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41-415: Lu Xun Park is just north of Duolun Road , a historic street that is now a car-free zone . It is also located near Lu Xun's former residence, a three-story Japanese-style home where the author lived from 1933 until his death in 1936. Lu Xun Park contains the tomb of Lu Xun, with an inscription by Mao Zedong . On either side of the tomb are trees planted by Zhou Enlai and Lu Xun's widow, Xu Guangping. Near

82-475: A squat with a partner can be turned into a power-focused exercise by jumping or hopping with the partner instead, or even lifting them up on one knee. A 2017 study: "The effects of a calisthenics training intervention on posture, strength and body composition" found that calisthenics training is an "effective training solution to improve posture, strength and body composition without the use of any major training equipment". Catharine Esther Beecher (1800–1878)

123-676: A golf course, tennis courts, swimming pool, and bowling green. The park was expanded in 1917, and renamed again as Hongkew Park in 1922. It was the second largest park in Shanghai, next to Jessfield Park (now called Zhongshan Park ). Both parks, despite lying in Chinese territory outside of the International Settlement, were administered by the Shanghai Municipal Council , the organization that governed

164-664: A panel of judges. The World Street Workout & Calisthenics Federation (WSWCF), based in Riga , Latvia , orchestrates the annual national championships and hosts the world championships for the sport. The World Calisthenics Organization (WCO), based in Los Angeles, California, promotes a series of competitions known globally as "the Battle of the Bars". The WCO created the first set of rules for formal competitions, including weight classes,

205-434: A partner. They have been used for centuries as a way of building physical strength, endurance, mobility, and co-ordination. Usually, one person performs the exercise and the other person adds resistance. For example, a person performing squats with someone on their back, or someone holding another person in their arms and walking around. Some exercises also involve the use of equipment. Two people may hold onto different ends of

246-613: A plum garden, a memorial hall dedicated to Yun Bong-gil, and a bust of the Hungarian revolutionary poet Sándor Petőfi , some of whose works Lu Xun translated into Chinese. The bust was unveiled by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány in 2007 as part of the preparations for the Shanghai Expo . Lu Xun Park is home to several hundred cherry trees, some of which are Yoshino trees transplanted from Ueno Park in Tokyo . In 1896,

287-646: A popular intellectual was already well-established. His coffin was draped in a white flag with the words "The Soul of the Nation" written on it. Lu Xun remained a potent political symbol of the left after his death, particularly after the establishment of the People's Republic of China under the Communist Party in 1949. The party canonized him as a heroic figure, praising his works and quoting him selectively for its own purposes. The Lu Xun Memorial Hall (or Museum)

328-692: A reputation as a vibrant centre of thought and literature. In 1943, during the Second Sino-Japanese War , the puppet government collaborating with the Japanese occupation changed the road name to "Duolun", after a county in Inner Mongolia . It became an ordinary residential street, until a revived interest in Republican -era history led at the end of the 20th century to it becoming a popular tourist and shopping destination, and

369-404: A rope and pull in different directions. One person would deliberately provide a lesser amount of resistance, which adds resistance to the exercise whilst also allowing the other person to move through a full range of motion as their superior level of force application pulls the rope along. A disadvantage of these exercises is that it can be challenging to measure how much resistance is being added by

410-491: A routine where each trick is linked together in a consistent flow. Freestyle calisthenics requires great skill to control one's momentum and an understanding of the mechanics of the body and the bar. Some outdoor fitness training areas and outdoor gyms are designed especially for calisthenics training, and most are free to use by the public. Calisthenics parks equipment include pull-up bars, monkey bars, parallel bars, and box jumps. Freely accessible online maps exist that show

451-407: A timed round system, original judging criteria and a 10-point must system, giving an increasing number of athletes worldwide an opportunity to compete in these global competitions. Street workout competitions have also popularized 'freestyle calisthenics', which is a style of calisthenics where the athlete uses their power and momentum to perform dynamic skills and tricks on the bar, often as part of

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492-620: Is a historic street in Hongkou District , Shanghai , China. Laid in 1911, the road is 550 metres long. Both ends of the L-shaped road join to North Sichuan Road near Lu Xun Park and Hongkou Stadium . The road is today reconstructed as a pedestrian street . Darroch (Duolun) Road was built by the Shanghai Municipal Council , the municipal authority of the Shanghai International Settlement . It

533-483: Is representative of the historic architecture of the 20th century in Shanghai. A number of larger private residences were initially built by Chinese industrialists, and many were later purchased by political and military personalities. Prominent private residences include the Islamic-style influenced former residence of H.H. Kung ; No. 210, which was for a time the home of Bai Chongxi (and Pai Hsien-yung ); and

574-567: The French neoclassical former residence of Tang Enbo . Fitch Memorial Church (called "Hongde Tang" (鸿德堂) in Chinese), named after George Field Fitch (費啟鴻) is a unique mixture of Chinese and western architectural styles, the only such mixed-style church to survive in Shanghai. The former campus of China Art University (中华艺术大学), in traditional style, was also where the League of Left-Wing Writers

615-612: The Kuomintang government initiated a purge of leftist intellectuals and communist party members in several Chinese cities under their control in 1927. He co-founded the League of Left-Wing Writers in 1930 at the Chinese Arts University on nearby Duolun Road. After his death in 1936, Lu Xun was originally buried in the International Cemetery (Wanguo Cemetery). By this point, his reputation as

656-636: The Shanghai Expeditionary Army ; Kawabata Teiji  [ ja ] , government chancellor of Japanese residents in Shanghai; Kenkichi Ueda , commander of the 9th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army ; Vice Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura of the Imperial Japanese Navy; and Mamoru Shigemitsu , diplomat. Yun Bong-gil , a Korean independence activist opposed to Japanese rule over Korea , entered

697-678: The 19th century. Organized systems of calisthenics in America took a back seat to competitive sports after the Battle of the Systems , when the states mandated physical education systems. The Royal Canadian Air Force's calisthenics program published in the 1960s helped to launch modern fitness culture . Calisthenics is associated with the rapidly growing international sport called street workout . The street workout consists of athletes performing calisthenics routines in timed sessions, in front of

738-744: The Bureau of Construction of the Shanghai International Settlement purchased 39 acres of land in Hongkou (formerly romanized as Hongkew) just outside its boundary to use as a shooting range for the Shanghai Volunteer Corps . The field was redesigned by Donald MacGregor as the Hongkew Sports Games Park and Shooting Field in 1905, and completed in 1909. The new design was based on that of a park in Glasgow , and included

779-620: The Settlement on behalf of the foreign community. The Shanghai Municipal Band, the predecessor of the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra , performed summer concerts at Hongkou Park and the Public Garden (now Huangpu Park ). These were attended by the foreign residents of the International Settlement, as Chinese residents were not permitted to enter either park. Hongkou Park, along with the other parks administered by

820-612: The Shanghai Municipal Council, was opened to Chinese visitors for the first time in 1928. The pre-1928 prohibition against Chinese visitors in foreign-administered Shanghai parks was the subject of much debate among Chinese intellectuals. The park regulations stated that the facilities were exclusively for the use of the foreign community, and also that dogs, horses, and bicycles were prohibited. Critics later paraphrased these regulations into various fictitious versions such as "Dogs and Chinese not admitted", juxtaposing

861-629: The ancient Greek words κάλλος ( kállos ), which means "beauty", and σθένος ( sthenos ), meaning "strength". It is the art of using one's body weight as resistance to develop muscles. The practice was recorded as being used in ancient Greece , including by the armies of Alexander the Great and the Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae . Calisthenics was also recorded to have been used in ancient China . Along with dietary practices, Han dynasty physicians prescribed calisthenics as one of

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902-539: The closure of the street to traffic. In the early 20th century, many writers and celebrities lived in the area around Darroch Road. Among them were famous writers, namely Lu Xun , Guo Moruo , Mao Dun , Ye Shengtao , and Wang Zaoshi , as well as members of the influential League of Left-Wing Writers including Ding Ling , Sha Ding and Qu Qiubai . The League itself was founded on Darroch Road. High-ranking political and military leaders H. H. Kung , Bai Chongxi , Tang Enbo and Chen Yi also lived there. Duolun Road

943-497: The field. The 1915 games were among the earliest international sporting competitions to be held in China. They attracted a large number of spectators to the new stadium built near the Hongkou shooting range. The 1921 games were notable for being the first to include female athletes, though their participation was limited to performing group calisthenics demonstrations with movements mimicking those of modern sports. The closing ceremony

984-531: The fighting during the opening Battle of Shanghai centered around the Japanese marine headquarters there, and around nearby North Sichuan Road . Hongkou remained under Japanese control until the end of World War II . On April 29, 1932, the Japanese military held a celebration of the birthday of Emperor Hirohito in Hongkou Park. Among the attendees were General Yoshinori Shirakawa , commander in chief of

1025-409: The historic buildings and turn them into museums, galleries, cafes or craft shops. In the project the local infrastructure was upgraded and new cultural elements such as street sculptures were added to the new pedestrian street. The sites of important historical events and residences of prominent historical people would be made more accessible and open to the public. A museum of modern art (Duolun MOMA)

1066-448: The load volume over time; when pursuing strength, the intensity of the exercise is increased over time; and to improve endurance, one can gradually shorten their rest periods. Co-operative calisthenics refers to calisthenic exercises that involve two or more participants helping each other to perform the exercise. Such exercises may also be known as partner exercises, partner-resisted exercises, partner carrying, or bodyweight exercises with

1107-507: The low status of Chinese citizens in their own country with that of dogs. Sun Yat-sen , founder of the Republic of China , denounced the restrictions in effect at the Garden and at Hongkou Park in a speech in 1924. Most famously, Bruce Lee 's film Fist of Fury depicted Lee's character being barred from entry into the Public Garden, resulting in him kicking and breaking the sign displaying

1148-419: The methods for maintaining one's health. The more commonly performed calisthenic exercises include: Calisthenics can be used as a means to pursue a number of fitness goals including, but not limited to hypertrophy (increasing one's muscle mass), strength, and endurance. The training methods employed are often different, depending on the goal. For instance, when pursuing hypertrophy, one aims to increase

1189-522: The national level in Shanghai. The park was renamed Lu Xun Park in 1988. The park can be reached by taking Shanghai Metro Line 3 or 8 to Hongkou Football Stadium Station . 31°16′22.21″N 121°28′42.33″E  /  31.2728361°N 121.4784250°E  / 31.2728361; 121.4784250 Duolun Road Duolun Road ( simplified Chinese : 多伦路 ; traditional Chinese : 多倫路 ; pinyin : Duōlún Lù ; Shanghainese : Dulen Lu ), formerly Darroch Road ( 窦乐安路 ; 竇樂安路 ),

1230-463: The park carrying two bombs hidden in a lunchbox and a water bottle. After the Japanese national anthem had finished playing, Yun threw the water bottle bomb at the dais where the Japanese officials were gathered, and detonated it. Shirakawa and Kawabata were killed in the explosion. Nomura, who later served as ambassador to the United States at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ,

1271-445: The park with the support of the Chinese and South Korean governments. After a renovation, it was reopened in 2015 at a ceremony marking the 83rd anniversary of the bombing. The incident is also commemorated on a stone tablet featuring a bilingual inscription in Chinese and Korean. Lu Xun lived in Hongkou near the park in the last years of his life, having moved from Guangzhou to Shanghai's International Settlement to find refuge after

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1312-426: The partner, when considered in comparison to free weights or machines. An advantage such exercise has is that it allows for relatively high levels of resistance to be added with equipment being optional. On this basis, co-operative calisthenics can be just as easily performed on a playing field as in a gym. They are also versatile enough to allow them to be used for training goals other than simple strength. For example,

1353-488: The regulations. The second and fifth Far Eastern Championship Games were held at Hongkou Park in 1915 and 1921, respectively. The 1915 games were a major priority for the Beiyang government under Yuan Shikai , as well as for Chinese media covering the event. Yuan had agreed to Japan's Twenty-One Demands just prior to the games, leaving the Chinese crowds in attendance eager for victory against their Japanese opponents on

1394-537: The tomb is a bronze statue of Lu Xun. The center of the park consists of a small artificial lake where boat rides are offered. Locals often use the park for exercise, and can be seen practicing tai chi and ballroom dancing . The Te Li Ming Teahouse is located on the west side of the lake. In the southeast corner of the park is the Lu Xun Memorial Hall, which contains a collection of his personal belongings, papers, and publications. The park also contains

1435-650: Was also part of the project. Pedestrianisation was completed in 1999. 31°15′43″N 121°28′56″E  /  31.2620°N 121.4823°E  / 31.2620; 121.4823 Calisthenics Calisthenics (American English) or callisthenics (British English) ( / ˌ k æ l ɪ s ˈ θ ɛ n ɪ k s / ) is a form of strength training that utilizes an individual's body weight as resistance to perform multi-joint, compound movements with little or no equipment. The Oxford English Dictionary describes callisthenics as "gymnastic exercises to achieve fitness and grace of movement". The word calisthenics comes from

1476-607: Was an " extra-settlement road " ( Chinese : 越界筑路 ), built outside the boundaries of the International Settlement, but over which the Settlement authorities had extraterritorial jurisdiction. It was named after John Darroch, a British missionary to China who had been received by the Guangxu Emperor of the Qing Dynasty . A primarily residential street, the golden age of the road was in the 1920s and 30s, when it attracted writers and other prominent residents, giving it

1517-442: Was an American educator and author who popularized and shaped a conservative ideological movement to both elevate and entrench women's place in the domestic sphere of American culture. She introduced calisthenics in a course of physical education and promoted it. Disciples of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn brought their version of gymnastics to the United States, while Beecher and Dio Lewis set up physical education programs for women in

1558-540: Was blinded in his right eye. Mamoru lost a leg; in 1945, as Japan's Minister for Foreign Affairs , he signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender that marked the end of World War II, walking on the deck of the USS Missouri with an artificial leg and cane. Yun Bong-gil was arrested at the scene, taken to Japan, and executed. In 2003, a two-story memorial hall dedicated to Yun Bong-gil was opened in

1599-491: Was constructed inside Hongkou Park in 1951, and in 1956, Lu Xun's remains were reinterred in the park to mark the 20th anniversary of his death. The new tomb's inscription ("鲁迅先生之墓", "The Tomb of Mr. Lu Xun") was written in the calligraphy of Mao Zedong. The Beijing Lu Xun Museum was also established that year, at the site of Lu Xun's former home in Beijing . Lu Xun's tomb is one of the historical and cultural sites protected at

1640-557: Was disrupted by six Hunanese anarchists who fired a gun outside Hongkou Park and distributed anti- capitalist pamphlets. Japanese settlement in Shanghai was predominantly concentrated in the Hongkou area. During the January 28 Incident of 1932, the Japanese military occupied much of Hongkou, and constructed a fortified base for the Imperial Japanese Navy near Hongkou Park. When Japan invaded China in 1937, much of

1681-432: Was founded. In the surrounding blocks, there is a well-preserved area of dense lilong housing (including both Shikumen and newer styles), showcasing the typical urban texture of Shanghai-style residential architecture. In order to counter degrading infrastructures and to rejuvenate the area, the local government launched a project of regeneration at the end of the century. A project began in 1998 to conserve and restore

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