Horemheb , also spelled Horemhab , Haremheb or Haremhab ( Ancient Egyptian : ḥr-m-ḥb , meaning " Horus is in Jubilation"), was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt (1550–1292 BC). He ruled for at least 14 years between 1319 BC and 1292 BC. He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to Mutnedjmet , who is thought (though disputed) to have been the daughter of his predecessor, Ay ; he is believed to have been of common birth.
90-513: Before he became pharaoh Horemheb was the commander-in-chief of the army under the reigns of Tutankhamun and Ay . After his accession to the throne, he reformed the Egyptian state and it was during his reign that official action against the preceding Amarna rulers began, which is why he is considered the ruler who restabilized his country after the troublesome and divisive Amarna Period . Horemheb demolished monuments of Akhenaten , reusing
180-582: A theatre of operations . This includes heads of states who: According to the Constitution of Albania , the president of the Republic of Albania is the commander-in-chief of Albanian Armed Forces . Under part II, chapter III, article 99, subsections 12, 13, 14 and 15, the Constitution of Argentina states that the president of the Argentine Nation is the "Commander-in-chief of all
270-464: A 1995 GM article already argued, based on the career of Maya 's chief sculptor, Userhat Hatiay, that Horemheb far shorter reign of between 15 and 17 years. The argument for a 27 year reign derived from two texts. The first is an anonymous hieratic graffito written on the shoulder of a now fragmented statue from his mortuary temple in Karnak which mentions the appearance of the king himself, or
360-400: A Regnal Year 15 but died before the wine harvest of his final year was processed. As David Aston notes in a 2012 Ägypten und Levante paper, this theory means that R. "Hari's [1964] emendation of the [partly damaged] Horemheb text London UC 14291 to Year [1]5 is possible but to year [2]5 is unlikely." Horemheb turned to several gods because of his various names: his throne name means 'Sacred are
450-605: A country's executive leadership, a head of state , head of government , or other designated government official . The formal role and title of a ruler commanding the armed forces derives from Imperator of the Roman Kingdom , Roman Republic and Roman Empire , who possessed imperium (command and other regal) powers. In English use, the term was first used during the English Civil War . A nation's head of state (monarchical or republican) usually holds
540-600: A decade to [1]4 years and 1 month and attributed to Horemheb. These excavations, conducted under G.T. Martin and Jacobus Van Dijk in 2006 and 2007, uncovered a large hoard of 168 inscribed wine sherds and dockets, below densely compacted debris in a great shaft (called Well Room E) in KV ;57. Of the 46 wine sherds with year dates, 14 have nothing but the year date formula, 5 dockets have year 10+X, 3 dockets have year 11+X, 2 dockets preserve year 12+X and 1 docket has
630-438: A little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as commander of the army, and to assume what he must have perceived to be his reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay, Horemheb resented Ay's attempt to sideline him from the royal succession and acted to quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's WV 23 tomb desecrated by smashing
720-425: A poor state due to robbers and earth movements over the centuries. The lid of the sarcophagus had been taken off and smashed by robbers. Commander-in-chief A commander-in-chief or supreme commander ( supreme commander-in-chief ) is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch . As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in
810-462: A quest to rediscover the tomb, and on 6 February 1986 they finally succeeded. On this date, Professor Geoffrey T. Martin together with Dr. Jacobus Van Dijk representing the Leiden museum discovered the burial chamber of Maya's subterranean tomb at Saqqara some 18 metres (60 feet) below the surface. As Martin states: The first full season's work on Maya's burial in early 1987 indicated that his tomb
900-409: A royal cult statue representing the king, for a religious feast. The ink graffito reads Year 27, first Month of Shemu day 9, the day on which Horemheb, who loves Amun and hates his enemies, entered [the temple for the event]. It was disputed whether this was a contemporary text or a reference to a festival commemorating Horemheb's accession written in the reign of a later king. The second text
990-421: A royal military leader and legislator. But after Ay became the pharaoh, his relationship with Horemheb changed. The aged Vizier Ay initially succeeded Tutankhamun, possibly because he made an arrangement with Horemheb. However, during his brief 4 year reign, Ay proceeded to nominate Nakhtmin as his successor--who Ay named as "King's Son" ( zꜣ-nswt ). rather than Horemheb. The title of “King’s Son” [( zꜣ-nswt )]
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#17327727142611080-567: A royal scribe named Maya who is attested in Malkata in year 34. He may also be the same person as a courtier named May known from a tomb in Amarna during the reign of Akhenaten . The May from Amarna shares some of the titles with Maya, but he was not a treasurer. Maya is well known from the reign of Tutankhamen however. As the Overseer of the treasuries , he was also an important official and
1170-510: A state of emergency ( Finnish : valmiustila , literally, "state of preparedness") and state of war ( Finnish : puolustustila , lit. "state of defence") are declared by a presidential decree, given after a motion by the government, which is then submitted to the Parliament for ratification. The president has, in a state of emergency, the right to transfer the position of the commander-in-chief to another Finnish citizen. In France ,
1260-506: A year 13+X inscription. 22 dockets "mention year 13 and 8 have year 14 [of Horemheb]" but none mention a higher date for Horemheb. The full texts of the docket readings are identical and read as: Year 13. Wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun. Western River. Chief vintner Ty . Meanwhile, the year 14 dockets, in contrast, are all individual and mention specific wines such as "very good quality wine" or, in one case "sweet wine" and
1350-481: Is "a slightly smaller and abbreviated version of Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. An open courtyard has a collanade on its west side and doors leading to three vaulted ceilings. An inner courtyard has been found to contain reliefs of very fine quality and a statue of Maya and his wife." The underground burial chambers were paved with limestone and decorated with reliefs showing Maya and his wife in front of gods. The statues of Maya and his wife Merit have been put on display in
1440-534: Is Ay's, not Horemheb's, accession that calls for an explanation. Why was Ay able to ascend the throne upon the death of Tut'ankhamun, despite the fact that Horemheb had at that time already been the official heir to the throne for almost ten years? Nozomu Kawai, however, rejects Van Dijk's interpretation that Tutankhamun had nominated Horemheb as his successor and reasons that: While no objects belonging to Horemheb were found in Tutankhamun's tomb, and items among
1530-639: Is a copy of the actual text of the king's decree to re-establish order to the Two Lands and curb abuses of state authority. The stela's creation and prominent location emphasizes the great importance which Horemheb placed upon domestic reform. Horemheb also reformed the Army and reorganized the Deir el-Medina workforce in his 7th year while Horemheb's official Maya renewed the tomb of Thutmose IV , which had been disturbed by tomb robbers in his 8th year. While
1620-474: Is the Inscription of Mes, from the reign of Ramesses II , which records that a court case decision was rendered in favour of a rival branch of Mes' family in year 59 of Horemheb. It was argued that the year 59 Horemheb date included the reigns of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb. Subtracting the nearly 17 year reign of Akhenaten, the 2 year reign of Neferneferuaten ,
1710-618: Is the government department that assists and serves the president in the management of the armed forces ( Army , Navy and Air Force ). Under chapter II of section 68 titled Command of the naval and military forces , the Constitution of Australia states that: The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative. In practice, however,
1800-743: The Convention , as well as later to the Directoire , before being regained in the hands of Consul Napoléon Bonaparte , later Emperor Napoléon I , alone. The Restoration restored the authority of the King, first in an absolute monarchy, then the constitutional July Monarchy of Louis Philippe , before it was overthrown in turn by the Second Republic and later the Second Empire of Napoleon III . The following Third Republic
1890-783: The Armed Forces , the National Police and all other state's security agencies. In Egypt , the president of the Republic holds the ceremonial title of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. A member of the government, usually defence minister, is commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces . The president is the only individual capable of declaring war. With the exception of Mohamed Morsi , who briefly served as president from 2012 to 2013, all Egyptian presidents have been former military officers. During
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#17327727142611980-626: The Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee with the advice of the Minister of Defence . Maya (Egyptian) Maya was an important figure during the reign of Pharaohs Tutankhamun , Ay and Horemheb of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt . Maya's titles include: fan bearer on the King's right hand, overseer of the treasury, chief of the works in the necropolis, and leader of the festival of Amun in Karnak. Maya
2070-530: The Constitution of Barbados , the president of Barbados is the commander-in-chief of Barbados Defense Force . Between 1966 and 2021, prior to the transition to a republican system, the monarch of Barbados , Queen Elizabeth II , was head of the Defense Force, with the Governor-General of Barbados as her viceroy. The president adopted these powers. First President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was
2160-467: The Minister of Defence and is responsible for advising the Minister, for the implementation of defence policy and for the administration of the department. According to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the collective Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In peace, the commander-in-chief exercises his command through
2250-509: The Ministry of Defence , headed by the minister of defence, which provides the policy framework and resources to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country. The first commander-in-chief, General M. A. G. Osmani , during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, who was commander of Muktibahini/ Bangladesh Forces , reinstated to active duty by official BD government order, which after independence
2340-628: The Parliament must give consent to the dispatch of Czech military forces outside the territory of the Czech Republic. The Ministry of Defence is the central authority of the state administration for the control of the Armed Forces. The actual day-to-day management is vested in the chief of the general staff, the Czech chief of defence equivalent. The position of the Danish monarch as
2430-647: The Royal Brunei Armed Forces . The powers of command-in-chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch , and are delegated to the governor general of Canada , who also uses the title Commander-in-Chief . In this capacity, the governor general is entitled to the uniform of a general/flag officer, with the crest of the office and special cuff braid serving as rank insignia. By constitutional convention,
2520-524: The Temple at Karnak , using recycled talatat blocks from Akhenaten 's own monuments here, as building material for the first two Pylons. Horemheb continued Tutankhamun's restoration of the old order that had been established before the Amarna period. He reintroduced the ancient cults, particularly Amun, thus proving himself a true pharaoh who established Maat (world order). Because of his unexpected rise to
2610-825: The Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force . The president of Ethiopia is the Supreme Commander of the Ethiopian Armed Forces which is the ceremonial role that is limited to granting high military titles and awards. The prime minister of Ethiopia is the commander-in-chief of the Ethiopian National Defense Force . According to the Finnish constitution , the president of Finland is the commander-in-chief of all Finnish military forces . In practice,
2700-469: The Yom Kippur War , the president played a major role at all levels of the planning of the war, and was, in a literal sense, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, giving direct orders to the commanders from the headquarters during the war as field marshal of the army , marshal of the air force and air defence forces and admiral of the navy . The king of Eswatini is the commander in chief of
2790-572: The countersignature of the prime minister for decisions concerning the above-mentioned provisions as per Articles 63(3–4), or otherwise, they are not valid. The prime minister may delegate to other ministers the right to countersign these decisions of the president. The political responsibility for the Armed Forces is borne by the Government , which in Article 67 is defined as the "supreme body of executive power". According to Articles 39 & 43,
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2880-417: The head of state , the president of the Republic , in accordance to Article 53 of the Constitution of India . The president exercises supreme command with accordance to the law. As commander in chief, the president has the power to declare war however they must subject to the approval of the Parliament of India . The commander in chief also appoints the chiefs of each branch of the armed forces as well as
2970-606: The minister of defence . In war and in cases where the minister of defence is not fulfilling orders, the commander-in-chief exercises his command directly through the Chief of Joint Staff . Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the supreme command of the president of the Republic . The sultan of Brunei is the commander-in-chief of
3060-674: The president of Ghana is the commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces . He holds the rank of Field Marshal . According to the Guyanese constitution, the president is commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. There is a rank insignia for the position. The supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the principal commanding authority of the Indian Armed Forces , a position that is vested in
3150-635: The president of the Republic is designated as " Chef des Armées " (literally "Chief of the Armies") under article 15 of the Constitution ; the officeholder is as such the supreme executive authority in military affairs. Article 16 provides the president with extensive emergency powers . However, owing to the nature of the semi-presidential system , the prime minister also has key constitutional powers under article 21: "He shall be responsible for national defence" and has "power to make regulations and shall make appointments to civil and military posts". Since
3240-482: The 9 year reign of Tutankhamun and the reign of Ay suggested a reign of 26–27 years for Horemheb. However, the length of Ay's reign is not actually known and Wolfgang Helck argues that there was no standard Egyptian practice of including the years of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb. The most recent interpretation of the archeological evidence today favours Van Dijk's arguments that Horemheb either died in his Regnal Year 14 or that he started
3330-406: The Amarna period on those blocks therefore remained fairly well preserved. Horemheb appear in reliefs wearing the typical pleated linen robe of a high ranking official depicted sitting in front of an offering table, as a pharaoh holding the pole and the sekhem sceptre of a high official (the uraeus was added after his ascension to the throne), with a benu-bird regarded as the protector of the dead as
3420-536: The Canadian Armed Forces. According to the Croatian constitution , the president of Croatia is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . There was originally a rank insignia and name for the position, known as "Vrhovnik". This was held by former President Franjo Tudjman and was abolished after his death. In peace, the commander-in-chief exercises his command through
3510-617: The Crown's prerogative powers over the armed forces and constitutional powers as commander-in-chief are exercised on the advice of the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet , the governing ministry that commands the confidence of the House of Commons . According to the National Defence Act , the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to the Parliament of Canada for all matters related to national defence and
3600-762: The Governor-General does not play an active part in the Australian Defence Force 's command structure, and the democratically accountable Australian Cabinet (chaired by the Prime Minister ) de facto controls the ADF. The Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation . Section 8 of the Defence Act 1903 states: The Minister shall have
3690-529: The KV 57 dockets strongly suggest that Horemheb was buried in his year 14, or at least before the wine harvest of his year 15 at the very latest." This evidence is consistent "with the Horemheb dockets from Deir el-Medina which mention years 2, 3, 4, 6, 13, and 14, but again no higher dates ..." while a docket ascribed to Horemheb from Sedment has year 12." The lack of dated inscriptions for Horemheb after his year 14 also explains
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3780-411: The Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of the Republic. In absence of him, then Vice President Syed Nazrul Islam was acting President and acting Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of the Republic. The commander-in-chief of Bangladesh Armed Forces is the president , although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister . This is discharged through
3870-561: The armed forces of the Nation ". It also states that the president is entitled to provide military posts in the granting of the jobs or grades of senior officers of the armed forces, and by itself on the battlefield; runs with its organization and distribution according to needs of the Nation and declares war and orders reprisals with the consent and approval of the Argentine National Congress . The Ministry of Defense
3960-480: The army and advisor to the pharaoh. Horemheb's specific titles are spelled out in his Saqqara tomb, which was built while he was still only an official: "Hereditary Prince, Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King and Chief Commander of the Army"; the "attendant of the King in his footsteps in the foreign countries of the south and the north"; the "King's Messenger in front of his army to the foreign countries to
4050-470: The burial of Horemheb's second wife Mutnedjmet , as well as that of an unborn or newborn baby, was located at the bottom of a shaft to the rooms of Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. He notes that "a fragment of an alabaster vase inscribed with a funerary text for the chantress of Amun and King's Wife, Mutnodjmet, as well as pieces of a statuette of her [was found here] ... The funerary vase in particular, since it bears her name and titles would hardly have been used for
4140-458: The burial of some other person." Eugene Strouhal studied a skull and other bones and concluded that they belonged to the queen. According to his analysis, the queen lost her teeth at an early age. She died at around age forty, possibly in childbirth, as the remains of a fetus were found with her body. Since Horemheb had no surviving son, he appointed his Vizier , Paramesse, to succeed him upon his death, both to reward Paramesse's loyalty and because
4230-664: The consent of the Folketing . Any measure which the King may take in pursuance of this provision shall forthwith be submitted to the Folketing". However, when reading the Danish Constitution, it is important to bear in mind that the k ing in this context is understood by Danish jurists to be read as the government (consisting of the prime minister and other ministers). This is a logical consequence of articles 12, 13 and 14, all of which in essence stipulates that
4320-482: The designation for a "Crown Prince." This means that Horemheb was the openly recognised heir to Tutankhamun's throne, and not Ay, Tutankhamun's immediate successor. The Dutch Egyptologist Jacobus Van Dijk observes: There is no indication that Horemheb always intended to succeed Tut'ankhamun; obviously not even he could possibly have predicted that the king would die without issue. It must always have been understood that his appointment as crown prince would end as soon as
4410-589: The earliest known stage of his life Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for [Egypt's] foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the Nubian governors. This resulted in a reciprocal visit by "the Prince of Miam ( Aniba )" to Tutankhamun's court, "an event [that is] depicted in the tomb of the Viceroy Huy." Horemheb quickly rose to prominence under Tutankhamun , becoming commander-in-chief of
4500-517: The entire country and organizing offerings for the gods. He is also depicted in TT50 , the tomb of a divine father of Amun named Neferhotep. Maya is depicted between King Horemheb and the viziers showing his close relation to the king. Maya is believed to have died in Year 9 of Horemheb . Maya held many prestigious titles in his lifetime; which were recorded in his tomb Maya's own tomb at Saqqara
4590-567: The everyday command and control is in the hands of the chief of defence and the commander of the Finnish Border Guard . The economic administration of the Finnish Defence Force is the responsibility of Ministry of Defence . The duty of the president is to decide upon Since the constitutional reform of 2000, the minister of defence has the right to be present when the president uses his command powers, unless
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#17327727142614680-593: The general control and administration of the Defence Force, and the powers vested in the Chief of the Defence Force , the Chief of Navy , the Chief of Army and the Chief of Air Force by virtue of section 9, and the powers vested jointly in the Secretary and the Chief of the Defence Force by virtue of section 9A, shall be exercised subject to and in accordance with any directions of the Minister. According to
4770-535: The god and lector priests from the military elite'. In a decree on a stele in Karnak, he again officially confirms the restoration of the old order. Under Horemheb, Egypt's power and confidence were once again restored after the internal chaos of the Amarna Period ; this situation set the stage for the rise of the 19th Dynasty under such ambitious Pharaohs as Seti I and Ramesses II . Geoffrey Thorndike Martin in his excavation work at Saqqara states that
4860-470: The head of the military is deeply rooted in tradition. While the 1953 constitution does not explicitly designate the monarch as commander-in-chief; it is implicit, given the general provision in article 12 and the more specific wording of article 19 (2): "Except for purposes of defence against an armed attack upon the Realm or Danish forces, the King shall not use military force against any foreign state without
4950-545: The king produced an heir, and that he would succeed Tut'ankhamun only in the eventuality of an early and / or childless death of the sovereign. There can be no doubt that nobody outranked the Hereditary Prince of Upper and Lower Egypt and Deputy of the King in the Entire Land except the king himself, and that Horemheb was entitled to the throne once the king had unexpectedly died without issue. This means that it
5040-604: The king restored the priesthood of Amun, he prevented the Amun priests from forming a stranglehold on power, by deliberately reappointing priests who mostly came from the Egyptian army since he could rely on their personal loyalty. Horemheb was a prolific builder who erected numerous temples and buildings throughout Egypt during his reign. He constructed the Second, Ninth, and Tenth Pylons of the Great Hypostyle Hall , in
5130-494: The latter had both a son and grandson to secure Egypt's royal succession. Paramesse employed the name Ramesses I upon assuming power and founded the 19th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. Horemheb's second successor, Seti I , was married to a possible daughter of Horemheb's, Tanodjmy . While the decoration of Horemheb's KV 57 tomb was still unfinished upon his death, this situation is not unprecedented: Amenhotep II 's tomb
5220-403: The latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at Medinet Habu for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17 foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place. Horemheb's actions against Ay were a damnatio memoriae to remove
5310-506: The location of the vineyard is identified. A general example is this text on a year 14 wine docket: Year 14, Good quality wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun, from the wineyard of Atfih , Chief vintner Haty . Other year 14 dockets mention Memphis (?), the Western River while their vintners are named as Nakhtamun, [Mer-]seger-men, Ramose, and others. The "quality and consistency of
5400-467: The manifestations of Ra' and his name birth name is accompanied by the epithet 'beloved of Amun'. It is not yet proven whether Horemheb had really exorcised the Amarna period; the great iconoclasm began only after his death. To be able to build for himself, however, he did have the Per-Aten temple at Karnak pulled down and constructed a pylon of the Amun temple with its stone blocks. The Aten reliefs from
5490-468: The matter is of immediate concern. In questions of strategic importance, the prime minister has the same right. The president commissions and promotes officers and decides on activating reservists for extraordinary service and on the mobilisation of the Defence Forces. If Parliament is not in session when a decision to mobilise is taken, it must be immediately convened. Declarations of
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#17327727142615580-400: The memory of his rival from the historical records. However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was Tutankhamun who had overseen his rise to prominence in the first place and because he had no antagonism with Tutankhamun. Upon his accession, Horemheb initiated a comprehensive series of internal transformations to the power structures of Akhenaten 's reign, due to
5670-463: The military forces within their territory. A commander in chief is sometimes referred to as supreme commander , which is sometimes used as a specific term. The term is also used for military officers who hold such power and authority, not always through dictatorship, and as a subordinate (usually) to a head of state (see Generalissimo ). The term is also used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch , special branch or within
5760-423: The military. The role of commander in chief is laid out in Article 28 of the Constitution of Belarus , which states that he/she has the authority to "appoint and dismiss the high command of the Armed Forces". Article 167 of the Constitution of Belgium designates the king as the commander-in-chief. In practice, the Chief of Defence is the head and commander of the Belgian Armed Forces . He reports directly to
5850-415: The minister is the chief of defence , the senior-ranking professional military officer heading the Defence Command , who commands the Army , the Navy , the Air Force and other units not reporting directly to the Ministry of Defence . According to the Constitution , Article 128, Section II, Title IV, the president is the head of foreign policy, the civil administration and the commander-in-chief of
5940-430: The minister of defence. In war and in cases where the minister of defence is not fulfilling orders, the commander-in-chief exercises his command directly through the chief of General Staff . According to the 1992 constitution , the president of the Czech Republic is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces according to Article 63(1)(c), and appoints and promotes generals under Article 63(1)(f). The president needs
6030-461: The position of commander-in-chief, even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government . In a parliamentary system , the executive branch is ultimately dependent upon the will of the legislature ; although the legislature does not issue orders directly to the armed forces and therefore does not control the military in any operational sense. Governors-general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander-in-chief of
6120-420: The powers vested in the monarch can only be exercised through ministers, who are responsible for all acts. Thus, the Government, in effect, holds the supreme command authority implied in articles 12 and 19(2). The Danish Defence Law ( Danish : Forsvarsloven ) designates in article 9 the minister of defence as the supreme authority in Defence ( Danish : højeste ansvarlige myndighed for forsvaret ). Under
6210-476: The preceding transfer of state power from Amun's priests to Akhenaten's government officials. Horemheb "appointed judges and regional tribunes ... reintroduced local religious authorities" and divided legal power "between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt " between "the Viziers of Thebes and Memphis respectively." These deeds are recorded in a stela which the king erected at the foot of his Tenth Pylon at Karnak. Occasionally called The Great Edict of Horemheb , it
6300-419: The preparation of their tombs . Maya contributed an Ushabti to the funerary furnishings for King Tutankhamun . He also presented the king with a figure of the King in the guise of the god Osiris . Both items were inscribed and recorded that Maya was the donor of the statues. Maya is known to have lived until at least Year 8 of Horemheb when an inscription mentions he was charged with tax collection for
6390-427: The reign of Louis XIV , France has been strongly centralised. After crushing local nobles engaged in warlord-ism, the kings of France retained all authority with the help of able yet discreet Prime ministers ( Mazarin , Richelieu ). The French Revolution transferred the supreme authority to the King (in the context of the short-lived constitutional monarchy), then to the multi-member Comité de Salut Public during
6480-504: The reign of Tutankhamun since the child king's ... cartouches, although later usurped by Horemheb as king, have been found on a block which adjoins the famous gold of honour scene, a large portion of which is in Leiden. The royal couple depicted in this scene and in the adjacent scene 76, which shows Horemheb acting as an intermediary between the king and a group of subject foreign rulers, are therefore to be identified as Tut'ankhamun and 'Ankhesenamun. This makes it very unlikely from
6570-548: The rubble in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably had no surviving sons, as he appointed as his successor his vizier Paramesse, who would assume the throne as Ramesses I . Horemheb is believed to have originally come from Hnes, on the west bank of the Nile , near the entrance to the Faiyum , since his coronation text formally credits the god Horus of Hnes for establishing him on
6660-428: The soul of Ra sitting on a stand, and finally a man worshipping a benu-bird. The coronation inscription on the back of a double statue, showing Horemheb with his wife, tells that he is under the protection of Horus and appointed by Amun. It reports further that he had the damaged statues of the old gods remade and had the temples that had fallen into disrepair rebuilt. For the Amun cult, 'he provided them with servants to
6750-473: The south and the north"; and the "Sole Companion, he who is by the feet of his lord on the battlefield on that day of killing Asiatics." When Tutankhamun died while a teenager, Horemheb had already been officially designated as the rpat or iry-pat (basically the hereditary or crown prince) and idnw (deputy of the king in the entire land) by the child pharaoh; these titles are found inscribed in Horemheb's then private Memphite tomb at Saqqara, which dates to
6840-484: The start that any titles of honours claimed by Horemheb in the inscriptions in the tomb are fictitious. The title iry-pat (Hereditary Prince) was used very frequently in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb but not combined with any other words. When used alone, the Egyptologist Alan Gardiner has shown that the iry-pat title contains features of ancient descent and lawful inheritance which is identical to
6930-540: The supreme authority in Vichy France , while Général Charles de Gaulle , acting on behalf of the previous regime, founded the Free French Forces , upon which he held supreme authority all through the war. The following and short-lived Fourth Republic was a parliamentary system, which was replaced by the present Fifth Republic , a semi-presidential system . According to the Constitution of Ghana ,
7020-474: The three rooms he planned to have done, leaving even the burial hall unfinished. Even if we assume that Horemheb did not begin the work on his royal tomb until his year 7 or 8, ... it remains a mystery how the work could not have been completed had he lived on for another 20 or more years." Therefore, some scholars now accept a reign of 14 years and 1 month. In 1995, prior to the 2006 and 2007 discovery of wine dockets from Horemheb's tomb, Van Dijk in
7110-586: The throne, Horemheb had two tombs constructed for himself: the first – when he was a mere nobleman – at Saqqara near Memphis , and the other in the Valley of the Kings , in Thebes , in tomb KV 57 as king. His chief wife was Queen Mutnedjmet , who may have been Nefertiti 's younger sister. They had no surviving children, although examinations of Mutnedjmet's mummy show that she gave birth several times, and she
7200-534: The throne. His parentage is unknown but he is believed to have been a commoner. According to the French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal , Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb ( Aten Is Present In Jubilation ), who was the commander-in-chief of Akhenaten's army. Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis." In
7290-424: The tomb goods donated by other high-ranking officials, such as Maya and General Nakhtmin , were identified by Egyptologists. Nozomu Kawai maintains that Horemheb was an active participant at Tutankhamun's burial. Kawai writes: Kawai maintains rather that both Ay and Horemheb held important high administrative roles during Tutankhamun's reign with Ay participating in royal cultic activities whereas Horemheb acted as
7380-449: The unfinished state of Horemheb's royal KV 57 tomb – "a fact not taken into account by any of those [scholars] defending a long reign [of 26 or 27 years]. The tomb is comparable to that of Seti I in size and decoration technique, and Seti I's tomb is far more extensively decorated than that of Horemheb, and yet Seti managed to virtually complete his tomb within a decade, whereas Horemheb did not even succeed in fully decorating
7470-543: Was a parliamentary system, where the military authority was held by the president of the Council of Ministers , head of government, although the president, head of state, retained ceremonial powers. During World War I , the many visits to the trenches by the elder statesman Georges Clemenceau impressed the soldiers and earned him the nickname Father of Victory ( French : Le Père de la Victoire ). During World War II , Maréchal Philippe Pétain assumed power and held
7560-573: Was also not fully completed when he was buried, even though this ruler enjoyed a reign of 26 years. Directly after his accession to the throne, Horemheb had a tomb built in the Valley of Kings, abandoning his earlier one near Memphis. For the first time, scenes from the Book of Gates were used in the burial chamber as a decoration for a royal tomb. Horemheb's tomb was excavated in the early 20th century by Theodore M. Davis . Davis discovered it in
7650-550: Was buried with an infant, suggesting that she and her last child died in childbirth. Horemheb is not known to have any children by his first wife, Amenia , who died before Horemheb assumed power. Scholars have long disputed whether Horemheb reigned for 14-15 years or 27 years. Manetho 's Epitome assigns a reign length of 4 years and 1 month to a king called Harmais. Scholars previously assigned this reign-length to Ay; however, evidence from excavations in Horemheb's tomb (KV57) indicates that this figure should be raised by
7740-445: Was clearly meant to designate the king's successor and Ay, therefore, sidelined Horemheb's claim to the throne with this action. Ankhesenamun , Tutankhamun's queen chose not to marry Horemheb, a commoner, and this also solidified Ay's kingship. Kawai notes that Horemheb himself likely "did not plot revenge on Ay, probably because Ay was old and would likely die soon" and merely kept his military power. After Ay's reign, which lasted for
7830-589: Was gazetted in 1972. He retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the president of Bangladesh. The president of Belarus is the Commander-in-Chief of the Belarusian Armed Forces ( Belarusian : Галоўнакамандуючы Узброенымі Сіламі Рэспублікі Беларусь ). The Belarusian commander in chief has an official uniform befitting of the rank, which the president wears on official occasion and ceremonies in relation to
7920-599: Was initially partly excavated in 1843 by the archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius , and its impressive reliefs were recorded in sketches and some of them brought to Berlin. Over time, however, the tomb was covered by sand, and its location was lost. In 1975, a joint expedition of archaeologists from the Egypt Exploration Society in London and the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, Netherlands began
8010-617: Was noted for restoring the burials of several earlier Pharaohs in the Royal Necropolis in the years following the deaths of Tutankhamun and Ay. It is possible that he personally left a hand written text in the tomb of Thutmose IV stating that he had been charged with the restoration of the burial of the king. Maya would have reported to the vizier of Lower Egypt , who was based in Memphis . Maya collected taxes and performed other services for these pharaohs, including supervising
8100-472: Was the son of a magistrate named Iuy and his wife Weret. He had a half-brother named Nahuher who is shown officiating in his tomb in Saqqara. Maya was married to a woman named Meryt, and they had two daughters named Mayamenti and Tjauenmaya. The early years of Maya's life and career are not well known. It is possible that Maya started his career during the reign of Amenhotep III . He may be the same person as
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