 1859. Originally entitled "The Professor's Story",

702-421: A disease which at the time was a significant cause of mortality of women after delivering children. Becoming interested in the subject, Holmes spent a year going through case reports and other medical literature on the subject to ascertain the cause and possible prevention of the condition. In 1843, he presented his research to the society, which he then published as a paper "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" in

819-514: A few months later. The Massachusetts Historical Society posthumously awarded Irving an honorary membership at a tribute held on December 15, 1859. At the ceremony, Holmes presented an account of his meeting with Irving and a list of medical symptoms he had observed, despite the taboo of discussing health publicly. About 1860, Holmes invented the "American stereoscope ", a 19th-century entertainment in which pictures were viewed in 3-D. He later wrote an explanation for its popularity, stating: "There

936-698: A fixture in the local medical scene by joining the Massachusetts Medical Society, the Boston Medical Society, and the Boston Society for Medical Improvement —an organization composed of young, Paris-trained doctors. He also gained a greater reputation after winning Harvard Medical School's prestigious Boylston Prize, for which he submitted a paper on the benefits of using the stethoscope , a device with which many American doctors were not familiar. In 1837, Holmes

1053-483: A group of students who gathered in order to smoke and talk. As a town student and the son of a minister, however, he was able to move between social groups. He also became a friend of Charles Chauncy Emerson (brother of Ralph Waldo Emerson ), who was a year older. During second year, Holmes was one of 20 students awarded the scholastic honor Deturs , which came with a copy of The Poems of James Graham, John Logan, and William Falconer . Despite his scholastic achievements,

1170-446: A large collection of evidence for this theory, including stories of doctors who had become ill and died after performing autopsies on patients who had likewise been infected. In concluding his case, he insisted that a physician in whose practice even one case of puerperal fever had occurred, had a moral obligation to purify his instruments, burn the clothing he had worn while assisting in the fatal delivery, and cease obstetric practice for

1287-478: A lawyer named Thomas Donaldson, had requested monetary donations from several authors to purchase a horse and buggy for Whitman who, in his old age, was becoming a shut-in. Exhausted and mourning the sudden death of his youngest son, Holmes began postponing his writing and social engagements. In late 1884, he embarked on a visit to Europe with his daughter Amelia. In Great Britain he met with writers such as Henry James , George du Maurier and Alfred Tennyson , and

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1404-567: A more serious tone than his previous lectures, he took great pains to reveal the false reasoning and misrepresentation of evidence that marked subjects such as "Astrology and Alchemy", his first lecture, and "Medical Delusions of the Past", his second. He deemed homeopathy , the subject of his third lecture, "the pretended science" that was a "mingled mass of perverse ingenuity, of tinsel erudition, of imbecile credulity, and of artful misrepresentation, too often mingled in practice". In 1842, he published

1521-630: A new introduction, in which Holmes directly addressed his opponents, he wrote: "I had rather rescue one mother from being poisoned by her attendant, than claim to have saved forty out of fifty patients to whom I had carried the disease." He added, "I beg to be heard in behalf of the women whose lives are at stake, until some stronger voice shall plead for them." A few years later, Ignaz Semmelweis would reach similar conclusions in Vienna, where his introduction of prophylaxis (handwashing in chlorine solution before assisting at delivery) would considerably lower

1638-440: A period of at least six months. Though it largely escaped notice when first published, Holmes eventually came under attack by two distinguished professors of obstetrics—Hugh L. Hodge and Charles D. Meigs —who adamantly denied his theory of contagion. In 1855, Holmes published a revised version of the essay in the form of a pamphlet under the new title Puerperal Fever as a Private Pestilence , and discussing additional cases. In

1755-469: A physician, professor, lecturer, inventor, and, although he never practiced it, he received formal training in law. Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts , Holmes was educated at Phillips Academy and Harvard College . After graduating from Harvard in 1829, he briefly studied law before turning to the medical profession. He began writing poetry at an early age; one of his most famous works, " Old Ironsides ",

1872-509: A population of 1.6 million. In addition to on-campus instruction in Hanover and Lebanon, third- and fourth-year students may choose from 75 regional sites for their clerkships. Most clerkship facilities are located in central New England , although students are also able to clerk at sites in Alaska , Arizona , California , New Mexico , and Florida . The Geisel School of Medicine offers

1989-559: A select private academy in the Cambridgeport settlement. One of his schoolmates was future critic and author Margaret Fuller , whose intellect Holmes admired. Holmes's father sent him to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts , at the age of 15. Abiel chose Phillips, which was known for its orthodox Calvinist teachings, because he hoped his eldest son would follow him into the ministry. Holmes had no interest in becoming

2106-540: A small book entitled Poetical Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery of Painting , which was a collection of satirical poems about the new art gallery in Boston. He was asked to provide an original work for his graduating class's commencement and wrote a "light and sarcastic" poem that met with great acclaim. Following graduation, Holmes intended to go into the legal profession, so he lived at home and studied at

2223-506: A theologian, however, and as a result he did not enjoy his single year at Andover. Although he achieved distinction as an elected member of the Social Fraternity, a literary club, he disliked the "bigoted, narrow-minded, uncivilized" attitudes of most of the school's teachers. One teacher in particular, however, noted his young student's talent for poetry, and suggested that he pursue it. Shortly after his sixteenth birthday, Holmes

2340-543: A wealthy family, and Holmes was named for his maternal grandfather, a judge. The first Wendell, Evert Jansen, left the Netherlands in 1640 and settled in Albany, New York . Also through his mother, Holmes was descended from Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet and his wife, Anne Bradstreet (daughter of Thomas Dudley ), the first published American poet. From a young age, Holmes was small and had asthma , but he

2457-604: Is designed to teach interpersonal and communications skills, professionalism, and other practical skills for a medical career. Admission to the MD program at the Geisel School of Medicine is highly selective. Geisel receives approximately 7,000 applications each year for about 92 places in the entering class. In 2021, the acceptance rate was 3.1%. In 2021, the Geisel School of Medicine ranked 45th in research and 24th in primary care by U.S. News & World Report . In 2021,

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2574-420: Is greeted by a mighty shout and stamp of applause. Then silence, and there begins a charming hour of description, analysis, anecdote, harmless pun, which clothes the dry bones with poetic imagery, enlivens a hard and fatiguing day with humor, and brightens to the tired listener the details for difficult though interesting study. On June 15, 1840, Holmes married Amelia Lee Jackson at King's Chapel in Boston. She

2691-494: Is one of the fireside poets , together with William Cullen Bryant , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and John Greenleaf Whittier . These poets—whose writing was characterized as family-friendly and conventional—were among the first Americans to build substantial popularity in Europe. Holmes in particular believed poetry had "the power of transfiguring the experiences and shows of life into an aspect which comes from

2808-555: Is seen with poems such as " The Chambered Nautilus " and " The Deacon's Masterpiece or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay", Holmes successfully concentrated his verse upon concrete objects with which he was long familiar, or had studied at length, such as the one-horse shay or a seashell . Some of his works also deal with his personal or family history; for example, the poem "Dorothy Q" is a portrait of his maternal great-grandmother. The poem combines pride, humor and tenderness in short rhyming couplets: O Damsel Dorothy! Dorothy Q.! Strange

2925-524: Is situated in the Upper Valley town of Hanover, New Hampshire , as well at the hospital campus of Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, New Hampshire . The medical school facilities at Dartmouth College sit in a complex on the north end of Dartmouth's campus and includes academic, administrative, research, and presentation facilities. Geisel School of Medicine is served by two libraries,

3042-539: Is split approximately evenly between men and women, while about 25 percent of the student body is made up of international or minority students. From an average class size of 75, over 60 undergraduate institutions and most of the U.S. states are represented. According to The Princeton Review , the small class size at Geisel helps to establish "a strong sense of community and collaborative spirit." The school offers dozens of community service , recreational, professional, and other student groups. As of November 2007,

3159-686: Is the gift that I owe to you; Such a gift as never a king Save to daughter or son might bring,— All my tenure of heart and hand, All my title to house and land; Mother and sister and child and wife And joy and sorrow and death and life! Holmes, an outspoken critic of over-sentimental Transcendentalist and Romantic poetry, often slipped into sentimentality when writing his occasional poetry, but would often balance such emotional excess with humor. Critic George Warren Arms believed Holmes's poetry to be provincial in nature, noting his "New England homeliness" and "Puritan familiarity with household detail" as proof. In his poetry, Holmes often connected

3276-549: Is ultimately administered by Dartmouth's president and Board of Trustees . As of the 2008–2009 academic year , the school operates on a budget of $ 237 million. Besides research conducted within the infrastructure of academic departments, research at Geisel is also organized around over a dozen research centers and institutes. The centers cover various medical subjects such as neuroscience , oncology ( Dartmouth Cancer Center ), psychiatry , and pediatrics . Funded research at Geisel School of Medicine amounted to $ 140 million during

3393-516: The American Philosophical Society in 1880. He retired from Harvard Medical School in 1882 after thirty-five years as a professor. After he gave his final lecture on November 28, the university made him professor emeritus. In 1884, Holmes published a book dedicated to the life and works of his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson. Later biographers would use Holmes's book as an outline for their own studies, but particularly useful

3510-435: The Atlantic , in which he proudly identified himself as an ardent Unionist. He wrote, "War has taught us, as nothing else could, what we can be and are" and inspiring even the upper class to have "courage ... big enough for the uniform which hangs so loosely about their slender figures." However, on July 4, 1863, Holmes wrote, "how idle it is to look for any other cause than slavery as having any material agency in dividing

3627-548: The Battle of Antietam . Amid the Civil War, Holmes's friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow began translating Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy . Beginning in 1864, Longfellow invited several friends to help at weekly meetings held on Wednesdays. Holmes was part of that group, which became known as the "Dante Club"; among its members were Longfellow, Lowell, William Dean Howells , and Charles Eliot Norton . The final translation

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3744-571: The Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 1812. Smith ultimately left Dartmouth in 1816, founding three additional schools of medicine at Yale University , Bowdoin College , and the University of Vermont . Smith's departure provided for a period of expansion, both among the faculty and the student body. Former students of Nathan Smith's replaced him on the faculty, drawing medical professionals in

3861-714: The Doctor of Medicine (MD) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees. The school has a student body of approximately 700 students and more than 2,300 faculty and researchers. Geisel organizes research through over a dozen research centers and institutes, attracting more than $ 140 million in grants annually, and is ranked as a top medical school by U.S. News & World Report for both primary care and biomedical research . Geisel has numerous clinical partners, including Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , White River Junction Veterans Administration Medical Center, California Pacific Medical Center , and Manchester Veterans Administration Medical Center. Dartmouth College's medical school

3978-635: The méthode expectante . Holmes was awarded his Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard in 1836; he wrote his dissertation on acute pericarditis . His first collection of poetry was published later that year, but Holmes, ready to begin his medical career, wrote it off as a one-time event. In the book's introduction, he mused: "Already engaged in other duties, it has been with some effort that I have found time to adjust my own mantle; and I now willingly retire to more quiet labors, which, if less exciting, are more certain to be acknowledged as useful and received with gratitude". After graduation, Holmes quickly became

4095-591: The 1830 pamphlet Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery of Paintings . In September of that same year, Holmes read a short article in the Boston Daily Advertiser about the renowned 18th-century frigate USS Constitution , which was to be dismantled by the Navy. Holmes was moved to write " Old Ironsides " in opposition to the ship's scrapping. The patriotic poem was published in the Advertiser

4212-490: The 2012–2013 academic year. The medical school publishes a magazine, Dartmouth Medicine . In addition, the school also publishes an innovative medical literary journal, Lifelines (literary journal) . The Geisel School of Medicine's enrollment as of October 2013 totaled 700 students: 360 M.D. candidates and 340 graduate students. In addition to the student body, over 350 resident physicians and research fellows were on campus as of July 2007 . The student population

4329-422: The Breakfast-Table was published in 1872. Written fifteen years after The Autocrat , this work's tone was mellower and more nostalgic than its predecessor; "As people grow older," Holmes wrote, "they come at length to live so much in memory that they often think with a kind of pleasure of losing their dearest possessions. Nothing can be so perfect while we possess it as it will seem when remembered". In 1876, at

4446-577: The Breakfast-Table . He also developed the popular model of the stereoscope . There is a variety of courses offered at HJHS varying from ceramics to computer sciences to assorted foreign languages. It also has the basic classes such as Math, English, and Science. The required courses throughout the three years are as shown below: General elective courses include Spanish, French, art, ceramics, yearbook, jazz band, choir, concert band, orchestra, industrial technology, leadership, computer science, robotics, multimedia, fashion and textiles, food science, or being

4563-689: The Dana Biomedical Library and the Matthews-Fuller Health Sciences Library, which together offer over 240,000 volumes. Off-campus housing is available through Dartmouth College. In addition, the Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center was completed in August 2011 at a cost of $ 92 million. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , in nearby Lebanon, New Hampshire , is the primary affiliated teaching hospital of

4680-506: The Geisel School of Medicine employs a staff of 2,315 faculty and researchers: 766 full-time faculty, 1,301 part-time faculty and non-faculty instructors, and 248 research positions. The ratio of full-time, on-site faculty to students is given by the school as 2:1. Notable current faculty include Stuart Gitlow , palliative care physician Ira Byock , former astronaut and Democratic politician Jay C. Buckey , psychoanalyst Peter A. Olsson , and Jay Dunlap, professor and chair of genetics at

4797-606: The Geisel School of Medicine. The 396-bed inpatient facility acts as the medical school's teaching hospital and main teaching site. Other constituent elements include the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Clinic (a network of physicians in Vermont and New Hampshire) and a Veterans Affairs Medical Center in White River Junction, Vermont . In total, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center serves an area with

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4914-567: The Harvard Law School (named Dane School at the time). By January 1830, however, he was disenchanted with legal studies. "I am sick at heart of this place and almost everything connected to it", he wrote. "I know not what the temple of law may be to those who have entered it, but to me it seems very cold and cheerless about the threshold." 1830 proved to be an important year for Holmes as a poet; while disappointed by his law studies, he began writing poetry for his own amusement. Before

5031-471: The Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME) granted the Geisel School of Medicine a full eight-year term of accreditation, the longest available. Similar to Dartmouth College, the Geisel School of Medicine operates on a quarter system . The school is directly managed by a Dean who is advised by a 22-member Board of Overseers. Part of the larger institution, the Geisel School of Medicine

5148-497: The MD degree, Geisel medical students participate in the following joint-degree programs at Dartmouth: The MD curriculum spans four years, combining required courses with electives. First-year students learn human anatomy and basic biomedical science in classes offered by the basic science departments, while beginning a two-year course of study in clinical studies . Second-year students study pathophysiology and take courses from almost every clinical and basic science department in

5265-595: The Nineteenth Century". Traveling throughout New England , he received anywhere from $ 40 to $ 100 per lecture, but he also published a great deal during this time, and the British edition of his Poems sold well abroad. As social attitudes began to change, however, Holmes often found himself publicly at odds with those he called the "moral bullies"; because of mounting criticisms from the press regarding Holmes's vocal anti-abolitionism, as well as his dislike of

5382-575: The Union in 1861 and the start of the Civil War , Holmes began publishing pieces—the first of which was the patriotic song "A Voice of the Loyal North"—in support of the Union cause. Although he had previously criticized the abolitionists, deeming them traitorous, his main concern was for the preservation of the Union. In September of that year, he published an article titled "Bread and Newspapers" in

5499-550: The United States . Holmes was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts , on August 29, 1809. His birthplace, a house just north of Harvard Yard , was said to have been the place where the Battle of Bunker Hill was planned. He was the first son of Abiel Holmes (1763–1837), minister of the First Congregational Church and avid historian, and Sarah Wendell, Abiel's second wife. Sarah was the daughter of

5616-458: The United States, it was founded in 1797 by New England physician Nathan Smith . It is one of the seven Ivy League medical schools . Several milestones in medical care and research have taken place at Dartmouth, including the introduction of stethoscopes to U.S. medical education (1838), the first clinical X-ray (1896), and the first multispecialty intensive care unit (ICU) in the United States (1955). The Geisel School of Medicine grants

5733-605: The abolitionists' habit of using "every form of language calculated to inflame", he felt that the movement was going too far. This lack of support dismayed friends like James Russell Lowell , who once told Holmes he should be more outspoken against slavery. Holmes calmly responded, "Let me try to improve and please my fellowmen after my own fashion at present." Nonetheless, Holmes believed that slavery could be ended peacefully and legally. Holmes lectured extensively from 1851 to 1856 on subjects such as "Medical Science as It Is or Has Been", "Lectures and Lecturing", and "English Poets of

5850-512: The age of seventy, Holmes published a biography of John Lothrop Motley, which was an extension of an earlier sketch he had written for the Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings. The following year he published a collection of his medical essays and Pages from an Old Volume of Life , a collection of various essays he had previously written for The Atlantic Monthly . He was elected as a member to

5967-557: The amount of lectures, and offer students extensive interactive experience with patients. 2009 saw the successful completion of a $ 250 million capital campaign. On April 4, 2012, the Dartmouth Medical School was renamed the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine in honor of their many years of generosity to the college. The Geisel School of Medicine has facilities on the campus of Dartmouth College , which

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6084-456: The autumn of 1830, he moved into a boardinghouse in Boston to attend the city's medical college. At that time, students studied only five subjects: medicine, anatomy and surgery, obstetrics , chemistry and materia medica . Holmes became a student of James Jackson , a physician and the father of a friend, and worked part-time as a chemist in the hospital dispensary. Dismayed by the "painful and repulsive aspects" of primitive medical treatment of

6201-591: The back of the school, there is an amphitheater, and near the basketball courts there is an outlying group of six or seven classrooms known as "Area 51". HJHS offers many sports programs such as cross country, volleyball, soccer, track and field, and basketball. Freshman students may take part in the same sports on the DHS teams, which also include field hockey, water polo, football, baseball, softball, cross country, and ski and snowboard teams. Like many other schools, Holmes has different clubs around campus. As students leave

6318-591: The circumference of trees on his property and kept track of the data, writing that he had "a most intense, passionate fondness for trees in general, and have had several romantic attachments to certain trees in particular". The high cost of maintaining their home in Pittsfield caused the Holmes family to sell it in May 1856. While serving as dean in 1850, Holmes became a witness for both the defense and prosecution during

6435-400: The clear sweetness and skylark thrill of his serious and sentimental compositions". In addition to the commemorative nature of much of Holmes's poetry, some pieces were written based on his observations of the world around him. This is the case with two of Holmes's best known and critically successful poems—"Old Ironsides" and "The Last Leaf"—which were published when he was a young adult. As

6552-469: The contagiousness of puerperal fever , were considered innovative for their time. He was often called upon to issue occasional poetry, or poems written specifically for an event, including many occasions at Harvard. Holmes also popularized several terms, including " Boston Brahmin " and anesthesia . He was the father of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , who would become a justice on the Supreme Court of

6669-399: The controversial idea that doctors were capable of carrying puerperal fever from patient to patient. Holmes retired from Harvard in 1882 and continued writing poetry, novels and essays until his death in 1894. Surrounded by Boston's literary elite—which included friends such as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and James Russell Lowell —Holmes made an indelible imprint on

6786-696: The country" and declared it as one of "its sins against a just God". Holmes also had a personal stake in the war: his oldest son, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., enlisted in the Army against his father's wishes in April 1861 and was injured three times in battle, including a gunshot wound in his chest at the Battle of Ball's Bluff in October 1861. Holmes published in The Atlantic Monthly an account of his search for his son after hearing news of his injury at

6903-531: The dearth of medical professionals in the rural Connecticut River Upper Valley area, Smith petitioned the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College in August 1796 to fund the establishment of a medical school to train more physicians for the region. Though Dartmouth College as a whole was financially strapped, the Board approved the request, and Smith began lecturing on November 22, 1797. For much of its early life,

7020-410: The education and evaluation of blacks but do decidedly remonstrate against their presence in College with us." Sixty students signed the resolution, although 48 students signed another resolution which noted it would be "a far greater evil, if, in the present state of public feeling, a medical college in Boston could refuse to this unfortunate class any privileges of education, which it is in the power of

7137-482: The end of the year, he had produced over fifty poems, contributing twenty-five of them (all unsigned) to The Collegian , a short-lived publication started by friends from Harvard. Four of these poems would ultimately become among his best-known: "The Dorchester Giant", "Reflections of a Proud Pedestrian", "Evening / By a Tailor" and "The Height of the Ridiculous". Nine more of his poems were published anonymously in

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7254-420: The essay " Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions " in which he again denounced the practice. In 1846, Holmes coined the word anaesthesia . In a letter to dentist William T. G. Morton , the first practitioner to publicly demonstrate the use of ether during surgery, he wrote: Everybody wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to

7371-479: The establishment of Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital in 1893, built to replace Crosby's defunct hospital. In 1908, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching conducted a survey of medical education institutions in the United States. At the time, the discipline emphasized "bedside teaching" and providing students experience with a broad variety of illnesses and patients. The school's rural location

7488-534: The faculty of Dartmouth Medical School from 1838 to 1840, where he was appointed professor of anatomy and physiology. For fourteen weeks each fall, during these years, he traveled to Hanover, New Hampshire , to lecture. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1838. After Holmes resigned his professorship at Dartmouth, he composed a series of three lectures dedicated to exposing medical fallacies, or "quackeries". Adopting

7605-550: The final two years of clinical coursework at Brown. The program balanced Dartmouth's greater basic science facilities than Brown, but fewer clinical facilities than available at the urban setting of Brown, which is located in Providence, Rhode Island. Graduates of the program received M.D. degrees from Brown. The program was discontinued in 2010. In 1991, the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center

7722-558: The following year after a brief malady. Despite his weakening eyesight and a fear that he was becoming antiquated, Holmes continued to find solace in writing. He published Over the Teacups , the last of his table-talk books, in 1891. Towards the end of his life, Holmes noted that he had outlived most of his friends, including Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. As he said, "I feel like my own survivor ... We were on deck together as we began

7839-497: The four-year Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree and the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in certain fields. There are six PhD programs based in the Geisel School of Medicine: pharmacology and toxicology , molecular and cell biology , immunology , molecular pathogenesis , systems biology , and experimental and molecular medicine . Research and teaching positions at the Geisel School of Medicine and its centers and institutes are available to PhD candidates. In addition to

7956-615: The growing temperance movement , he chose to discontinue his lecturing and return home. In 1856, the Atlantic or Saturday Club was created to launch and support The Atlantic Monthly . This new magazine was edited by Holmes's friend James Russell Lowell, and articles were contributed by the New England literary elite such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , John Lothrop Motley and J. Elliot Cabot. Holmes not only provided its name, but also wrote various pieces for

8073-473: The imagination and kindles that of others". Due to his immense popularity during his lifetime, Holmes was often called upon to produce commemorative poetry for specific occasions , including memorials, anniversaries and birthdays. Referring to this demand for his attention, he once wrote that he was "a florist in verse, and what would people say / If I came to a banquet without my bouquet?" As critic Hyatt Waggoner noted, however, "very little ... survives

8190-429: The ineffectiveness of bloodletting, which had been a mainstay of medical practice since antiquity. Louis was one of the fathers of the méthode expectante , a therapeutic doctrine that states the physician's role is to do everything possible to aid nature in the process of disease recovery, and to do nothing to hinder this natural process. Upon his return to Boston, Holmes became one of the country's leading proponents of

8307-464: The intoxicating pleasure of authorship" but compared such contentment to a sickness, saying: "there is no form of lead-poisoning which more rapidly and thoroughly pervades the blood and bones and marrow than that which reaches the young author through mental contact with type metal". Having given up on the study of law, Holmes switched to medicine. After leaving his childhood home in Cambridge during

8424-402: The journal throughout the years. For the magazine's first issue, Holmes produced a new version of two of his earlier essays, "The Autocrat at the Breakfast-Table". Based upon fictionalized breakfast table talk and including poetry, stories, jokes and songs, the work was favored by readers and critics alike and it secured the initial success of The Atlantic Monthly . The essays were collected as

8541-548: The lectures were taught entirely in French, he engaged a private language tutor. Although far from home, he stayed connected to his family and friends through letters and visitors (such as Ralph Waldo Emerson). He quickly acclimated to his new surroundings. While writing to his father, he stated, "I love to talk French, to eat French, to drink French every now and then." At the hospital of La Pitié, he studied under internal pathologist Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis , who demonstrated

8658-443: The literary world of the 19th century. Many of his works were published in The Atlantic Monthly , a magazine that he named. For his literary achievements and other accomplishments, he was awarded numerous honorary degrees from universities around the world. Holmes's writing often commemorated his native Boston area, and much of it was meant to be humorous or conversational. Some of his medical writings, notably his 1843 essay regarding

8775-429: The meantime, Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital had grown to be a 400-bed medical center, and Dartmouth Medical School had established a partnership with a 224-bed Veterans Administration Hospital in White River Junction, Vermont . The Doctor of Medicine program, now possible with the expanded local medical centers, was reinstated by a vote of the trustees in 1968. The admission of M.D. candidates resumed in 1970. Initially,

8892-410: The medical school curriculum was three years in length, unlike most medical schools, but it later was increased to the usual four years in 1979. A cooperative program with Brown Medical School began in 1981 where students received training at both medical schools. Fifteen to twenty students were selected for the program, which combined the first two years of basic science coursework at Dartmouth with

9009-649: The money to build a summer house in Pittsfield, Massachusetts . Beginning in July 1849, the family spent "seven blessed summers" there. Having recently given up his private medical practice, Holmes was able to socialize with other literary figures who spent time in The Berkshires ; in August 1850, for example, Holmes spent time with Evert Augustus Duyckinck , Cornelius Mathews , Herman Melville , James T. Fields and Nathaniel Hawthorne . Holmes enjoyed measuring

9126-472: The mortality rate of women who had puerperal fever. Holmes called Pasteur "one of the truest benefactors of his race". After returning to the United States, Holmes published a travelogue, Our One Hundred Days in Europe . In June 1886, Holmes received an honorary degree from Yale University Law School. His wife of more than forty years, who had struggled with an illness that had kept her an invalid for months, died on February 6, 1888. The younger Amelia died

9243-467: The northeast such as Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. to join them. The first hospital at the school was founded by DMS alumnus Dixi Crosby in 1838, who used it to integrate academic instruction with hands-on patient care. In 1870, Carlton Pennington Frost, DMS '57, replaced Crosby as Dean of the school. Under Frost, the curriculum sustained another revamping, this time into a four-year program that included clinical and academic training. Frost also presided over

9360-513: The notorious Parkman–Webster murder case . Both George Parkman (the victim), a local physician and wealthy benefactor, and John Webster (the assailant) were graduates of Harvard, and Webster was professor of chemistry at the Medical School during the time of the highly publicized murder. Webster was convicted and hanged. Holmes dedicated his November 1850 introductory lecture at the Medical School to Parkman's memory. The same year, Holmes

9477-546: The novel is about a neurotic young woman whose mother was bitten by a rattlesnake while pregnant, making her daughter's personality half-woman, half-snake. The novel drew a wide range of comments, including praise from John Greenleaf Whittier and condemnation from church papers, which claimed the work a product of heresy. Also in December 1859, Holmes sent medication to the ailing writer Washington Irving after visiting him at his Sunnyside home in New York; Irving died only

9594-486: The occasions that produced it". Holmes became known as a poet who expressed the benefits of loyalty and trust at serious gatherings, as well as one who showed wit at festivities and celebrations. Edwin Percy Whipple for one considered Holmes to be "a poet of sentiment and passion. Those who know him only as a comic lyricist, as the libellous laureate of chirping follow and presumptuous egotism, would be surprised at

9711-474: The poem one of the finest works in the English language. Years later, Abraham Lincoln would also become a fan of the poem; William Herndon , Lincoln's law partner and biographer, wrote in 1867: "I have heard Lincoln recite it, praise it, laud it, and swear by it". Although he experienced early literary success, Holmes did not consider turning to a literary profession. Later he would write that he had "tasted

9828-404: The profession to bestow". In response, Holmes told the black students they would not be able to continue after that semester. A faculty meeting directed Holmes to write that "the intermixing of races is distasteful to a large portion of the class, & injurious to the interests of the school". Despite his support of education for blacks, he was not an abolitionist ; against what he considered

9945-537: The puerperal mortality rate, and the then-controversial work is now considered a landmark in germ theory of disease. In 1847, Holmes was hired as Parkman Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Harvard Medical School , where he served as dean until 1853 and taught until 1882. Soon after his appointment, Holmes was criticized by the all-male student body for considering granting admission to a woman named Harriot Kezia Hunt . Facing opposition from not only students but also university overseers and other faculty members, she

10062-850: The school and new ones join, the clubs change, as the majority of them are created by students, and advertised to the school during Club Rush, an annual school event. Some of these include the Associated Student Body ( ASB ), the Homework Club, Math Club, Art Club, GSA , Honor Society, Latino Club, Science Club, Chess Club (coming soon), Sign Club, and the International Language Club. 38°33′24″N 121°44′11″W  /  38.5566°N 121.7364°W  / 38.5566; -121.7364 Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. ( / h oʊ m z / ; August 29, 1809 – October 7, 1894)

10179-426: The school consisted only of Nathan Smith and a small class of students, operating in borrowed space at Dartmouth College. Students of Smith were educated as apprentices , and received a Bachelor of Medicine degree upon graduation. Like Dartmouth College as a whole, the medical school had continual funding shortages. As time passed, however, the popularity of both the medical instruction and the basic sciences taught at

10296-416: The school drew undergraduates and training physicians alike. Soliciting funds from the state of New Hampshire , Smith was able to obtain medical equipment and, by 1811, a dedicated physical plant for the school. Smith acted as the sole administrator and instructor of the medical school until 1810 when a second faculty member was hired. Smith also revamped the curriculum, allowing the school to begin offering

10413-417: The school's problems by driving away talented faculty members. After World War II , the tide of the medical discipline had shifted towards research. Although the school was well regarded for preparing students for clinical education at other institutions, its faculty was criticized for its apparent disinterest in research. The school was also criticized for using Dartmouth College 's undergraduate program as

10530-404: The school. In their third year, students are required to participate in six eight-week medical clerkships with area medical institutions, covering both ambulatory clinics and hospitals . The final year is spent on additional clerkships, the designation of an area of focus, and preparation for a post-graduation residency . In addition to imparting medical and clinical knowledge, the MD program

10647-478: The short-lived publication New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery . The essay argued—contrary to popular belief at the time, which predated germ theory of disease —that the cause of puerperal fever, a deadly infection contracted by women during or shortly after childbirth, stems from patient-to-patient contact via their physicians. He believed that bed sheets, washcloths and articles of clothing were of particular concern in this regard. Holmes gathered

10764-416: The state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called "Anaesthesia." This signifies insensibility—more particularly ... to objects of touch. Holmes predicted his new term "will be repeated by the tongues of every civilized race of mankind." In 1842 Holmes attended a lecture by Walter Channing to the Boston Society for Medical Improvement about puerperal fever , or "childbed fever",

10881-554: The theme of nature to human relations and social teachings; poems such as "The Ploughman" and "The New Eden", which were delivered in commemoration of Pittsfield's scenic countryside, were even quoted in the 1863 edition of the Old Farmer's Almanac . Dartmouth Medical School The Geisel School of Medicine is the medical school of Dartmouth College located in Hanover, New Hampshire . The fourth oldest medical school in

10998-663: The time—which included practices such as bloodletting and blistering—Holmes responded favorably to his mentor's teachings, which emphasized close observation of the patient and humane approaches. Despite his lack of free time, he was able to continue writing. He wrote two essays during this time which detailed life as seen from his boardinghouse's breakfast table. These essays, which would evolve into one of Holmes's most popular works, were published in November 1831 and February 1832 in The New-England Magazine under

11115-402: The title "The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table". In 1833, Holmes traveled to Paris to further his medical studies. Recent and radical reorganization of the city's hospital system had made medical training there highly advanced for the time. At twenty-three years old, Holmes was one of the first Americans trained in the new "clinical" method being advanced at the famed École de Médecine . Since

11232-401: The use of microscopes, and supervised dissections of cadavers. He often criticized traditional medical practices and once quipped that if all contemporary medicine was tossed into the sea "it would be all the better for mankind—and all the worse for the fishes". For the next ten years, he maintained a small and irregular private medical practice, but spent much of his time teaching. He served on

11349-414: The very next day and was soon printed by papers in New York, Philadelphia and Washington. It not only brought the author immediate national attention, but the three-stanza poem also generated so much public sentiment that the historic ship was preserved, though plans to do so may have already been in motion. During the rest of the year, Holmes published only five more poems. His last major poem that year

11466-607: The voyage of life ... Then the craft which held us began going to pieces." His last public appearance was at a reception for the National Education Association in Boston on February 23, 1893, where he presented the poem "To the Teachers of America". A month later, Holmes wrote to Harvard president Charles William Eliot that the university should consider adopting the honorary doctor of letters degree and offer one to Samuel Francis Smith , though one

11583-417: The young Holmes began to compose and recite his own verse. His first recorded poem, which was copied down by his father, was written when he was 13. Although a talented student, the young Holmes was often admonished by his teachers for his talkative nature and habit of reading stories during school hours. He studied under Dame Prentiss and William Bigelow before enrolling in what was called the "Port School",

11700-562: The young scholar admitted to a schoolmate from Andover that he did not "study as hard as I ought to'. He did, however, excel in languages and took classes in French, Italian and Spanish. Holmes's academic interests and hobbies were divided among law, medicine, and writing. He was elected to the Hasty Pudding , where he served as Poet and Secretary, and to the Phi Beta Kappa honor society. With two friends, he collaborated on

11817-505: Was "The Last Leaf", which was inspired in part by a local man named Thomas Melvill , "the last of the cocked hats" and one of the "Indians" from the 1774 Boston Tea Party . Holmes would later write that Melvill had reminded him of "a withered leaf which has held to its stem through the storms of autumn and winter, and finds itself still clinging to its bough while the new growths of spring are bursting their buds and spreading their foliage all around it." Literary critic Edgar Allan Poe called

11934-508: Was accepted by Harvard College . As a member of Harvard's class of 1829, Holmes lived at home for the first few years of his college career rather than in the dormitories. Since he measured only "five feet three inches when standing in a pair of substantial boots", the young student had no interest in joining a sports team or the Harvard Washington Corps. Instead, he allied himself with the "Aristocrats" or "Puffmaniacs",

12051-408: Was an American physician, poet, and polymath based in Boston. Grouped among the fireside poets , he was acclaimed by his peers as one of the best writers of the day. His most famous prose works are the "Breakfast-Table" series, which began with The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858). He was also an important medical reformer. In addition to his work as an author and poet, Holmes also served as

12168-631: Was appointed to the Boston Dispensary , where he was shocked by the poor hygienic conditions. That year he competed for and won both of the Boylston essay prizes. Wishing to concentrate on research and teaching, he, along with three of his peers, established the Tremont Medical School—which would later merge with Harvard Medical School —above an apothecary shop at 35 Tremont Row in Boston. There, he lectured on pathology, taught

12285-478: Was approached by Martin Delany , an African-American man who had worked with Frederick Douglass . The 38-year-old requested admission to Harvard after having been previously rejected by four schools despite impressive credentials. In a controversial move, Holmes admitted Delany and two other black men to the Medical School. Their admission sparked a student statement, which read: "Resolved That we have no objection to

12402-527: Was asked to withdraw her application. Harvard Medical School would not admit a woman until 1945. Holmes's training in Paris led him to teach his students the importance of anatomico-pathological basis of disease, and that "no doctrine of prayer or special providence is to be his excuse for not looking straight at secondary causes." Students were fond of Holmes, to whom they referred as "Uncle Oliver". One teaching assistant recalled: He enters [the classroom] and

12519-418: Was awarded a Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Cambridge , a Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Edinburgh , and a third honorary degree from the University of Oxford . Holmes and Amelia then visited Paris, a place that had significantly influenced him in his earlier years. He met with chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur , whose previous studies in germ theory had helped reduce

12636-453: Was deemed too remote for proper clinical training, and the school was advised to stop offering the Doctor of Medicine degree and only provide pre-clinical instruction. The class of 1914 was the last (until 1974) to receive the Doctor of Medicine degree; subsequent classes of students attended DMS for two years before transferring to other medical schools. The drop of clinical instruction worsened

12753-495: Was established on a 225-acre (0.91 km ) campus in Lebanon, New Hampshire . The three-year project, completed at the cost of $ 228 million, served as a replacement for the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital, which was partially demolished in the early 1990s. A new curriculum was introduced in 1996 entitled "New Directions." The curriculum, still in place today, seeks to promote small classes, reduce

12870-410: Was founded in 1797 as the fourth medical school in the United States, following the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (1765), the medical school of King's College (now Columbia University ) (1767), and Harvard Medical School (1782). The founder was Nathan Smith , a Harvard University and University of Edinburgh Medical School educated physician from Cornish, New Hampshire . Noting

12987-498: Was known for his precociousness. When he was eight, he took his five-year-old brother, John, to witness the last hanging in Cambridge's Gallows Lot and was subsequently scolded by his parents. He also enjoyed exploring his father's library, writing later in life that "it was very largely theological, so that I was walled in by solemn folios making the shelves bend under the load of sacred learning." After being exposed to poets such as John Dryden , Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith ,

13104-516: Was never issued. Holmes died quietly after falling asleep in the afternoon of Sunday, October 7, 1894. As his son Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wrote, "His death was as peaceful as one could wish for those one loves. He simply ceased to breathe." Holmes's memorial service was held at King's Chapel and overseen by Edward Everett Hale . Holmes was buried alongside his wife in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Holmes

13221-408: Was not any wholly new principle involved in its construction, but, it proved so much more convenient than any hand-instrument in use, that it gradually drove them all out of the field, in great measure, at least so far as the Boston market was concerned." Rather than patenting the hand stereopticon and profiting from its success, Holmes gave the idea away. Soon after South Carolina 's secession from

13338-536: Was published in 1830 and was influential in the eventual preservation of the USS Constitution . Following training at the prestigious medical schools of Paris, Holmes was granted his Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard Medical School in 1836. He taught at Dartmouth Medical School before returning to teach at Harvard and, for a time, served as dean there. During his long professorship, he became an advocate for various medical reforms and notably posited

13455-565: Was published in three volumes in the spring of 1867. American novelist Matthew Pearl has fictionalized their efforts in The Dante Club (2003). The same year the Dante translation was published, Holmes's second novel, The Guardian Angel , began appearing serially in the Atlantic . It was published in book form in November, though its sales were half that of Elsie Venner . Holmes's fame continued through his later years. The Poet at

13572-695: Was the daughter of the Hon. Charles Jackson , formerly Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , and the niece of James Jackson, the physician with whom Holmes had studied. Judge Jackson gave the couple a house at 8 Montgomery Place, which would be their home for eighteen years. They had three children: Civil War officer and American jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841–1935), Amelia Jackson Holmes (1843–1889), and Edward Jackson Holmes (1846–1884). Amelia Holmes inherited $ 2,000 in 1848, and she and her husband used

13689-473: Was the section dedicated to Emerson's poetry, into which Holmes had particular insight. Beginning in January 1885, Holmes's third and last novel, A Mortal Antipathy , was published serially in The Atlantic Monthly . Later that year, Holmes contributed $ 10 to Walt Whitman , though he did not approve of his poetry, and convinced friend John Greenleaf Whittier to do the same. A friend of Whitman,

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