Hope is an optimistic state of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes with respect to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large. As a verb, its definitions include: "expect with confidence" and "to cherish a desire with anticipation".
109-627: Among its opposites are dejection, hopelessness , and despair . Hope finds expression through many dimensions of human life, including practical reasoning, the religious virtue of hope , legal doctrine, and literature alongside cultural and mythological aspects. Professor of Psychology Barbara Fredrickson argues that hope comes into its own when crisis looms, opening us to new creative possibilities. Frederickson argues that with great need comes an unusually wide range of ideas, as well as such positive emotions as happiness and joy, courage, and empowerment, drawn from four different areas of one's self: from
218-530: A medical model and those based on a humanistic model . In the medical model, the client is seen as unwell and the therapist employs their skill to help the client back to health. The extensive use of the DSM-IV , the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the United States is an example of a medically exclusive model. The humanistic or non-medical model in contrast strives to depathologise
327-691: A "Hope Scale" which considered that a person's determination to achieve their goal is their measured hope. Snyder differentiates between adult-measured hope and child-measured hope. The Adult Hope Scale by Snyder contains 12 questions; 4 measuring 'pathways thinking', 4 measuring 'agency thinking', and 4 that are simply fillers. Each subject responds to each question using an 8-point scale. Fibel and Hale measure hope by combining Snyder's Hope Scale with their own Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale (GESS) to empirically measure hope. Snyder regarded that psychotherapy can help focus attention on one's goals, drawing on tacit knowledge of how to reach them. Similarly, there
436-407: A box that contained all manners of evil, unbeknownst to the receiver of the box. Pandora opened the box after being warned not to, and unleashed a multitude of harmful spirits that inflicted plagues, diseases, and illnesses on mankind. Spirits of greed, envy, hatred, mistrust, sorrow, anger, revenge, lust, and despair scattered far and wide looking for humans to torment. Inside the box, however, there
545-480: A cognitive, psychological, social, or physical perspective. Such positive thinking bears fruit when based on a realistic sense of optimism, not on a naive "false hope". The psychologist Charles R. Snyder linked hope to the existence of a goal, combined with a determined plan for reaching that goal. Alfred Adler had similarly argued for the centrality of goal-seeking in human psychology, as too had philosophical anthropologists like Ernst Bloch . Snyder also stressed
654-413: A crucial and inherent aspect of human existence, not only by philosophers from various backgrounds but also by national and international courts, particularly in the past decade. Serving as an existential element within each individual, hope manifests itself in various ways in both private and public spheres. While past court considerations often focused on hopes arising from legal disputes and everyday life,
763-417: A few years later, psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck developed a form of psychotherapy known as cognitive therapy . Both of these included relatively short, structured and present-focused techniques aimed at identifying and changing a person's beliefs, appraisals and reaction-patterns, by contrast with the more long-lasting insight-based approach of psychodynamic or humanistic therapies. Beck's approach used primarily
872-408: A less medical or "professional" focus. Somatotherapy refers to the use of physical changes as injuries and illnesses, and sociotherapy to the use of a person's social environment to effect therapeutic change. Psychotherapy may address spirituality as a significant part of someone's mental / psychological life, and some forms are derived from spiritual philosophies, but practices based on treating
981-493: A period of internship which is only open to physicians or titulars of a master's degree in psychology or psychoanalysis. Austria and Switzerland (2011) have laws that recognize multi-disciplinary functional approaches. In the United Kingdom, the government and Health and Care Professions Council considered mandatory legal registration but decided that it was best left to professional bodies to regulate themselves, so
1090-759: A person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health , to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills . Numerous types of psychotherapy have been designed either for individual adults, families, or children and adolescents. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders ; other types have been criticized as pseudoscience . There are hundreds of psychotherapy techniques, some being minor variations; others are based on very different conceptions of psychology. Most involve one-to-one sessions, between
1199-570: A positive outcome for those who are in control in the wider society, when containment within the immediate family had failed. Object relations theory similarly sees the analytic transference as motivated in part by an unconscious hope that past conflicts and traumas can be dealt with anew. As a specialist in positive psychology , Snyder studied how hope and forgiveness can impact several aspects of life such as health, work, education, and personal meaning. He postulated that there are three main things that make up hopeful thinking: In other words, hope
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#17327650373641308-684: A primary treatment for numerous disorders. A "third wave" of cognitive and behavioral therapies developed, including acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy , which expanded the concepts to other disorders and/or added novel components and mindfulness exercises. However the "third wave" concept has been criticized as not essentially different from other therapies and having roots in earlier ones as well. Counseling methods developed include solution-focused therapy and systemic coaching . Postmodern psychotherapies such as narrative therapy and coherence therapy do not impose definitions of mental health and illness, but rather see
1417-621: A psychotherapy permit by completing certain educational and practice requirements; their professional oversight is provided by their own professional orders. Some other professionals who were practising psychotherapy before the current system came into force continue to hold psychotherapy permits alone. On 1 July 2019, Ontario's Missing Persons Act came into effect, with the purpose of giving police more power to investigate missing persons. It allows police to require (as opposed to permit) health professionals, including psychotherapists, to share otherwise confidential documents about their client, if there
1526-623: A similar restriction on the title "psychotherapist", which may only be used by professionals who have gone through a post-graduate training in psychotherapy and then applied for a licence, issued by the National Board of Health and Welfare . Legislation in France restricts the use of the title "psychotherapist" to professionals on the National Register of Psychotherapists, which requires a training in clinical psychopathology and
1635-453: A small number of sessions over a few weeks or months may be classified as brief therapy (or short-term therapy), others, where regular sessions take place for years, may be classified as long-term. Some practitioners distinguish between more "uncovering" (or " depth ") approaches and more "supportive" psychotherapy. Uncovering psychotherapy emphasizes facilitating the client's insight into the roots of their difficulties. The best-known example
1744-469: A specific psychotherapy; or (in some cases) academic or scientifically trained professionals. In addition to the training, many countries require psychotherapist to register with a professional body in order to be permitted to offer services. Psychiatrists are trained first as physicians, and as such they may prescribe prescription medication ; and specialist psychiatric training begins after medical school in psychiatric residencies: however, their specialty
1853-443: A supplement to more traditional cognitive behavioral therapies . In terms of support for physical illness, research suggests that hope can encourage the release of endorphins and enkephalins , which help to block pain. There are two main arguments based on judgment against those who are advocates of using hope to help treat severe illnesses . The first of which is that if physicians have too much hope, they may aggressively treat
1962-456: A technique of " evenly-suspended attention " to avoid becoming overly focused on specific details during sessions, as he believed extensive note-taking could interfere with the therapeutic process. This tension between accurate documentation and the therapeutic relationship continued to shape early discussions on clinical documentation. As the field of psychotherapy grew, standardized note-taking practices emerged to promote consistency and improve
2071-629: A way to maintain personal motivation, which ultimately will result in a greater sense of optimism. Hope, and more specifically, particularized hope, has been shown to be an important part of the recovery process from illness; it has strong psychological benefits for patients, helping them to cope more effectively with their disease. For example, hope motivates people to pursue healthy behaviors for recovery, such as eating fruits and vegetables, quitting smoking, and engaging in regular physical activity . This not only helps to enhance people's recovery from illnesses but also helps prevent illness from developing in
2180-551: A year-long internship at an accredited psychiatric institution, six months of clinical work at an outpatient facility, 600 hours of supervised psychotherapy in an outpatient setting, and at least 600 hours of theoretical seminars. Social workers may complete the specialist training for child and teenage clients. Similarly in Italy, the practice of psychotherapy is restricted to graduates in psychology or medicine who have completed four years of recognised specialist training. Sweden has
2289-487: Is a powerful protector against chronic or life-threatening illnesses. A person’s hope (even when facing an illness that will likely end their life) can be helpful by finding joy or comfort. It can be created and focused on achieving life goals, such as meeting grandchildren or attending a child’s wedding. Hope can be an opportunity for us to process and go through events, that can be traumatic. A setback in life, an accident, or our own final months of living can be times when hope
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#17327650373642398-540: Is a regulated activity which is restricted to psychologists, medical doctors, and holders of a psychotherapy permit issued by the Ordre des psychologues du Québec, the Quebec order of psychologists. Members of certain specified professions, including social workers , couple and family therapists, occupational therapists , guidance counsellors , criminologists , sexologists , psychoeducators , and registered nurses may obtain
2507-424: Is an outlook and a grasp of reality to hope, distinguishing No Hope , Lost Hope , False Hope and Real Hope , which differ in terms of viewpoint and realism. Contemporary philosopher Richard Rorty understands hope as more than goal setting , rather as a metanarrative , a story that serves as a promise or reason for expecting a better future. Rorty as postmodernist believes past meta–narratives, including
2616-511: Is classical psychoanalysis. Supportive psychotherapy by contrast stresses strengthening the client's coping mechanisms and often providing encouragement and advice, as well as reality-testing and limit-setting where necessary. Depending on the client's issues and situation, a more supportive or more uncovering approach may be optimal. These psychotherapies, also known as " experiential ", are based on humanistic psychology and emerged in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, being dubbed
2725-421: Is comfort and serves as a pathway from one stage to the next. The inclusion of hope in treatment programs has potential in both physical and mental health settings. Hope as a mechanism for improved treatment has been studied in the contexts of PTSD, chronic physical illness, and terminal illness, among other disorders and ailments. Within mental health practice, clinicians have suggested using hope interventions as
2834-425: Is completed at a postgraduate level, often at a master's degree (or doctoral) level, over four years, with significant supervised practice and clinical placements. Mental health professionals that choose to specialize in psychotherapeutic work also require a program of continuing professional education after basic professional training. A listing of the extensive professional competencies of a European psychotherapist
2943-405: Is discussed with the concepts of desire and wish. In Vedic philosophy , karma was linked to ritual sacrifices ( yajna ), hope and success linked to correct performance of these rituals. In Vishnu Smriti , the image of hope, morals and work is represented as the virtuous man who rides in a chariot directed by his hopeful mind to his desired wishes, drawn by his five senses, who keeps the chariot on
3052-500: Is in mental disorders or forms of mental illness. Clinical psychologists have specialist doctoral degrees in psychology with some clinical and research components. Other clinical practitioners, social workers , mental health counselors, pastoral counselors, and nurses with a specialization in mental health, also often conduct psychotherapy. Many of the wide variety of psychotherapy training programs and institutional settings are multi-professional. In most countries, psychotherapy training
3161-561: Is more difficult, as the individual most likely does not have direct control over the future of their health. Instead, Herth suggests that the goals should be concerned with how the individual is going to personally deal with the illness—"Instead of drinking to ease the pain of my illness, I am going to surround myself with friends and family". While the nature of the goals in Snyder's model differ with those in Herth's model, they both view hope as
3270-465: Is often a motivating force for change in dynamic characters. A commonly understood reference from western popular culture is the subtitle " A New Hope " from the original first installment (now considered Episode IV) in the Star Wars science fiction space opera . The subtitle refers to one of the lead characters, Luke Skywalker , who is expected in the future to allow good to triumph over evil within
3379-405: Is often dubbed as a "talking therapy" or "talk therapy", particularly for a general audience, though not all forms of psychotherapy rely on verbal communication . Children or adults who do not engage in verbal communication (or not in the usual way) are not excluded from psychotherapy; indeed some types are designed for such cases. The American Psychological Association adopted a resolution on
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3488-555: Is often regarded as crucial to psychotherapy. Common factors theory addresses this and other core aspects thought to be responsible for effective psychotherapy. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), a Viennese neurologist who studied with Jean-Martin Charcot in 1885, is often considered the father of modern psychotherapy. His methods included analyzing his patient's dreams in search of important hidden insights into their unconscious minds. Other major elements of his methods, which changed throughout
3597-463: Is probably the first journal to use the term. Thus psychotherapy initially meant "the treatment of disease by psychic or hypnotic influence, or by suggestion". Sigmund Freud visited the Nancy School and his early neurological practice involved the use of hypnotism. However following the work of his mentor Josef Breuer —in particular a case where symptoms appeared partially resolved by what
3706-469: Is reason to believe their client is missing. Some have expressed concern that this legislation undermines psychotherapy confidentiality and could be abused maliciously by police, while others have praised the act for how it respects privacy and includes checks and balances. Psychotherapy can be said to have been practiced through the ages, as medics, philosophers, spiritual practitioners and people in general used psychological methods to heal others. In
3815-478: Is the human givens approach, introduced in 1998–99. It is a solution-focused intervention based on identifying emotional needs—such as for security, autonomy and social connection—and using various educational and psychological methods to help people meet those needs more fully or appropriately. Insight-oriented psychotherapies focus on revealing or interpreting unconscious processes. Most commonly referring to psychodynamic therapy , of which psychoanalysis
3924-411: Is the foundation of putting those suffering on a path toward inner freedom and holistic well-being. It instills the belief in positive outcomes even in the midst of suffering and adversity. Hopelessness scale The Beck Hopelessness Scale ( BHS ) is a 20-item self-report inventory developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck that was designed to measure three major aspects of hopelessness: feelings about
4033-442: Is the goal of existential therapy . Existential therapy is in turn philosophically associated with phenomenology . Person-centered therapy , also known as client-centered, focuses on the therapist showing openness, empathy and "unconditional positive regard", to help clients express and develop their own self . Humanistic Psychodrama (HPD) is based on the human image of humanistic psychology. So all rules and methods follow
4142-599: The Holman Bible Dictionary , hope is a "[t]rustful expectation...the anticipation of a favorable outcome under God's guidance." In The Pilgrim's Progress , it is Hopeful who comforts Christian in Doubting Castle; while conversely at the entrance to Dante's Hell were the words, "Lay down all hope, you that go in by me". In historic literature of Hinduism, hope is referred to with Pratidhi (Sanskrit: प्रतिधी), or Apêksh (Sanskrit: अपेक्ष). It
4251-734: The Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA) launched an Accredited Voluntary Registers scheme. Counseling and psychotherapy are not protected titles in the United Kingdom. Counsellors and psychotherapists who have trained and qualify to a certain standard (usually a level 4 Diploma) can apply to be members of the professional bodies who are listed on the PSA Accredited Registers. In some states, counselors or therapists must be licensed to use certain words and titles on self-identification or advertising. In some other states,
4360-459: The Western tradition , by the 19th century, a moral treatment movement (then meaning morale or mental) developed based on non-invasive non-restraint therapeutic methods. Another influential movement was started by Franz Mesmer (1734–1815) and his student Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur (1751–1825). Called Mesmerism or animal magnetism, it would have a strong influence on
4469-923: The human givens approach. A survey of over 2,500 US therapists in 2006 revealed the most utilized models of therapy and the ten most influential therapists of the previous quarter-century. The practice of documenting psychotherapy sessions originated in the late 19th century with early pioneers in psychoanalysis . Sigmund Freud , often referred to as the father of psychoanalysis, was known for his meticulous record-keeping, which he used to study patient progress and deepen his understanding of human psychology. In his correspondence with Wilhelm Fleiss , Freud described his habit of taking daily notes to track his patients' progress, and he sometimes shared his observations with colleagues to discuss emerging theories and techniques. While Freud valued thorough documentation, he also recognized its potential drawbacks. In his Recommendations to Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis , he suggested
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4578-542: The psyche 's conscious / unconscious influence on external relationships and the self. Sessions tended to number into the hundreds over several years. Behaviorism developed in the 1920s, and behavior modification as a therapy became popularized in the 1950s and 1960s. Notable contributors were Joseph Wolpe in South Africa, M.B. Shapiro and Hans Eysenck in Britain, and John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner in
4687-566: The socratic method , and links have been drawn between ancient stoic philosophy and these cognitive therapies. Cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches were increasingly combined and grouped under the umbrella term cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the 1970s. Many approaches within CBT are oriented towards active/directive yet collaborative empiricism (a form of reality-testing), and assessing and modifying core beliefs and dysfunctional schemas. These approaches gained widespread acceptance as
4796-564: The "third force". They are primarily concerned with the human development and needs of the individual, with an emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection of determinism , and a concern for positive growth rather than pathology . Some posit an inherent human capacity to maximize potential, "the self-actualizing tendency"; the task of therapy is to create a relational environment where this tendency might flourish. Humanistic psychology can, in turn, be rooted in existentialism —the belief that human beings can only find meaning by creating it. This
4905-688: The 1990 Strasbourg Declaration on Psychotherapy, which is dedicated to establishing an independent profession of psychotherapy in Europe, with pan-European standards. The EAP has already made significant contacts with the European Union & European Commission towards this end. Given that the European Union has a primary policy about the free movement of labor within Europe, European legislation can overrule national regulations that are, in essence, forms of restrictive practices. In Germany,
5014-477: The 21st century there were over a thousand different named psychotherapies—some being minor variations while others are based on very different conceptions of psychology, ethics (how to live) or technique. In practice therapy is often not of one pure type but draws from a number of perspectives and schools—known as an integrative or eclectic approach. The importance of the therapeutic relationship , also known as therapeutic alliance, between client and therapist
5123-543: The American Psychological Association requires its members to adhere to its published Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct . The American Board of Professional Psychology examines and certifies "psychologists who demonstrate competence in approved specialty areas in professional psychology". Regulation of psychotherapy is in the jurisdiction of, and varies among, the provinces and territories. In Quebec , psychotherapy
5232-509: The BDI is better suited for predicting suicidal ideation behavior. The internal reliability coefficients are reasonably high ( Pearson r = 0.82 to 0.93 in seven norm groups), but the BHS test-retest reliability coefficients are modest (0.69 after one week and 0.66 after six weeks). Dowd and Owen both positively reviewed the effectiveness of the instrument, with Dowd concluding that
5341-422: The BHS was "a well-constructed and validated instrument, with adequate reliability". In 2012, the scale became the subject of a much circulated DMCA notice that resulted in the temporary shutdown of 1.45 million education blogs due to the scale's inclusion in a single blog several years prior to the incident, sparking widespread indignation. Beck Hopelessness Scale is sold as a product by Pearson , along with
5450-606: The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). The Beck Hopelessness Scale questionnaire consists of twenty true/false questions examining the respondent's attitude for the past week, such as: Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy , talk therapy , or talking therapy ) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction , to help
5559-490: The Christian story, utilitarianism, and Marxism have proved false hopes; that theory cannot offer social hope; and that liberal man must learn to live without a consensual theory of social hope. Rorty says a new document of promise is needed for social hope to exist again. Of the countless models that examine the importance of hope in an individual's life, two major theories have gained a significant amount of recognition in
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#17327650373645668-638: The Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease , in which he also proposed making a science of animal magnetism . Hippolyte Bernheim and colleagues in the " Nancy School" developed the concept of "psychotherapy" in the sense of using the mind to heal the body through hypnotism , yet further. Charles Lloyd Tuckey's 1889 work, Psycho-therapeutics, or Treatment by Hypnotism and Suggestion popularized
5777-462: The United States. Behavioral therapy approaches relied on principles of operant conditioning , classical conditioning and social learning theory to bring about therapeutic change in observable symptoms. The approach became commonly used for phobias , as well as other disorders. Some therapeutic approaches developed out of the European school of existential philosophy . Concerned mainly with
5886-457: The approach, like Fritz and Laura Perls in the creation of Gestalt therapy , as well as Marshall Rosenberg, founder of Nonviolent Communication , and Eric Berne , founder of transactional analysis . Later these fields of psychotherapy would become what is known as humanistic psychotherapy today. Self-help groups and books became widespread. During the 1950s, Albert Ellis originated rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Independently
5995-408: The axioms of humanistic psychology. The HPD sees itself as development-oriented psychotherapy and has completely moved away from the psychoanalytic catharsis theory. Self-awareness and self-realization are essential aspects in the therapeutic process. Subjective experiences, feelings and thoughts and one's own experiences are the starting point for a change or reorientation in experience and behavior in
6104-478: The body that can make recovery from chronic illness more likely. This chain reaction is especially evident with studies demonstrating the placebo effect , a situation when hope is the only variable aiding in these patients’ recovery. Overall, studies have demonstrated that maintaining a sense of hope during a period of recovery from illness is beneficial. A sense of hopelessness during the recovery period has, in many instances, resulted in adverse health conditions for
6213-638: The building of the Shanghai World Financial Center , Burj Khalifa and Taipei 101 , which has given rise to a prevailing hope within the countries of origin. In chaotic environments hope is transcended without cultural boundaries, Syrian refugee children are supported by UNESCO's education project through creative education and psycho-social assistance. Other inter-cultural support for instilling hope involve food culture, disengaging refugees from trauma through immersing them in their rich cultural past. Hope has been widely recognized as
6322-459: The client and therapist, but some are conducted with groups , including families . Psychotherapists may be mental health professionals such as psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, or professional counselors. Psychotherapists may also come from a variety of other backgrounds, and depending on the jurisdiction may be legally regulated, voluntarily regulated or unregulated (and
6431-579: The complex writings of existential philosophers (e.g., Søren Kierkegaard , Jean-Paul Sartre , Gabriel Marcel , Martin Heidegger , Friedrich Nietzsche ). The uniqueness of the patient-therapist relationship thus also forms a vehicle for therapeutic inquiry. A related body of thought in psychotherapy started in the 1950s with Carl Rogers . Based also on the works of Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of human needs , Rogers brought person-centered psychotherapy into mainstream focus. The primary requirement
6540-407: The confidentiality and narrative depth that are essential to psychotherapy. Mental health professionals continue to explore best practices for balancing structured documentation with the more nuanced narrative elements that are critical in psychotherapy. There are hundreds of psychotherapy approaches or schools of thought. By 1980 there were more than 250; by 1996 more than 450; and at the start of
6649-511: The correct pathways to do so. Whereas Snyder's theory focuses on hope as a mechanism to overcome an individual's lack of motivation to achieve goals, the other major theory developed by Kaye A. Herth deals more specifically with an individual's future goals as they relate to coping with illnesses. Herth views hope as "a motivational and cognitive attribute that is theoretically necessary to initiate and sustain action toward goal attainment". Establishing realistic and attainable goals in this situation
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#17327650373646758-440: The current predominant topic of discussion centers around the hope of incarcerated individuals seeking release. See, for instance, Graham v. Florida , 560 U.S. 48, 52 (2010). Riofrio's examination delves not only into specific expressions of the right to hope but also into the right to hope itself as a comprehensive concept. In this exploration, he draws connections between numerous legal doctrines addressing everyday hopes, such as
6867-702: The direction of more self-acceptance and satisfaction. Dealing with the biography of the individual is closely related to the sociometry of the group. Gestalt therapy , originally called "concentration therapy", is an existential/experiential form that facilitates awareness in the various contexts of life, by moving from talking about relatively remote situations to action and direct current experience. Derived from various influences, including an overhaul of psychoanalysis, it stands on top of essentially four load-bearing theoretical walls: phenomenological method , dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and experimental freedom. A briefer form of humanistic therapy
6976-402: The doctrines of legitimate expectations and loss of a chance. Drawing insights from extensive case law explicitly referencing the right to hope, international legal precedents, philosophical teachings from eminent scholars, and certain theological arguments, Riofrio concludes that the unenumerated right to hope encompasses four essential elements: Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in
7085-480: The documentation process in psychotherapy. Electronic health records (EHRs) introduced significant benefits, such as enhanced accessibility and organization of patient records. Despite initial concerns about privacy and data security, studies have found that EHRs can increase documentation completeness, which improves information sharing and, ultimately, the quality of patient care. Digital note-taking also introduced new challenges, particularly in terms of maintaining
7194-420: The effectiveness of psychotherapy in 2012 based on a definition developed by American psychologist John C. Norcross : "Psychotherapy is the informed and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological principles for the purpose of assisting people to modify their behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and/or other personal characteristics in directions that
7303-509: The field of psychology . One of these theories, developed by Charles R. Snyder , argues that hope should be viewed as a cognitive skill that demonstrates an individual's ability to maintain drive in the pursuit of a particular goal. This model reasons that an individual's ability to be hopeful depends on two types of thinking: agency thinking and pathway thinking. Agency thinking refers to an individual's determination to achieve their goals despite possible obstacles, while pathway thinking refers to
7412-411: The first place. Patients who maintain high levels of hope have an improved prognosis for life-threatening illness and an enhanced quality of life. Belief and expectation, which are key elements of hope, block pain in patients suffering from chronic illness by releasing endorphins and mimicking the effects of morphine. Consequently, through this process, belief and expectation can set off a chain reaction in
7521-425: The future, loss of motivation, and expectations. It is a true-false test is designed for adults, age 17–80. It measures the extent of the respondent's negative attitudes, or pessimism, about the future. It may be used as an indicator of suicidal risk in depressed people who have made suicide attempts. It is not designed for use as a measure of the hopelessness construct but has been used as such. Sufficient data about
7630-439: The goal of therapy as something constructed by the client and therapist in a social context. Systemic therapy also developed, which focuses on family and group dynamics—and transpersonal psychology , which focuses on the spiritual facet of human experience. Other orientations developed in the last three decades include feminist therapy , brief therapy , somatic psychology , expressive therapy , applied positive psychology and
7739-456: The good, that the journey of one's diligent efforts ( karma ) and how one pursues the journey, sooner or later leads to bliss and moksha . Buddhism's teachings are centered around the concept of hope. It puts those who are suffering on a path to a more harmonious world and better well-being. Hope acts as a light to those who are lost or suffering. Factors of Saddha (faith), wisdom, and aspiration work together to form practical hope. Practical hope
7848-507: The human condition. The therapist attempts to create a relational environment conducive to experiential learning and help build the client's confidence in their own natural process resulting in a deeper understanding of themselves. The therapist may see themselves as a facilitator/helper. Another distinction is between individual one-to-one therapy sessions, and group psychotherapy , including couples therapy and family therapy . Therapies are sometimes classified according to their duration;
7957-476: The individual's ability to develop and preserve a sense of meaning and purpose throughout life, major contributors to the field (e.g., Irvin Yalom , Rollo May ) and Europe ( Viktor Frankl , Ludwig Binswanger , Medard Boss , R.D.Laing , Emmy van Deurzen ) attempted to create therapies sensitive to common "life crises" springing from the essential bleakness of human self-awareness, previously accessible only through
8066-462: The link between hope and mental willpower ( hardiness ), as well as the need for realistic perception of goals (problem orientation), arguing that the difference between hope and optimism was that the former can look like wishful thinking but the latter provides the energy to find practical pathways for an improved future. D. W. Winnicott saw a child's antisocial behavior as expressing as a cry for help, an unconscious hope, meaning an unspoken desire for
8175-435: The matter of globalization , hope is focused on economic and social empowerment. Focusing on parts of Asia, hope has taken on a secular or materialistic form in relation to the pursuit of economic growth. Primary examples are the rise of the economies of China and India , correlating with the notion of Chindia . A secondary relevant example is the increased use of contemporary architecture in rising economies, such as
8284-401: The needs of different therapeutic approaches, formats like DAP (Data, Assessment, Plan) and BIRP (Behavior, Intervention, Response, Plan) were introduced. These standardized approaches enabled better communication between providers, facilitated treatment planning, and ensured accountability and continuity of care. The advent of digital tools in the late 20th and early 21st centuries transformed
8393-403: The other evils, to fling away his life, but to go on letting himself be tormented again and again. Therefore he gives Man hope,—in reality it is the worst of all evils, because it prolongs the torments of Man. Elpis (Hope) appears in ancient Greek mythology with the story of Zeus and Prometheus . Prometheus stole fire from the god Zeus, which infuriated the supreme god. In turn, Zeus created
8502-756: The participants deem desirable". Influential editions of a work by psychiatrist Jerome Frank defined psychotherapy as a healing relationship using socially authorized methods in a series of contacts primarily involving words, acts and rituals—which Frank regarded as forms of persuasion and rhetoric . Historically, psychotherapy has sometimes meant "interpretative" (i.e. Freudian ) methods, namely psychoanalysis , in contrast with other methods to treat psychiatric disorders such as behavior modification. Some definitions of counseling overlap with psychotherapy (particularly in non-directive client-centered approaches), or counseling may refer to guidance for everyday problems in specific areas, typically for shorter durations with
8611-591: The path of the virtuous, and thus is not distracted by the wrongs such as wrath, greed, and other vices. In the centuries that followed, the concept of karma changed from sacramental rituals to actual human action that builds and serves society and human existence–a philosophy epitomized in the Bhagavad Gita . Hope, in the structure of beliefs and motivations, is a long-term karmic concept. In Hindu belief, actions have consequences, and while one's effort and work may or may not bear near term fruits, it will serve
8720-537: The patient (i.e. depression and anxiety following the recovery process). Additionally, having a greater amount of hope before and during cognitive therapy has led to decreased PTSD-related depression symptoms in war veterans. Hope has also been found to be associated with more positive perceptions of subjective health. However, reviews of research literature have noted that the connections between hope and symptom severity in other mental health disorders are less clear, such as in cases of individuals with schizophrenia . Hope
8829-435: The patient and the physician. The impact that hope can have on a patient's recovery process is strongly supported through both empirical research and theoretical approaches. However, reviews of literature also maintain that more longitudinal and methodologically sound research is needed to establish which hope interventions are actually the most effective, and in what setting (i.e. chronic illness vs. terminal illness ). In
8938-400: The patient, Bertha Pappenheim , dubbed a " talking cure "—Freud began focusing on conditions that appeared to have psychological causes originating in childhood experiences and the unconscious mind . He went on to develop techniques such as free association , dream interpretation , transference and analysis of the id, ego and superego . His popular reputation as the father of psychotherapy
9047-400: The patient. The physician will hold on to a small shred of hope that the patient may get better. Thus, this causes them to try methods that are costly and may have many side effects. One physician noted that she regretted having hope for her patient; it resulted in her patient suffering through three more years of pain that the patient would not have endured if the physician had realized recovery
9156-482: The plot of the films. The swallow has been a symbol of hope, in Aesop's fables and numerous other historic literature. It symbolizes hope, in part because it is among the first birds to appear at the end of winter and the start of spring. Other symbols of hope include the anchor and the dove . Nietzsche took a contrarian but coherent view of hope:- ... Zeus did not wish man, however much he might be tormented by
9265-578: The practice of psychotherapy for adults is restricted to qualified psychologists and physicians (including psychiatrists) who have completed several years of specialist practical training and certification in psychotherapy. As psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy meet the requirements of German health insurance companies, mental health professionals regularly opt for one of these three specializations in their postgraduate training. For psychologists, this includes three years of full-time practical training (4,200 hours), encompassing
9374-564: The quality of patient care. One major advancement was the introduction of SOAP notes in the 1960s, developed by Dr. Lawrence Weed to structure clinical notes in four categories: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. This framework became widely used in both medical and mental health settings, offering a structured yet flexible approach to documentation that supported clinical reasoning and treatment planning. Progress notes also gained prominence in mental health, tracking clients’ clinical status and treatment progress across sessions. To meet
9483-495: The regulation and delivery of psychotherapy. Several countries have no regulation of the practice or no protection of the title. Some have a system of voluntary registration, with independent professional organizations, while other countries attempt to restrict the practice of psychotherapy to 'mental health professionals' (psychologists and psychiatrists) with state-certified training. The titles that are protected also vary. The European Association for Psychotherapy (EAP) established
9592-438: The regulatory psychotherapeutic organizations' codes of ethical practice. Examples of when it is typically accepted to break confidentiality include when the therapist has knowledge that a child or elder is being physically abused; when there is a direct, clear and imminent threat of serious physical harm to self or to a specific individual. As of 2015, there are still a lot of variations between different European countries about
9701-615: The related concept of "trust" and that "toḥelet" signifies "expectation". Hope is one of the three theological virtues of the Christian religion, alongside faith and love . "Hope" in the Holy Bible means "a strong and confident expectation" of future reward (see Titus 1:2). In modern terms, hope is akin to trust and a confident expectation". Paul the Apostle argued that Christ was a source of hope for Christians: "For in this hope we have been saved" (see Romans 8:24). According to
9810-539: The restrictions on practice are more closely associated with the charging of fees. Licensing and regulation are performed by various states. Presentation of practice as licensed, but without such a license, is generally illegal. Without a license, for example, a practitioner cannot bill insurance companies. Information about state licensure of psychologists is provided by the American Psychological Association . In addition to state laws,
9919-442: The rise of dynamic psychology and psychiatry as well as theories about hypnosis . In 1853, Walter Cooper Dendy introduced the term "psycho-therapeia" regarding how physicians might influence the mental states of patients and thus their bodily ailments, for example by creating opposing emotions to promote mental balance. Daniel Hack Tuke cited the term and wrote about "psycho-therapeutics" in 1872 in his book Illustrations of
10028-484: The second congress of experimental psychology, van Eeden attempted to take the credit for the term psychotherapy and to distance the term from hypnosis. In 1896, the German journal Zeitschrift für Hypnotismus, Suggestionstherapie, Suggestionslehre und verwandte psychologische Forschungen changed its name to Zeitschrift für Hypnotismus, Psychotherapie sowie andere psychophysiologische und psychopathologische Forschungen, which
10137-535: The slobber dripping from the mouth of Fenris Wolf : their concept of courage rated most highly a cheerful bravery in the absence of hope. Hope is a key concept in most major world religions, often signifying the "hoper" believes an individual or a collective group will reach a concept of heaven . Depending on the religion, hope can be seen as a prerequisite for and/or byproduct of spiritual attainment. The Jewish Encyclopedia notes "tiḳwah" (תקווה) and "seber" as terms for hope, adding that "miḳweh" and "kislah" denote
10246-473: The soul and sings the tune without the words and never stops at all. A classic reference to hope which has entered modern language is the concept that "Hope springs eternal" taken from Alexander Pope 's Essay on Man , the phrase reading "Hope springs eternal in the human breast, Man never is, but always to be blest:" Another popular reference, "Hope is the thing with feathers," is from a poem by Emily Dickinson . Hope can be used as an artistic plot device and
10355-712: The spiritual as a separate dimension are not necessarily considered as traditional or 'legitimate' forms of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy may be delivered in person (one on one, or with couples, or in groups) or via telephone counseling or online counseling (see also § Telepsychotherapy ). There have also been developments in computer-assisted therapy, such as virtual reality therapy for behavioral exposure, multimedia programs to teach cognitive techniques, and handheld devices for improved monitoring or putting ideas into practice (see also § Computer-supported ). Most forms of psychotherapy use spoken conversation . Some also use various other forms of communication such as
10464-667: The systems of family treatment hold esteem. A portion of the thoughts emerging from therapy are presently pervasive and some are a piece of the tool set of ordinary clinical practice. They are not just medications, they additionally help to understand complex conduct. Therapy may address specific forms of diagnosable mental illness , or everyday problems in managing or maintaining interpersonal relationships or meeting personal goals. A course of therapy may happen before, during or after pharmacotherapy (e.g. taking psychiatric medication ). Psychotherapies are categorized in several different ways. A distinction can be made between those based on
10573-449: The term itself may be protected or not). The term psychotherapy is derived from Ancient Greek psyche ( ψυχή meaning "breath; spirit; soul") and therapeia ( θεραπεία "healing; medical treatment"). The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "The treatment of disorders of the mind or personality by psychological means...", however, in earlier use, it denoted the treatment of disease through hypnotic suggestion. Psychotherapy
10682-509: The use of the test with those younger than 17 has not been collected. It may be administered and scored by paraprofessionals, but must be used and interpreted only by clinically trained professionals, who can employ psychotherapeutic interventions. Norms are available for suicidal patients, depressed patients, and drug abusers. The BHS moderately correlates with the Beck Depression Inventory , although research shows that
10791-557: The ways in which an individual believes they can achieve these personal goals. Snyder's theory uses hope as a mechanism that is most often seen in psychotherapy . In these instances, the therapist helps their client overcome barriers that have prevented them from achieving goals. The therapist would then help the client set realistic and relevant personal goals (i.e. "I am going to find something I am passionate about and that makes me feel good about myself"), and would help them remain hopeful of their ability to achieve these goals, and suggest
10900-558: The work of the Nancy School in English. Also in 1889 a clinic used the word in its title for the first time, when Frederik van Eeden and Albert Willem van Renterghem in Amsterdam renamed theirs "Clinique de Psycho-thérapeutique Suggestive" after visiting Nancy. During this time, travelling stage hypnosis became popular, and such activities added to the scientific controversies around the use of hypnosis in medicine. Also in 1892, at
11009-485: The written word, artwork , drama , narrative story or music. Psychotherapy with children and their parents often involves play , dramatization (i.e. role-play), and drawing, with a co-constructed narrative from these non-verbal and displaced modes of interacting. Psychotherapists traditionally may be mental health professionals like psychologists and psychiatrists; professionals from other backgrounds (family therapists, social workers, nurses, etc.) who have trained in
11118-411: The years, included identification of childhood sexuality, the role of anxiety as a manifestation of inner conflict, the differentiation of parts of the psyche (id, ego, superego), transference and countertransference (the patient's projections onto the therapist, and the therapist's emotional responses to that). Some of his concepts were too broad to be amenable to empirical testing and invalidation, and he
11227-416: Was also an unreleased healing spirit named Hope. From ancient times, people have recognized that a spirit of hope had the power to heal afflictions and helps them bear times of great suffering, illnesses, disasters, loss, and pain caused by the malevolent spirits and events. In Hesiod 's Works and Days , the personification of hope is named Elpis . Norse mythology however considered Hope ( Vön ) to be
11336-654: Was critiqued for this by Jaspers. Numerous major figures elaborated and refined Freud's therapeutic techniques including Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott, and others. Since the 1960s, however, the use of Freudian-based analysis for the treatment of mental disorders has declined substantially. Different types of psychotherapy have been created along with the advent of clinical trials to test them scientifically. These incorporate subjective treatments (after Beck), behavioral treatments (after Skinner and Wolpe) and additional time-constrained and centered structures, for example, interpersonal psychotherapy. In youth issue and in schizophrenia,
11445-433: Was defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways. Snyder argues that individuals who are able to realize these three components and develop a belief in their ability are hopeful people who can establish clear goals, imagine multiple workable pathways toward those goals, and persevere, even when obstacles get in their way. Snyder proposed
11554-500: Was developed by the European Association of Psychotherapy (EAP) in 2013. As sensitive and deeply personal topics are often discussed during psychotherapy, therapists are expected, and usually legally bound, to respect client or patient confidentiality. The critical importance of client confidentiality —and the limited circumstances in which it may need to be broken for the protection of clients or others—is enshrined in
11663-516: Was established by his use of the distinct term " psychoanalysis ", tied to an overarching system of theories and methods, and by the effective work of his followers in rewriting history. Many theorists, including Alfred Adler , Carl Jung , Karen Horney , Anna Freud , Otto Rank , Erik Erikson , Melanie Klein and Heinz Kohut , built upon Freud's fundamental ideas and often developed their own systems of psychotherapy. These were all later categorized as psychodynamic , meaning anything that involved
11772-424: Was that the client receive three core "conditions" from his counselor or therapist: unconditional positive regard, sometimes described as "prizing" the client's humanity; congruence [authenticity/genuineness/transparency]; and empathic understanding . This type of interaction was thought to enable clients to fully experience and express themselves, and thus develop according to their innate potential. Others developed
11881-464: Was unfeasible. The second argument is the division between hope and wishing . Those that are hopeful are actively trying to investigate the best path of action while taking into consideration the obstacles. Research has shown though that many of those who have "hope" are wishfully thinking and passively going through the motions, as if they are in denial about their actual circumstances. Being in denial and having too much hope may negatively impact both
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