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84-524: Gigabit Home Networking (G.hn) is a specification for wired home networking that supports speeds up to 2 Gbit/s and operates over four types of legacy wires: telephone wiring , coaxial cables , power lines and plastic optical fiber . Some benefits of a multi-wire standard are lower equipment development costs and lower deployment costs for service providers (by allowing customer self-install). G.hn offers enhanced immunity to power line disturbances compared to other connection technologies. It serves as

168-550: A digital subscriber line technology. A firewall is a network device for controlling network security and access rules. Firewalls are typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in cyber attacks . The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies: point-to-point, bus, star, ring or circular, mesh, tree, hybrid, or daisy chain. The simplest topology with

252-794: A local area network (LAN) for the local devices with IP addresses reserved for private networks . A network router is configured with the provider's IP address on the WAN interface, which is shared among all devices in the LAN by network address translation . Certain devices on a home network are primarily concerned with enabling or supporting the communications of the kinds of end devices home-dwellers more directly interact with. Unlike their data center counterparts, these "networking" devices are compact and passively cooled, aiming to be as hands-off and non-obtrusive as possible: Home networks can use either wired or wireless technologies to connect endpoints. Wireless

336-474: A bridge, connecting older systems prevalent in industrial settings with modern technologies that can revolutionize operations. While many machines and devices have transitioned to wireless, wired legacy systems remain integral for communication in industrial contexts. In the industrial realm, swift and dependable connectivity is crucial for seamless machine-to-machine interactions. Absence of this can lead to operational halts or reduced service quality. G.hn stands as

420-505: A broad spectrum of industrial scenarios. The ITU-T endorsed G.hn technology stands out as today's most adaptable and dependable network backhaul for multi-gigabit connectivity, spanning from residential and business applications to industrial and smart grid scenarios. G.hn is consistently advancing across various media, including coax, copper pairs, powerlines, and plastic optical fibers, as well as LiFi communication systems using visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared spectrums. This supports

504-425: A compliance and interoperability testing program for products using G.hn technology. The Broadband Forum will support HomeGrid Forum's validation of G.hn products, their promotion of product conformance and interoperability, and help expedite the total time to market for HomeGrid Forum Certified products. In May 2011, both organizations jointly announced the first open G.hn plugfest. ITU G.9970 (also known as G.hnta)

588-470: A computer to the HomeGroup. The wireless signal strength of the standard residential wireless router may not be powerful enough to cover the entire house or may not be able to get through to all floors of multiple floor residences. In such situations, the installation of one or more wireless repeaters may be necessary. Wi-Fi often extends beyond the boundaries of a home and can create coverage where it

672-501: A dedicated link between two endpoints. Easiest to understand, of the variations of point-to-point topology, is a point-to-point communication channel that appears, to the user, to be permanently associated with the two endpoints. A child's tin can telephone is one example of a physical dedicated channel. Using circuit-switching or packet-switching technologies, a point-to-point circuit can be set up dynamically and dropped when no longer needed. Switched point-to-point topologies are

756-478: A higher power level, to the other side of an obstruction possibly using a different transmission medium, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. Commercial repeaters have extended RS-232 segments from 15 meters to over a kilometer. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. With fiber optics, repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart. Repeaters work within

840-406: A linear bus network, all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has just two endpoints. When the electrical signal reaches the end of the bus, the signal is reflected back down the line, causing unwanted interference. To prevent this, the two endpoints of the bus are normally terminated with a device called a terminator . In a distributed bus network, all of

924-435: A message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destination. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring. In local area networks using bus topology, each node is connected by interface connectors to a single central cable. This is the 'bus', also referred to as the backbone , or trunk  – all data transmission between nodes in

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1008-399: A physical star topology by one or more repeaters between the central node and the peripheral (or 'spoke') nodes. The repeaters are used to extend the maximum transmission distance of the physical layer, the point-to-point distance between the central node and the peripheral nodes. Repeaters allow greater transmission distance, further than would be possible using just the transmitting power of

1092-740: A pivotal infrastructure for time-sensitive and safety-critical tasks, boasting strong features that support vital communications and a network's ability to auto-recover. G.hn was developed under the International Telecommunication Union 's Telecommunication Standardization sector (the ITU-T ) and promoted by the HomeGrid Forum and several other organizations. ITU-T Recommendation (the ITU's term for standard) G.9960 , which received approval on October 9, 2009, specified

1176-571: A result, many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row, e.g., the Ethernet 5-4-3 rule . A repeater with multiple ports is known as hub, an Ethernet hub in Ethernet networks, a USB hub in USB networks. A network bridge connects and filters traffic between two network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model to form a single network. This breaks

1260-539: A service provider as part of a triple play service , voice and data service offering such as AT&T 's U-Verse . Smart grid applications like home automation or demand side management can also be targeted by G.hn-compliant devices that implement low-complexity profiles. G.hn technology facilitates the connection of devices across various network types using different wiring options, including coax, phone lines, power lines, and optical fiber. Initially designed for home networking, its applications expanded to encompass

1344-543: A simple wall would attenuate the signal considerably. For home networks relying on powerline communication technology, how to deal with electrical noise injected into the system from standard household appliances remains the largest challenge. Whenever any appliance is turned on or turned off it creates noise that could possibly disrupt data transfer through the wiring. IEEE products that are certified to be HomePlug 1.0 compliant have been engineered to no longer interfere with, or receive interference from other devices plugged into

1428-537: A single physical layer based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation and low-density parity-check code (LDPC) forward error correction (FEC) code. G.hn includes the capability to notch specific frequency bands to avoid interference with amateur radio bands and other licensed radio services. G.hn includes mechanisms to avoid interference with legacy home networking technologies and also with other wireline systems such as VDSL2 or other types of DSL used to access

1512-472: A single node to only either transmit or receive (e.g., ARINC 429 ). Other protocols have nodes that can both transmit and receive into a single channel (e.g., CAN can have many transceivers connected to a single bus). While the conventional system building blocks of a computer network include network interface controllers (NICs), repeaters , hubs , bridges , switches , routers , modems , gateways , and firewalls , most address network concerns beyond

1596-569: A software configuration in the equipment. The G.hn spectrum depends on the medium as shown in the diagram below: G.hn specifies the physical layer and the data link layer , according to the OSI model . The interface between the Application Entity and the Data Link Layer is called A-interface. The interface between the Data Link Layer and the physical layer is called Medium Independent Interface (MII). The interface between

1680-481: A star topology for devices, and cascading additional switches. Multi-layer switches are capable of routing based on layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels. The term switch is often used loosely to include devices such as routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic based on load or based on application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier). A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing

1764-576: A summary of the crucial technical specifications of the G.hn standard. Many of these technical elements are consistent across different physical media, with variations seen in areas such as Tone Spacing and frequency ranges. This uniformity is essential as it allows silicon manufacturers to produce a singular chip capable of implementing all three media types, leading to cost savings. Presently, G.hn chipsets are compatible with all three media types. This compatibility allows system manufacturers to create devices that can adjust to any wiring type simply by modifying

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1848-604: A tier-star topology. This topology differs from a tree topology in the way star networks are connected together. A tier-star topology uses a central node, while a tree topology uses a central bus and can also be referred as a star-bus network. A distributed star is a network topology that is composed of individual networks that are based upon the physical star topology connected in a linear fashion – i.e., 'daisy-chained' – with no central or top level connection point (e.g., two or more 'stacked' hubs, along with their associated star connected nodes or 'spokes'). A ring topology

1932-696: A transient, ad-hoc manner and are not thought of as permanent residents of a home network. A "low-rate" version of the original WPAN protocol was used as the basis of Zigbee . Despite originally being conceived as a standard for low power machine-to-machine communication in industrial environments, the technology has been found to be well suited for integration into embedded "Smart Home" offerings that are expected to run on battery for extended periods of time. Zigbee utilizes [10002000 Most wired network infrastructures found in homes utilize Category 5 or Category 6 twisted pair cabling with RJ45 compatible terminations. This medium provides physical connectivity between

2016-451: Is a daisy chain in a closed loop. Data travels around the ring in one direction. When one node sends data to another, the data passes through each intermediate node on the ring until it reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes repeat (retransmit) the data to keep the signal strong. Every node is a peer; there is no hierarchical relationship of clients and servers. If one node is unable to retransmit data, it severs communication between

2100-495: Is a Recommendation developed by ITU-T that describes the generic architecture for home networks and their interfaces to the operators' broadband access networks. ITU G.9972 (also known as G.cx) is a Recommendation developed by ITU-T that specifies a coexistence mechanism for home networking transceivers capable of operating over power line wiring. The coexistence mechanism would allow G.hn devices which implement G.9972 to coexist with other devices implementing G.9972 and operating on

2184-405: Is a feature that allows shared disk access , shared printer access and shared scanner access among all computers and users (typically family members) in a home, in a similar fashion as in a small office workgroup , e.g., by means of distributed peer-to-peer networking (without a central server). Additionally, a home server may be added for increased functionality. The Windows HomeGroup feature

2268-755: Is a logical ring topology, but is wired as a physical star from the media access unit . Physically, Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) can be a cascaded star topology of multiple dual redundant Ethernet switches; however, the AFDX virtual links are modeled as time-switched single-transmitter bus connections, thus following the safety model of a single-transmitter bus topology previously used in aircraft. Logical topologies are often closely associated with media access control methods and protocols. Some networks are able to dynamically change their logical topology through configuration changes to their routers and switches. The transmission media (often referred to in

2352-581: Is a particular concern of the physical layer of the OSI model . Examples of network topologies are found in local area networks ( LAN ), a common computer network installation. Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network. A wide variety of physical topologies have been used in LANs, including ring , bus , mesh and star . Conversely, mapping

2436-442: Is a two-node network. A fully connected network doesn't need to use packet switching or broadcasting . However, since the number of connections grows quadratically with the number of nodes: c = n ( n − 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle c={\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}.\,} This makes it impractical for large networks. This kind of topology does not trip and affect other nodes in

2520-399: Is also known as hybrid network. Hybrid networks combine two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network (or star-bus network ) is a hybrid topology in which star networks are interconnected via bus networks . However, a tree network connected to another tree network

2604-456: Is collectively known as Ethernet . The media and protocol standards that enable communication between networked devices over Ethernet are defined by IEEE 802.3 . Ethernet transmits data over both copper and fiber cables. Wireless LAN standards (e.g. those defined by IEEE 802.11 ) use radio waves , or others use infrared signals as a transmission medium. Power line communication uses a building's power cabling to transmit data. The orders of

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2688-418: Is connected to a central node called a hub or switch. The hub is the server and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the peripheral nodes on the network must be connected to one central hub. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub, which acts as a signal repeater . The star topology

2772-441: Is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. One advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. Also, since all peripheral communication must flow through the central hub, the aggregate central bandwidth forms a network bottleneck for large clusters. The extended star network topology extends

2856-440: Is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the physical ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. It can be thought of as a multi-port bridge. It learns to associate physical ports to MAC addresses by examining the source addresses of received frames. If an unknown destination is targeted, the switch broadcasts to all ports but the source. Switches normally have numerous ports, facilitating

2940-429: Is done following ITU-T Recommendation X.1035 . G.hn specifies point-to-point security inside a domain, which means that each pair of transmitter and receiver uses a unique encryption key which is not shared by other devices in the same domain. For example, if node Alice sends data to node Bob , node Eve (in the same domain as Alice and Bob) will not be able to easily eavesdrop their communication. G.hn supports

3024-432: Is done for said data, i.e. the packets are dropped. Modems (MOdulator-DEModulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this one or more carrier signals are modulated by the digital signal to produce an analog signal that can be tailored to give the required properties for transmission. Modems are commonly used for telephone lines, using

3108-434: Is least wanted, offering a channel through which non-residents could compromise a system and retrieve personal data. To prevent this it is usually sufficient to enforce the use of authentication, encryption, or VPN that requires a password for network connectivity. However new Wi-Fi standards working at 60 GHz, such as 802.11ad , enable confidence that the LAN will not trespass physical barriers, as at such frequencies

3192-420: Is six octets . The three most significant octets are reserved to identify NIC manufacturers. These manufacturers, using only their assigned prefixes, uniquely assign the three least-significant octets of every Ethernet interface they produce. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a network signal , cleans it of unnecessary noise and regenerates it. The signal may be reformed or retransmitted at

3276-454: Is the physical topology of the network. For conductive or fiber optical mediums, this refers to the layout of cabling , the locations of nodes, and the links between the nodes and the cabling. The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunication circuits. In contrast, logical topology

3360-587: Is the predominant option in homes due to the ease of installation, lack of unsightly cables, and network performance characteristics sufficient for residential activities. One of the most common ways of creating a home network is by using wireless radio signal technology; the 802.11 network as certified by the IEEE . Most wireless-capable residential devices operate at a frequency of 2.4 GHz under 802.11b and 802.11g or 5 GHz under 802.11a. Some home networking devices operate in both radio-band signals and fall within

3444-429: Is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. For example, the original twisted pair Ethernet using repeater hubs was a logical bus topology carried on a physical star topology. Token Ring

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3528-475: Is used to assign internal IP addresses to members of a home network. A DHCP server typically runs on the router with end devices as its clients. The router itself is a client of the external DHCP servers owned by the internet service provider . All DHCP clients request configuration settings using the DHCP protocol in order to acquire their IP address , a default route and one or more DNS server addresses. Once

3612-956: The Ethernet interfaces present on a large number of residential IP-aware devices. Depending on the grade of cable and quality of installation, speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s, or 10 Gbit/s are supported. Some neighborhoods support running fiber optic cables running directly into homes. This enables service providers to offer internet services with much higher bandwidth and/or lower latency characteristics associated with end-to-end optical signaling. The following standards allow devices to communicate over coaxial cables, which are frequently installed to support multiple television sets throughout homes. The ITU-T G.hn and IEEE Powerline standard, which provide high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networking over existing home wiring, are examples of home networking technology designed specifically for IPTV delivery. Recently,

3696-467: The data flow between the components determines the logical topology of the network. In comparison, Controller Area Networks , common in vehicles, are primarily distributed control system networks of one or more controllers interconnected with sensors and actuators over, invariably, a physical bus topology. Two basic categories of network topologies exist, physical topologies and logical topologies. The transmission medium layout used to link devices

3780-577: The physical layers and the architecture of G.hn. The Data Link Layer (Recommendation G.9961) was approved on June 11, 2010. Prominent organizations, including CEPca, HomePNA, and UPA, who were creators of some of these interfaces, rallied behind the latest version of the standard, emphasizing its potential and significance in the home networking domain. Moreover, the ITU-T extended the technology with multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) technology to increase data rates and signaling distance. This new feature

3864-633: The "domain". There are two types of TXOPs: Although most elements of G.hn are common for all three media supported by the standard (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cable), G.hn includes media-specific optimizations for each media. Some of these media-specific parameters include: G.hn uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm (with a 128-bit key length) using the CCMP protocol to ensure confidentiality and message integrity. Authentication and key exchange

3948-495: The 802.11n or 802.11ac standards. Wi-Fi is a marketing and compliance certification for IEEE 802.11 technologies. The Wi-Fi Alliance has tested compliant products, and certifies them for interoperability. Low power, close range communication based on IEEE 802.15 standards has a strong presence in homes. Bluetooth continues to be the technology of choice for most wireless accessories such as keyboards, mice, headsets, and game controllers. These connections are often established in

4032-603: The IEEE passed proposal P1901 which grounded a standard within the Market for wireline products produced and sold by companies that are part of the HomePlug Alliance . The IEEE is continuously working to push for P1901 to be completely recognized worldwide as the sole standard for all future products that are produced for Home Networking. Traditionally, data-centric equipment such as computers and media players have been

4116-474: The appropriate network interfaces required for home network connectivity. In some situations, USB dongles and PCI Network Interface Cards are available as accessories that enable this functionality. The convenience, availability, and reliability of externally managed cloud computing resources continues to become an appealing choice for many home-dwellers without interest or experience in IT. For these individuals,

4200-440: The arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks . Network topology is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. It is an application of graph theory wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between

4284-604: The associated circuitry. The NIC responds to traffic addressed to a network address for either the NIC or the computer as a whole. In Ethernet networks, each network interface controller has a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address—usually stored in the controller's permanent memory. To avoid address conflicts between network devices, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) maintains and administers MAC address uniqueness. The size of an Ethernet MAC address

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4368-586: The background to allow the user to conveniently modify system variables from a GUI rendered in their browser. These pages use HTML forms extensively and make attempts to offer styled, visually appealing views that are also descriptive and easy to use. Apple devices aim to make networking as hidden and automatic as possible, utilizing a zero-configuration networking protocol called Bonjour embedded within their otherwise proprietary line of software and hardware products. Microsoft offers simple access control features built into their Windows operating system. Homegroup

4452-399: The basic model of conventional telephony . The value of a permanent point-to-point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints. The value of an on-demand point-to-point connection is proportional to the number of potential pairs of subscribers and has been expressed as Metcalfe's Law . Daisy chaining is accomplished by connecting each computer in series to the next. If

4536-446: The central node. The use of repeaters can also overcome limitations from the standard upon which the physical layer is based. A physical extended star topology in which repeaters are replaced with hubs or switches is a type of hybrid network topology and is referred to as a physical hierarchical star topology, although some texts make no distinction between the two topologies. A physical hierarchical star topology can also be referred as

4620-417: The client implements these settings, it will be able to communicate on that internet . Small standalone embedded home network devices typically require remote configuration from a PC on the same network. For example, broadband modems are often configured through a web browser running on a PC in the same network. These devices usually use a minimal Linux distribution with a lightweight HTTP server running in

4704-530: The concept of profiles. Profiles are intended to address G.hn nodes with significantly different levels of complexity. In G.hn the higher complexity profiles are proper supersets of lower complexity profiles, so that devices based on different profiles can interoperate with each other. Examples of G.hn devices based on high complexity profiles are Residential Gateways or Set-Top Boxes. Examples of G.hn devices based on low complexity profiles are home automation, home security and smart grid devices. The chart depicts

4788-482: The concept of relays, in which one device can receive a message from one node and deliver it to another node farther away in the same domain. Relaying becomes critical for applications with complex network topologies that need to cover large distances, such as those found in industrial or utility applications. While a relay can read the source and target addresses, it cannot read the message's content due to its body being end-to-end-encrypted. The G.hn architecture includes

4872-425: The data, the data portion of the signal is ignored. Since the bus topology consists of only one wire it is less expensive to implement than other topologies, but the savings are offset by the higher cost of managing the network. Additionally, since the network is dependent on the single cable, it can be the single point of failure of the network. In this topology data being transferred may be accessed by any node. In

4956-409: The electrical, optical, or radio signals carried in the medium. Nodes may be associated with a computer, but certain types may have only a microcontroller at a node or possibly no programmable device at all. In the simplest of serial arrangements, one RS-232 transmitter can be connected by a pair of wires to one receiver, forming two nodes on one link, or a Point-to-Point topology. Some protocols permit

5040-434: The following wired technologies are, roughly, from slowest to fastest transmission speed. Price is a main factor distinguishing wired- and wireless technology options in a business. Wireless options command a price premium that can make purchasing wired computers, printers and other devices a financial benefit. Before making the decision to purchase hard-wired technology products, a review of the restrictions and limitations of

5124-439: The home network when away, etc.. Such things are all issues that require attention and planned careful work in order to provide a secure, resilient, and stable home network easy to use for all members of the household and their guests. Network topology#Point-to-point Network topology is the arrangement of the elements ( links , nodes , etc.) of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe

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5208-447: The home. OFDM systems split the transmitted signal into multiple orthogonal sub-carriers. In G.hn each one of the sub-carriers is modulated using QAM . The maximum QAM constellation supported by G.hn is 4096-QAM (12-bit QAM). The G.hn media access control is based on a time division multiple access (TDMA) architecture, in which a "domain master" schedules Transmission Opportunities (TXOPs) that can be used by one or more devices in

5292-442: The industry's digital transformation. HomeGrid Forum members champion the worldwide adoption of G.hn, a unified networking technology with multiple sources. Home networking IPv4 address exhaustion has forced most Internet service providers to grant only a single WAN -facing IP address for each residential account. Multiple devices within a residence or small office are provisioned with internet access by establishing

5376-472: The largest manufacturers of consumer electronics, is also a contributor member of HomeGrid Forum. In 2008, several marketing firms promoted G.hn and made optimistic predictions. In July 2009, HomeGrid Forum and DLNA signed a liaison agreement "setting the stage for collaboration between the two organizations and the approval of G.hn as a DLNA-recognized Physical Layer technology". In June 2010, Broadband Forum and HomeGrid Forum signed an agreement to deliver

5460-464: The literature as the physical media ) used to link devices to form a computer network include electrical cables ( Ethernet , HomePNA , power line communication , G.hn ), optical fiber ( fiber-optic communication ), and radio waves ( wireless networking ). In the OSI model , these are defined at layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer. A widely adopted family of transmission media used in local area network ( LAN ) technology

5544-422: The network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be received by all nodes in the network simultaneously. A signal containing the address of the intended receiving machine travels from a source machine in both directions to all machines connected to the bus until it finds the intended recipient, which then accepts the data. If the machine address does not match the intended address for

5628-400: The network's collision domain but maintains a unified broadcast domain. Network segmentation breaks down a large, congested network into an aggregation of smaller, more efficient networks. Bridges come in three basic types: A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams ( frames ) between ports based on the destination MAC address in each frame. A switch

5712-415: The network. In a partially connected network, certain nodes are connected to exactly one other node; but some nodes are connected to two or more other nodes with a point-to-point link. This makes it possible to make use of some of the redundancy of mesh topology that is physically fully connected, without the expense and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network. Hybrid topology

5796-456: The nodes before and after it in the bus. Advantages: Disadvantages: The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints, is approximated by Reed's Law . In a fully connected network , all nodes are interconnected. (In graph theory this is called a complete graph .) The simplest fully connected network

5880-464: The nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium with more than two endpoints, created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium – the physical distributed bus topology functions in exactly the same fashion as the physical linear bus topology because all nodes share a common transmission medium. In star topology (also called hub-and-spoke), every peripheral node (computer workstation or any other peripheral)

5964-414: The nodes. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network (e.g., device location and cable installation), while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates , or signal types may differ between two different networks, yet their logical topologies may be identical. A network's physical topology

6048-536: The physical layer and the actual transmission medium is called Medium Dependent Interface (MDI). The HomeGrid Forum is a non-profit trade group promoting G.hn. HomeGrid Forum members include: Vendors promoting G.hn include MaxLinear , ReadyLinks Inc, Lantiq , devolo AG , microprocessor manufacturer Intel , system-on-a-chip vendor Sigma Designs , and Xingtera, which announced a product in January 2013. The first live public demonstration of G.hn interoperability

6132-459: The physical layer of the OSI model, that is, there is no end-to-end change in the physical protocol across the repeater, or repeater pair, even if a different physical layer may be used between the ends of the repeater, or repeater pair. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a propagation delay that affects network performance and may affect proper function. As

6216-436: The physical network topology and may be represented as single nodes on a particular physical network topology. A network interface controller (NIC) is computer hardware that provides a computer with the ability to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network information. For example, the NIC may have a connector for accepting a cable, or an aerial for wireless transmission and reception, and

6300-651: The primary tenants of a home network. However, due to the lowering cost of computing and the ubiquity of smartphone usage, many traditionally non-networked home equipment categories now include new variants capable of control or remote monitoring through an app on a smartphone. Newer startups and established home equipment manufacturers alike have begun to offer these products as part of a "Smart" or "Intelligent" or "Connected Home" portfolio. The control and/or monitoring interfaces for these products can be accessed through proprietary smartphone applications specific to that product line. Some older entertainment devices may not feature

6384-403: The routing information included in the packet or datagram (Internet protocol information from layer 3). The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table (or forwarding table). A router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets. A destination in a routing table can include a black hole because data can go into it, however, no further processing

6468-524: The same home's electrical grid. The administration of proliferating devices and software in home networks, and the growing amount of private data, is fast becoming an issue by itself. Keeping overview, applying without delay software updates and security patches, keeping juniors internet use within safe boundaries, structuring of storage and access levels for private files and other data, data backups , detection and cleaning of any infections, operating virtual private networks for easy access to resources in

6552-482: The same power line wiring. ITU G.9991 (also known as G.vlc) is a Recommendation developed by ITU-T that specifies the PHY and DLL for High speed indoor visible light communication transceivers, used in applications such as Li-Fi . G.vlc reuses the PHY and DLL of G.hn, enabling the same chips to be used for both applications. The major motivation for wired home networking technologies was IPTV , especially when offered by

6636-425: The selections is necessary. Business and employee needs may override any cost considerations. There have been various attempts at transporting data over exotic media: Both cases have a large round-trip delay time , which gives slow two-way communication, but does not prevent sending large amounts of information. Network nodes are the points of connection of the transmission medium to transmitters and receivers of

6720-404: The subscription fees and/or privacy risks associated with such services are often perceived as lower cost than having to configure and maintain similar facilities within a home network. In such situations, local services along with the devices maintaining them are replaced by those in an external data center and made accessible to the home-dweller's computing devices via a WAN connection. DHCP

6804-552: The work ITU-T Study Group include British Telecom , Telefónica, and AT&T. In April 2008, during the first announcement of HomeGrid Forum, Echostar , a manufacturer of set-top boxes for the service provider market, expressed its support for the unified standard: In March 2009, Best Buy (which is the largest retailer of consumer electronics in the United States ) joined the board of directors of HomeGrid Forum and expressed its support for G.hn. Panasonic , one of

6888-452: Was approved in March 2012 under G.9963 Recommendation. The development and promotion of G.hn have been significantly supported by the HomeGrid Forum and several other organizations. The technology was not only designed to address home-networking challenges but also found applications beyond this initial scope, showcasing its versatility and potential in the networking domain. G.hn specifies

6972-402: Was introduced with Microsoft Windows 7 in order to simplify file sharing in residences. All users (typically all family members), except guest accounts, may access any shared library on any computer that is connected to the home group. Passwords are not required from the family members during logon. Instead, secure file sharing is possible by means of a temporary password that is used when adding

7056-474: Was shown at CES, January 10–13, 2012 by Lantiq, Marvell Technology Group , Metanoia, and Sigma Designs. On February 26, 2009, as part of a HomePNA press release, AT&T (which makes use of wireline home networking as part of its U-Verse IPTV service) expressed support for the work developed by ITU-T creating standards for home networking, including G.hn. Service providers like AT&T promoted G.hn for: Other service providers that are contributors to

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