Misplaced Pages

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37-590: Hook Creek runs between Rosedale, Queens and Jamaica Bay . The creek begins in Rosedale, flowing in a drainage tunnel towards the south, west, and southwest roughly following along Hook Creek Boulevard, eventually reaching Sunrise Highway/Conduit Boulevard (NY 27) and the Atlantic & Montauk Branches of the Long Island Rail Road . It then meanders its way south to Woodmere , forming part of

74-481: A cluster bomb , such as the Molotov bread basket . If a fire catches, it could spread, taking in adjacent buildings that would have been largely unaffected by a high explosive bomb. This is a more effective use of the payload that a bomber could carry. The use of incendiaries alone does not generally start uncontrollable fires where the targets are roofed with nonflammable materials such as tiles or slates. The use of

111-454: A documentary titled Rosedale: The Way It Is, which addressed the racial tensions in the community. While the racial tensions decreased in subsequent years, there were still some incidents of racial conflict: for instance, during the July 4 weekend in 1989, a group of white youths chased black youths through Rosedale after a dispute over firecrackers. In the end, the area ended up being mostly

148-485: A home to many Caribbean immigrants. Irish, Italian, and Jewish Americans moved to the neighboring Nassau County communities of Valley Stream , South Valley Stream , and Woodmere . Rosedale is bordered to the north by Cambria Heights , to the east by Valley Stream and North Woodmere (both in Nassau County ), to the west by Laurelton , Springfield Gardens , and John F. Kennedy International Airport , and to

185-556: A mixture of bombers carrying high explosive bombs, such as the British blockbuster bombs , which blew out windows and roofs and exposed the interior of buildings to the incendiary bombs, is much more effective. Alternatively, a preliminary bombing with conventional bombs can be followed by subsequent attacks by incendiary carrying bombers. Early in World War II many British cities were firebombed. Two particularly notable raids were

222-424: A mostly Irish, Italian, and Jewish community. Many black families' homes were firebombed to harass them and cajole them to leave. The U.S. government filed a civil-rights lawsuit in 1975 against a group named Return Our American Rights (ROAR), alleging that ROAR had been harassing white homeowners who tried to sell to black clients, and implicating ROAR in some of the firebombings. In 1976, Bill Moyers presented

259-541: A period of time lasting more than 10 hours. In contrast, the much more devastating raid on Dresden on the night of 13/14 of February 1945 by two waves of the RAF Bomber Command's main force, involved their bombs being released at 22:14, with all but one of the 254 Lancaster bombers releasing their bombs within two minutes, and the last one released at 22:22. The second wave of 529 Lancasters dropped all of their bombs between 01:21 and 01:45. This means that in

296-577: Is 11422. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department 's 105th Precinct. Rosedale was originally conceived in the consolidation of the borough of Queens as a part of what is now Springfield Gardens. At the time, the Laurelton Land Company was in charge of the new Borough of Queens. It was dotted with farmland that was isolated from each other, so construction on an acceptable mode of transportation

333-579: Is also served by the Q5, Q85 and Q111 bus routes. There is also an express bus route, the X63 , which operates during rush hours only. Notable current and former residents of Rosedale include: Firebombing Firebombing is a bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area , through the use of fire , caused by incendiary devices , rather than from the blast effect of large bombs. In popular usage, any act in which an incendiary device

370-411: Is served by the 11422 ZIP Code, which also covers the rest of Rosedale and parts of Kennedy Airport. Warnerville is surrounded on three sides by Jamaica Bay just to the southeast of John F. Kennedy International Airport and comprises just three streets, bordered by Rockaway Boulevard on the east. Meadowmere is surrounded by Nassau County and comprises just four streets and six blocks, bordered on

407-480: Is used to initiate a fire is often described as a "firebombing". Although simple incendiary bombs have been used to destroy buildings since the start of gunpowder warfare, World War I saw the first use of strategic bombing from the air to damage the morale and economy of the enemy, such as the German Zeppelin air raids conducted on London . The Chinese wartime capital of Chongqing was firebombed by

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444-585: The Coventry Blitz on 14 November 1940, and the blitz on London on the night of 29 December/30 December 1940, which was the most destructive raid on London during the war with much of the destruction caused by fires started by incendiary bombs. During the Coventry Blitz the Germans pioneered several innovations which were to influence all future strategic bomber raids during the war. These were:

481-565: The New York City Department of Education . Public elementary and intermediate (Junior High) schools in Rosedale include: Private preschool, elementary and intermediate (Junior High) schools in Rosedale include: Rosedale is a station on the Long Island Rail Road 's Atlantic Branch , located at North Conduit Avenue and 243rd Street. Service is provided by both the Far Rockaway and Long Beach branches. Rosedale

518-633: The Imperial Japanese starting in early 1939 during the Second Sino-Japanese War . London, Coventry , and many other British cities were firebombed during the Blitz by Nazi Germany . Most large German cities were extensively firebombed starting in 1942, and almost all large Japanese cities were firebombed during the last six months of World War II . This technique makes use of small incendiary bombs possibly delivered by

555-524: The London blitz that I watched from the roof of the Air Ministry, of setting our cities ablaze by a concentrated attack. Coventry was adequately concentrated in point of space, but all the same, there was little concentration in point of time, and nothing like the fire tornadoes of Hamburg or Dresden ever occurred in this country. But they did do us enough damage to teach us the principle of concentration,

592-549: The Long Island Rail Road's construction, many new roads such as Francis Lewis and Sunrise Boulevard (today Sunrise Highway) were constructed. The area that is now Rosedale remained farmland until the mid-1930s. After the former period of relatively slow growth, development rapidly turned Rosedale into a suburban community. Rosedale was originally known as Foster's Meadow. During the mid-1970s, African American and Caribbean families started moving into what had been

629-530: The border between New York City and Nassau County – in addition to forming parts of the Village of Valley Stream 's western border. Hook Creek eventually emerges from the tunnel near the Green Acres Mall . It then continues southwards, soon reaching its confluence with Valley Stream Brook , just south of Rosedale Road. From there, Hook Creek continues southwards through Hook Creek Park and hugging

666-416: The construction of the adjacent John F. Kennedy International Airport), contributing to increased flooding in the surrounding areas during major storms. The Queens side of the creek was also not connected to New York City's sanitary sewer network until the early 21st century, leading to wastewater being released into the creek and causing environmental degradation. Industrial pollution also negatively impacted

703-614: The edge of North Woodmere Park, thence passing under Rockaway Turnpike and meandering its way around Meadowmere and Meadowmere Park (where it passes underneath the Hook Creek Bridge ) near John F. Kennedy International Airport before eventually reaching its mouth at Jamaica Bay. Portions of the long-proposed path of the Nassau Expressway follow Hook Creek. During the 20th century, a considerable amount of Hook Creek's wetlands were lost to development (including

740-577: The environmental quality of the creek and Jamaica Bay to be improved & restored. The creek is the namesake of Hook Creek Boulevard. Rosedale, Queens Rosedale is a neighborhood in New York City in the southeastern portion of the borough of Queens . The neighborhood, located along the southern part of Queens , borders Nassau County . Rosedale is located in Queens Community District 13 and its ZIP Code

777-433: The first raid, on average, one Lancaster dropped a full load of bombs every half a second and in the second larger raid that involved more than one RAF bomber Group, one every three seconds. The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) officially only bombed precision targets over Europe, but for example, when 316 B-17 Flying Fortresses bombed Dresden in a follow-up raid at around noon on 14 February 1945, because of clouds

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814-469: The first two hours of the raid, 226 of the attacking aircraft or 81% unloaded their bombs to overwhelm the city's fire defenses. The first to arrive dropped bombs in a large X pattern centered in Tokyo's working class district near the docks; later aircraft simply aimed near this flaming X. Approximately 15.8 square miles (4,090 ha) of the city were destroyed and 100,000 people are estimated to have died in

851-459: The incendiary bombs to fall into buildings and ignite them. As Sir Arthur Harris , commander of RAF Bomber Command , wrote after the war: In the early days of bombing our notion, like that of the Germans, was to spread an attack out over the whole night, thereby wearing down the morale of the civilian population. The result was, of course, that an efficient fire brigade could tackle a single load of incendiaries, put them out, and wait in comfort for

888-638: The later waves bombed using H2X radar for targeting. The mix of bombs to be used on the Dresden raid was about 40% incendiaries, much closer to the RAF city-busting mix than the bomb -load usually used by the Americans in precision bombardments. This was quite a common mix when the USAAF anticipated cloudy conditions over the target. In its attacks on Japan, the USAAF abandoned its precision bombing method that

925-430: The next to come along; they might also be able to take shelter when a few high explosives bombs were dropping. ... But it was observed that when the Germans did get an effective concentration, ... then our fire brigades had a hard time; if a rain of incendiaries is mixed with high explosives bombs there is a temptation for the fireman to keep his head down. The Germans, again and again, missed their chance, as they did during

962-495: The night of 9/10 March, dropped 1,665 tons of incendiaries from altitudes of 5,000 to 9,000 ft (1,500 to 2,700 m), mostly using the 500-pound (230 kg) E-46 cluster bomb which released 38 M-69 oil-based incendiary bombs at an altitude of 2,500 ft (760 m). A lesser number of M-47 incendiaries was dropped: the M-47 was a 100-pound (45 kg) jelled-gasoline and white phosphorus bomb which ignited upon impact. In

999-533: The principle of starting so many fires at the same time that no firefighting services, however efficiently and quickly they were reinforced by the fire brigades of other towns could get them under control. The tactical innovation of the bomber stream was developed by the RAF to overwhelm the German aerial defenses of the Kammhuber Line during World War II to increase the RAF's concentration in time over

1036-539: The road — making it difficult for the fire engines to reach fires started by the successive waves of bombers. The follow-up waves dropped a combination of high explosive and incendiary bombs. There were two types of incendiary bombs: those made of magnesium and iron powders, and those made of petroleum . The high-explosive bombs and the larger air-mines were not only designed to hamper the Coventry fire brigade, they were also intended to damage roofs, making it easier for

1073-790: The south by Inwood and Lawrence in Nassau County. It is at the eastern edge of New York City, at its border with Valley Stream forming part of the boundary between Queens and Nassau County. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13 . Many roads of importance in Queens also run through Rosedale such as Francis Lewis Boulevard , Conduit Avenue , Cross Island Parkway , and the Belt Parkway , as well as Rockaway Boulevard , Sunrise Highway , and Merrick Boulevard which connect Queens and Nassau Counties. Warnerville and Meadowmere are small neighborhoods within Rosedale. The area

1110-411: The target. But after the lessons learned during the Blitz, the tactic of dropping a high concentration of bombs over the target in the shortest time possible became standard in the RAF as it was more effective than a longer raid. For example, during the Coventry Blitz on the night of 14/15 November 1940, 515 Luftwaffe bombers, many flying more than one sortie against Coventry, delivered their bombs over

1147-427: The use of pathfinder aircraft with electronic aids to navigate, to mark the targets before the main bomber raid; and the use of high explosive bombs and air-mines coupled with thousands of incendiary bombs intended to set the city ablaze. The first wave of follow-up bombers dropped high explosive bombs, the intent of which was to knock out the utilities (the water supply, electricity network and gas mains), and to crater

Hook Creek - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-522: The water quality and marine life within the water. In the 21st century, New York City restored large sections of wetland, completing a $ 700,000 restoration project in Hook Creek Park in May 2023. The sections of Queens near the creek were ultimately hooked up to New York City's sanitary sewer system in 2010, allowing the wastewater to be treated instead of being dumped into the creek, and thus enabling

1221-413: The west by Hook Creek and on the east by Rockaway Boulevard. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Rosedale was 25,063, a decrease of 439 (1.7%) from the 25,502 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 1,354.44 acres (548.12 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 18.5 inhabitants per acre (11,800/sq mi; 4,600/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood

1258-530: Was 5.3% (1,334) White , 79.9% (20,033) African American , 0.3% (82) Native American , 2.2% (556) Asian , 1.0% (242) from other races , and 1.9% (474) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3% (2,342) of the population. The 90-acre (36 ha) Brookville Park is located on the western border of Rosedale (next to Springfield Gardens). It is bounded by South Conduit Avenue, 149th Avenue, and 232nd and 235th Streets. It contains Conselyea's Pond. Rosedale's public schools are operated by

1295-534: Was another high altitude daylight incendiary raid against Tokyo on 25 February when 172 B-29s destroyed around 643 acres (260 ha) of the snow-covered city, dropping 453.7 tons of mostly incendiaries with some fragmentation bombs. Changing to low-altitude night tactics to concentrate the fire damage while minimizing the effectiveness of fighter and artillery defenses, the Operation Meetinghouse raid carried out by 279 B-29s raided Tokyo again on

1332-525: Was started immediately. The Southern Railroad of Long Island (now Long Island Rail Road ) was built and the whole area (today Laurelton, Rosedale, and Springfield Gardens) was served by the Laurelton station . The area was also connected to the Brooklyn waterworks . In the 20th century, the water system was less needed, and its use dwindled. Today the ruins of the aqueduct system can still be seen. After

1369-705: Was used in Europe before and adopted a policy of saturation bombing , using incendiaries to burn Japanese-held cities including Wuhan , and the cities of the Japanese home islands. These tactics were used to devastating effect with many urban areas burned out. The first incendiary raid by B-29 Superfortress bombers was against Kobe on 4 February 1945, with 69 B-29s arriving over the city at an altitude of 24,500 to 27,000 ft (7,500 to 8,200 m), dropping 152 tons of incendiaries and 14 tons of fragmentation bombs to destroy about 57.4 acres (23.2 ha). The next mission

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