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13-605: Hupa are a Native American people in northwestern California (including the Federally recognized Hoopa Valley Tribe ). Hupa or Hoopa can refer to: Hupa Hupa people migrated from the north into northern California around 1000 CE and settled in Hoopa Valley, California (Hupa: Natinook ). Their heritage language is Hupa , which is a member of the Athabaskan language family . Their land stretched from

26-608: A population for Hupa alone of 2,900. William J. Wallace felt that the latter estimate was "much too high", and allowed 1,000 for Hupa, 500–600 for Chilula, and 500 for Whilkut. The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation has a resident population of 2,633 persons according to the 2000 census . Hupa descendants have since been incorporated mainly into the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation and other tribes: Chilula The Chilula ( Yurok language term: Chueluela' / Chueluelaa' , Tsulu-la , "People of Tsulu,

39-677: Is next to the territory of the Yurok at the connection of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers in northeastern Humboldt County. The reservation has a land area of 141.087 square miles (365.41 km ). Hupa are involved in the talks to remove hydroelectric dams along the Klamath and Trinity rivers , and were a party to a lawsuit against the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Marine Fisheries Service. On February 8, 2017,

52-983: The Tsnungwe (South Fork Hupa) , the Chilula (Lower Redwood Creek Hupa) and Whilkut (Redwood Creek Hupa) . Hupa people had limited contact with non-native peoples until the 1849 Gold Rush brought an influx of miners onto their lands. In 1864, the United States government signed a treaty recognizing the Hupa tribe's sovereignty over their land. The United States called the reservation the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation (located at 41°05′57″N 123°40′21″W  /  41.09917°N 123.67250°W  / 41.09917; -123.67250 ), where Hupa people now reside, one of very few California tribes not forced from their homeland. The reservation

65-702: The Bald Hill", locally known as the "Bald Hills Indians" ) were a Pacific Coast Athabaskan tribe speaking a dialect similar to the Hupa to the east and Whilkut to the south, who inhabited the area on or near Lower Redwood Creek , in Northern California , some 500 to 600 years before contact with Europeans . Upstream and northwest of the Whilkut along the Lower Redwood Creek lived

78-850: The Chilula; they established their more than 20 villages only along the eastern shore, because there the mountains were broken by valleys irrigated by small streams, while the western shore was difficult to access. The Chilula (together with Whilkut) were called by the neighboring Hupa-speaking peoples Xwiy¬q'it-xwe / Xwe:yłq'it-xwe ("Redwood Ridge / Bald Hills People"), the Karuk also called them Vitkirik'áraar ("People of Viitkírik/Viitkírak (Bald Hills)"), therefore they were also known as Bald Hills Indians or Lower Redwood Indians . Because of their close Hupa kin they are also called Lower Redwood Creek Hupa or Downstream Redwood Creek Hupa . Sometimes they are also considered another fourth tribelet (subgroup) of

91-734: The South Fork of the Trinity River to Hoopa Valley, to the Klamath River in California. Their red cedar -planked houses, dugout canoes , basket hats and many elements of their oral literature identify them with their northern origin; however, some of their customs, such as the use of a sweat house for ceremonies and the manufacture of acorn bread, were adopted from surrounding indigenous peoples of California . Close associated peoples - both by language and custom - were/are

104-594: The Whilkut and are called the Chilula Whilkut . Chilula descendants have since been incorporated into the Hupa: Groups of Chilula Indians lived in hamlets scattered throughout the area, each containing about thirty people. The Chilula originally had at least 20 villages. Alfred Kroeber identified the locations and names of 18 of these; his spellings are in parentheses. Most of these settlements were on

117-475: The acorns of Notholithocarpus densiflorus to make meal, from which they would make mush, bread, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. They also roast the acorns and eat them. They also use the dyed fronds of Woodwardia radicans for basketry. They also use Xerophyllum tenax to create a border pattern in baskets. Hupa, like many tribes in the area, fish for salmon in the Klamath and Trinity rivers. One of

130-576: The east side of Redwood Creek. It was sunnier there and the trees less dense. The Chilulas also had temporary camps on Bald Hills, where they stayed during the summer and fall. They usually chose sites high on a ridge near a cool brook or stream. The Chilula's permanent homes in Redwood Creek basin were square structures made of redwood slabs. Small pieces of leftover wood were used to make drum frames, medicine boxes, and other items. The houses were built over dug-out pits. A notched plank served as

143-578: The federal district court judge ruled in favor of the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the three other Klamath River fishing tribes, and other stakeholders. The judge agreed to plans designed by the Tribes' scientists to reduce outbreaks of a deadly fish disease that had infected 90% of juvenile salmon in 2014 and 2015. Hupa people have been excelling at basketry and elk horn carving since the 17th century, petroglyphs . Traditionally, Hupa people have used

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156-574: The methods they once used to capture fish was the fish weir , which tribal members would maintain. Hupa share all of their fishing practices with the neighboring Yurok Hupa tribal fishers and their families rely on the Spring and Fall Chinook Salmon runs. Acorns, once abundant, were a main staple until they grew scarce. Because Hupa were not located as close to the sea as their neighboring Yurok Tribe, they traded supplies with them, such as salt in exchange for baskets, or acorns for canoes. Estimates for

169-415: The pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber thought that the 1770 population of Hupa was 1,000 and that Chilula and Whilkut accounted for another 1,000. Kroeber estimated the population of Hupa in 1910 to be 500. In 1943, Sherburne F. Cook proposed an aboriginal population of 1,000 for Hupa and 600 for Chilula. He subsequently suggested

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