Hor Awibre (also known as Hor I ) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom .
37-610: Hor remained unattested until the discovery in 1894 of his nearly intact tomb in Dashur by Jacques de Morgan , see below. At Tanis (Nile Delta region), in a secondary context, a granite architrave with the cartouches of Hor and Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw was found. The architrave probably originated in Memphis and came to the Delta region during the Hyksos period. Based on this evidence,
74-530: A building built in 1901, it is the largest museum in Africa. Among its masterpieces are Pharaoh Tutankhamun 's treasure, including its iconic gold burial mask , widely considered one of the best-known works of art in the world and a prominent symbol of ancient Egypt . The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities contains many important pieces of ancient Egyptian history. It houses the world's largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities. The Egyptian government established
111-425: A dispute over a badly ironed shirt, which in turn escalated into a fight in which a Christian burned a Muslim Arab clan member to death. Furthermore, during clashes another Muslim suffered head injuries and later died due to a gasoline bomb being thrown from a rooftop of a building. At least 16 homes and properties of Christians were pillaged, some were torched, and a church was damaged during the violence. This incident
148-603: A number of flails , scepters and wooden staves which had all been disposed in a long wooden case. These had been intentionally broken in pieces. The tomb also housed weapons such as a granite macehead and a golden-leaf dagger and numerous pottery. Some Egyptologists speculate his reign was from c. 1777 BC until 1775 BC or for a few months, c. 1760 BC or c. 1732 BC, Dashur Dahshur (in English often called Dashur ; Arabic : دهشور Dahšūr pronounced [dɑhˈʃuːɾ] , Coptic : ⲧⲁϩϭⲟⲩⲣ Dahchur )
185-471: Is an ancient Egyptian pyramid complex and necropolis and shares the name of the nearby village of Manshiyyat Dahshur (Arabic: منشأة دهشور) in markaz Badrashin , Giza . Dahshur is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and is located on the Western Desert plateau at the edge of the cultivated plain, and along with the pyramid complexes at Saqqara , Abusir , and Giza , to its north, forms
222-538: Is dedicated to smaller works, including papyri, coins, textiles, and an enormous collection of wooden sarcophagi. The numerous pieces of papyrus are generally small fragments, owing to their decay over the past two millennia. Several languages are found on these pieces, including Greek, Latin , Arabic, and ancient Egyptian . The coins found on this floor are made of many different metals, including gold, silver, and bronze. The coins are not only Egyptian, but also Greek, Roman, and Islamic. This has helped historians research
259-647: The Egyptian Museum ( Arabic : المتحف المصري , romanized : al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī , Egyptian Arabic : el-Matḥaf el-Maṣri [elˈmætħæf elˈmɑsˤɾi] ) (also called the Cairo Museum), located in Cairo , Egypt, houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world. It houses over 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display. Located in Tahrir Square in
296-934: The French architect Marcel Dourgnon. The bigger part of the museum's garden that stretched until the Nile was taken away in 1954 to build the Cairo Municipality Building. In 2004, the museum appointed Wafaa El Saddik as the first female director general. During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , the museum was broken into, and two mummies were destroyed. Several artifacts were also shown to have been damaged and around 50 objects were stolen. Since then, 25 objects have been found. Those that were restored were put on display in September 2013 in an exhibition entitled "Damaged and Restored". Among
333-687: The New Kingdom . On April 3, 2021, twenty-two of these mummies were transferred to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Fustat in a grand parade dubbed The Pharaohs' Golden Parade . Collections are also being transferred to the not-yet-open Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza, including all the artifacts found inside Tutankhamun's tomb. "Among the reasons that the GEM itself was conceived,
370-539: The White Pyramid , located within Dahshur is that of the 12th Dynasty King Amenemhat II (1929–1895 BC). This pyramid has not been preserved as well as the others within the area due to the materials that were used to fill it (sand on the outside and limestone on the inside). Naturally the weather caused the sand to erode from it, but the limestone was taken intentionally for use on other pyramids allowing
407-696: The pyramid fields of the ancient capital city of Memphis . It is known chiefly for several pyramids , mainly Senefru 's Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid , which are among the oldest, largest and best preserved in Egypt , built from 2613 to 2589 BC. The Dahshur pyramids were an extremely important learning experience for the Egyptians. It provided them with the knowledge and know-how to transition from step-sided pyramids to smooth-sided pyramids. Ultimately their breadth of experience would allow them to build
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#1732765607407444-519: The 13th Dynasty King Hor I. The Turin King List entry 7:17 lists "The Dual King Awtibra ... 7 days". In this list, Hor us preceded by Renseneb (7:16) and succeeded by Sedjefakare (7:18). According to Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Hor Awibre was the fifteenth ruler of the 13th Dynasty. Alternatively, Detlef Franke and Jürgen von Beckerath see him as the fourteenth king of the dynasty. No evidence has been found that relate Hor to his predecessor on
481-425: The 1950s, this was read as " [...] 7 months ". This led scholars such as Miroslav Verner and Darrell Baker to believe that Hor's reign was ephemeral, while Ryholt's reading leaves a longer reign possible and indeed Ryholt credits Hor with 2 years of reign. In any case, Hor most likely reigned only for a short time, in particular not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was still the common burial place for kings of
518-652: The Great Pyramid of Giza; the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing to this date. The first of the Dahshur pyramids was the Bent Pyramid (2613–2589 BC), built under the rule of King Sneferu . The Bent Pyramid was the first attempt at building a smooth sided pyramid, but proved to be an unsuccessful build due to the miscalculations made on the structural weight that
555-565: The Shaft-tomb of Hor is located inside the Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat III , reusing and expanding a shaft-tomb originally made for a member of the royal court of Amenemhat III . Ten such shaft-tombs were located north of the pyramid, where Hor occupies the first and Nubhotepti-Khered the second. His tomb was found nearly intact tomb in 1894 by Jacques de Morgan working in collaboration with Georges Legrain and Gustave Jequier . It
592-485: The archaeologist who excavated this site. Located closely to the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty several undisturbed tombs of royal women were found, containing a large amount of lapidary and jewelry that have been determined to be of the highest stage of metalworking in Egypt during this time period. The pyramid of Senusret III was part of a huge complex, with several smaller pyramids of royal women, along with another pyramid to
629-562: The bank of the Nile River , and in 1878 it suffered significant damage owing to the flooding of the Nile River . In 1891, the collections were moved to a former royal palace, in the Giza district of Cairo. They remained there until 1902 when they were moved again to the current museum in Tahrir Square , built by the Italian company of Giuseppe Garozzo and Francesco Zaffrani to a design by
666-413: The building of the second pyramid of Dahshur, the Red Pyramid . Once completed, the pyramid was considered to be a success, as it was a fully constructed, smooth sided, and a free standing pyramid rising to a height of 341 feet (104 meters), with an angle of 43 degrees. The Red Pyramid's name derives from the material that was used to construct the pyramid, red limestone. This pyramid is believed to be
703-674: The displayed artifacts were two statues of King Tutankhamun made of cedar wood and covered with gold, a statue of King Akhenaten , ushabti statues that belonged to the Nubian kings, a mummy of a child, and a small polychrome glass vase. The museum was reportedly used as a torture site during the 2011 Revolution , with protestors forcibly and unlawfully detained and allegedly abused, according to reports, videos and eyewitness accounts. Activists state that "men were being tortured with electric shocks, whips and wires," and "women were tied to fences and trees." Prominent singer and activist Ramy Essam
740-399: The early 13th dynasty. Regardless of the duration of his reign, Hor was seemingly succeeded by his two sons Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw and Djedkheperew . The mummy of the king had been ransacked for his jewelry and only Hor's skeleton was left in his coffin. The king was determined to have been in his forties at the time of his death. He was found with his arms across his chest. At Dahshur ,
777-464: The egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposed that Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was a son and coregent of Hor Awibre. Present location of this architrave is unknown. Of Unknown Provenance, a plaque has been found. At Lisht , a plaque with his name was found at the Pyramid of Amenemhat I. There were found several faience plaques with 13th Dynasty king's names. Of Unknown Provenance, a jar lid with partial name of
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#1732765607407814-595: The final two dynasties of Egypt, including items from the tombs of the Pharaohs Thutmosis III , Thutmosis IV , Amenophis II , Hatshepsut , and the courtier Maiherpri , as well as many artifacts from the Valley of the Kings , in particular the material from the intact tombs of Tutankhamun and Psusennes I . Until 2021, two rooms contained a number of mummies of kings and other royal family members of
851-477: The history of Ancient Egyptian trade. Also on the ground floor are artifacts from the New Kingdom, the time period between 1550 and 1069 BC. These artifacts are generally larger than items created in earlier centuries. Those items include statues, tables, and coffins (sarcophagi). It contains 42 rooms; with many items on view from sarcophagi and boats to enormous statues. On the first floor are artifacts from
888-662: The later reign of Amenemhat III and, although badly eroded, it remains the most imposing monument at the site after the two Sneferu pyramids. The polished granite pyramidion or capstone of the Black Pyramid is on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Several other pyramids of the 13th Dynasty were built at Dahshur. Only the Pyramid of Ameny Qemau has been excavated so far by Ahmad Fakhri,
925-703: The museum built in 1835 near the Ezbekieh Garden and later moved to the Cairo Citadel . In 1855, Archduke Maximilian of Austria was given all of the artifacts by the Egyptian government; these are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna. A new museum was established at Boulaq in 1858 in a former warehouse, following the foundation of the new Antiquities Department under the direction of Auguste Mariette . The building lay on
962-430: The partly gilded rotten wooden coffin of the king. The king's wooden funerary mask, its eyes of stones set in bronze , had been stripped of its gold gilding but still held the king's skull. Hor's canopic box was also found complete with its canopic vessels . Other artifacts from the tomb include small statues, alabaster and wooden vases, some jewelry , two alabaster stelae inscribed with blue painted hieroglyphs and
999-399: The pyramid to collapse and ultimately desecrating the tomb of King Amenemhat II. King Senusret III (1878–1839 BC) had his pyramid built within Dahshur. The difference between his pyramid in comparison to those surrounding it was that King Senusret III had tombs and galleries built underneath it for two princesses; Sit-Hathor and Merit. The Black Pyramid dates from
1036-532: The resting place of King Sneferu. Shortly after King Sneferu's death a third pyramid was erected by his son Khufu . Khufu wanting to build a legacy of his own, utilized his father's research to design and guide the building process of the third pyramid to completion (2589–2566 BC). Once completed, the pyramid was named the Great Pyramid of Giza , and it stands an astonishing 481 feet (147 meters) tall with an angle of 52 degrees. Another pyramid,
1073-556: The south. In a gallery tomb next to this pyramid were found two treasures of the king's daughters ( Sithathor ). Extensive cemeteries of officials of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom have been found around Dahshur's pyramids. Dahshur was Egypt's royal necropolis during the reign of the 12th Dynasty king Amenemhat II. In July 2012, Dahshur's entire Christian community, which some estimate to be as many as 120 families, fled to nearby towns due to sectarian violence. The violence began in
1110-537: The strategy for selling the antiquities, the sale room was closed in November 1979. There are two main floors in the museum, the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor is an extensive collection of large-scale works in stone including statues, reliefs and architectural elements. These are arranged chronologically in clockwise fashion, from the pre-dynastic to the Greco-Roman period. The first floor
1147-465: The throne, Renseneb , which led Ryholt and Baker to propose that he was an usurper. Hor Awibre's reign length is partially lost to a lacuna of the Turin canon and is consequently unknown. According to the latest reading of the Turin canon by Ryholt, the surviving traces indicate the number of days as " [... and] 7 days ". In the previous authoritative reading of the canon by Alan Gardiner , which dates to
Hor - Misplaced Pages Continue
1184-583: The tomb had been pillaged in antiquity, it still contained a naos with a rare life-size wooden statue of the Ka of the king. This statue is one of the most frequently reproduced examples of Ancient Egyptian art and is now in the Egyptian Museum under the catalog number CG259. It is one of the best-preserved and most accomplished wooden statues to survive from antiquity, and illustrates an artistic genre that must once have been common in Egyptian art, but has rarely survived in such good condition. The tomb also contained
1221-733: Was among those detained and tortured at the museum. The Department of Antiquities (Service d'Antiquités Egyptien) operated a sale room (Salle de ventes) in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo from 1902 in room 56 on the ground floor, where original ancient Egyptian artworks and other original artefacts were sold. In addition, until the 1970s, dealers or collectors could bring antiquities to the Cairo Museum for inspection on Thursdays, and if museum officials had no objections, they could pack them in ready-made boxes, have them sealed and cleared for export. Many objects now held in private collections or public museums originated here. After years of debate about
1258-518: Was being placed onto the soft ground (sand, gravel, and clay), which had a tendency to subside. Other calculations that were proven to be erroneous were that the blocks being used were cut in such a manner that when placed onto the pyramid their weight was not distributed appropriately, causing the angle of the pyramid to be off and achieving the name "the Bent Pyramid". Realizing his shortcomings and learning from his mistakes, King Sneferu ordered
1295-437: Was likely a daughter of Hor or otherwise a daughter of Amenemhat III. Burial goods include a canopic chest, canopic jars, gold-leaf, and a ka-statuette. His burial goods show a special type of hieroglyphs known as " incomplete hieroglyphs ", which developed in the reign of Amenemhat III onwards (i.e. burial equipment of Nefruptah), where parts of animal hieroglyphs have been ritually 'mutilated' removing their legs etc. Although
1332-399: Was nothing more than a shaft built on the north-east corner of the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat III . The tomb was originally made for a member of Amenemhat's court and was later enlarged for Hor, with the addition of a stone burial chamber and antechamber. Next to the burial of Hor was found the totally undisturbed tomb of the 'king's daughter' Nubhetepti-khered . She
1369-514: Was reported internationally. As of January 2013, and due to the security vacuum that still prevails in Egypt following the 2011 uprising , the site is under threat of desecration and damage due to encroachment by locals of surrounding urban settlements. Dahshur has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . Egyptian Museum The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities , commonly known as
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