55-408: Horseshoe is a shoe for horses and by analogy is applied to many things with a similar shape. Horseshoes (game) , a tossing game played with a horseshoe Horseshoe ( s ) or Horse Shoe ( s ) may also refer to: Horseshoe A horseshoe is a product designed to protect a horse hoof from wear . Shoes are attached on the palmar surface (ground side) of the hooves, usually nailed through
110-422: A " barefoot " hoof, at least for part of every year, is a healthy option for most horses. However, horseshoes have their place and can help prevent excess or abnormal hoof wear and injury to the foot. Many horses go without shoes year round, some using temporary protection such as hoof boots for short-term use. Shoeing, when performed correctly, causes no pain to the animal. Farriers trim the insensitive part of
165-577: A golden horseshoe laid over a field scattered with acorns. This refers to an ancient tradition in which every noble visiting Oakham, Rutland's county town, presents a horseshoe to the Lord of the Manor, which is then nailed to the wall of Oakham Castle . Over the centuries, the Castle has amassed a vast collection of horseshoes, the oldest of which date from the 15th century. A massive golden horseshoe structure
220-493: A legitimate heir to the throne. His first wife Theophano , whom Basil had forced him to marry on account of her family connections to the Martinakioi, and whom Leo hated, died in 897, and Leo married Zoe Zaoutzaina , the daughter of his adviser Stylianos Zaoutzes, though she died as well in 899. Upon this marriage Leo created the title of basileopatōr ("father of the emperor") for his father-in-law. After Zoe's death
275-613: A strap-on, solid-bottomed " hipposandal " that has a slight resemblance to the modern hoof boot . Historians differ on the origin of the horseshoe. Because iron was a valuable commodity, and any worn out items were generally reforged and reused, it is difficult to locate clear archaeological evidence. Although some credit the Druids , there is no hard evidence to support this claim. In 1897 four bronze horseshoes with what are apparently nail holes were found in an Etruscan tomb dated around 400 BC. The assertion by some historians that
330-407: A strong, long-wearing shoe is needed, such as polo , eventing , show jumping , and western riding events. Aluminium shoes are lighter, making them common in horse racing where a lighter shoe is desired, and often facilitate certain types of movement; they are often favored in the discipline of dressage . Some horseshoes have " caulkins ", "caulks", or "calks": protrusions at the toe or heels of
385-492: A third marriage was technically illegal, but he married again, only to have his third wife Eudokia Baïana die in 901. Instead of marrying a fourth time, which would have been an even greater sin than a third marriage (according to the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos ) Leo took as mistress Zoe Karbonopsina . He married her only after she had given birth to a son in 905, but incurred the opposition of
440-567: A victory in 900 against the Emirate of Tarsus , in which the Arab army was destroyed and the Emir himself captured, in the west the Emirate of Sicily took Taormina , the last Byzantine outpost on the island of Sicily , in 902. Nevertheless, Leo continued to apply pressure on his eastern frontier through the creation of the new thema of Mesopotamia , a Byzantine invasion of Armenia in 902, and
495-664: Is erected over the shopping mall of the Tuuri village in Alavus , a town of Finland . It is one of the most famous monuments in the locality; however, it stands at number three in Reuters ' list of world's ugliest buildings and monuments. The sport of horseshoes involves a horseshoe being thrown as close as possible to a rod in order to score points. As far as it is known, the sport is as old as horseshoes themselves. While traditional horseshoes can still be used, most organized versions of
550-583: Is one of the best examples of Byzantine architecture . Leo also completed work on the Basilika , the Greek translation and update of the law code issued by Justinian I , which had been started during the reign of Basil. Bishop Liutprand of Cremona gives an account similar to those about Caliph Harun al-Rashid , to the effect that Leo would sometimes disguise himself and go about Constantinople looking for injustice or corruption. According to one story, he
605-747: The Curiae , the Roman Senate , even the Consulate , were finally removed from a legal perspective, even though these still continued in a lesser, decorative form. The supposed Book of the Prefect and the Kletorologion of Philotheos were also issued under Leo's name and testify to his government's interest in organization and the maintenance of public order. The Book of the Eparch described
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#1732798736174660-799: The Mogao Caves dated to 584 AD depicts a man caring for a horse's hoof, which some speculate might be depicting horseshoe nailing, but the mural is too eroded to tell clearly. The earliest reference to iron horseshoes in China dates to 938 AD during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . A monk named Gao Juhui sent to the Western Regions writes that the people in Ganzhou (now Zhangye ) taught him how to make "horse hoof muse ", which had four holes in it that connected to four holes in
715-558: The Warring States period (476–221 BC), during which Zhuangzi recommended shaving horse hooves to keep them in good shape. The Discourses on Salt and Iron in 81 BC mentions using leather shoes, but it is not clear if they were used for protecting horse hooves or to aid in mounting the horse. Remnants of iron horseshoes have been found in what is now northeast China, but the tombs date to the Goguryeo period in 414 AD. A mural in
770-684: The Yangtze , he noted that in Sichuan "cattle wore straw shoes to prevent their slipping on the wet ground" while in northern China, "horses and cattle are shod with iron shoes and nails." The majority of Chinese horseshoe discoveries have been in Jilin , Heilongjiang , Liaoning , Sichuan, and Tibet . Many changes brought about by the domestication of the horse , such as putting them in wetter climates and exercising them less, have led to horses' hooves hardening less and being more vulnerable to injury. In
825-677: The Romans invented the "mule shoes" sometime after 100 BC is supported by a reference by Catullus who died in 54 BC. However, these references to use of horseshoes and muleshoes in Rome may have been to the "hipposandal"—leather boots, reinforced by an iron plate, rather than to nailed horseshoes. Existing references to the nailed shoe are relatively late, first known to have appeared around AD 900, but there may have been earlier uses given that some have been found in layers of dirt. There are no extant references to nailed horseshoes prior to
880-593: The United States, where professional licensing is not legally required, professional organizations provide certification programs that publicly identify qualified individuals. When kept as a talisman , a horseshoe is said to bring good luck . A stylized variation of the horseshoe is used for a popular throwing game, horseshoes . Since the early history of domestication of the horse , working animals were found to be exposed to many conditions that created breakage or excessive hoof wear. Ancient people recognized
935-401: The edge where it meets the shoe and eliminate any sharp edges left from cutting off the nails. Horseshoes have long been considered lucky. They were originally made of iron, a material that was believed to ward off evil spirits, and traditionally were held in place with seven nails, seven being the luckiest number. The superstition acquired a further Christian twist due to a legend surrounding
990-507: The formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the separate office of Roman consul . Born on 19 September 866 to the empress Eudokia Ingerina , Leo was either the illegitimate son of Emperor Michael III or the second son of Michael's successor, Basil I the Macedonian . Eudokia was both Michael III's mistress and Basil's wife. In 867, Michael was assassinated by Basil, who succeeded him as emperor. As
1045-598: The game use specialized sport horseshoes, which do not fit on horses' hooves. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Horse-shoes ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Leo VI the Wise Leo VI , also known as Leo the Wise ( Greek : Λέων ὁ Σοφός , romanized : Léōn ho Sophós , 19 September 866 – 11 May 912),
1100-853: The great aristocratic families (e.g., the Phokadai and the Doukai ) occasionally led to serious conflicts, the most significant being the revolt of Andronikos Doukas in 906. Leo also attempted to involve himself in the church through his arbitrary interference with the patriarchate. Using his former tutor Patriarch Photios 's excommunication by Pope John VIII as an excuse, Leo dismissed him and replaced him with his own 19-year-old brother Stephen in December 886. On Stephen's death in 893, Leo replaced him with Zaoutzes' nominee, Antony II Kauleas , who died in 901. Leo then promoted his own Imperial secretary ( mystikos ) Nicholas , but suspicions that he
1155-517: The hoof to wear down as it naturally would in the wild, and it can then become too long. The coffin bone inside the hoof should line up straight with both bones in the pastern . If the excess hoof is not trimmed, the bones will become misaligned, which would place stress on the legs of the animal. Shoes are then measured to the foot and bent to the correct shape using a hammer, anvil, forge, and other modifications, such as taps for shoe studs , are added. Farriers may either cold shoe, in which they bend
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#17327987361741210-402: The hoof, which is the same area into which they drive the nails. This is analogous to a manicure on a human fingernail, only on a much larger scale. Before beginning to shoe, the farrier removes the old shoe using pincers (shoe pullers) and trims the hoof wall to the desired length with nippers, a sharp pliers-like tool, and the sole and frog of the hoof with a hoof knife. Shoes do not allow
1265-659: The horse's hoof, and were thus put together. They also recommended using yak skin shoes for camel hooves. Iron horseshoes however did not become common for another three centuries. Zhao Rukuo writes in Zhu Fan Zhi , finished in 1225, that the horses of the Arabs and Persians used metal for horse shoes, implying that horses in China did not. After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271 AD, iron horseshoes became more common in northern China. When Thomas Blakiston travelled up
1320-471: The horse, became common in the 16th century. From the need for horseshoes, the craft of blacksmithing became "one of the great staple crafts of medieval and modern times and contributed to the development of metallurgy." A treatise titled "No Foot, No Horse" was published in England in 1751. In 1835, the first U.S. patent for a horseshoe manufacturing machine capable of making up to 60 horseshoes per hour
1375-402: The hot shoe against the hoof too long, as the heat can damage the hoof. Hot shoes are placed in water to cool them. The farrier then nails the shoes on by driving the nails into the hoof wall at the white line of the hoof. The nails are shaped in such a way that they bend outward as they are driven in, avoiding the sensitive inner part of the foot, so they emerge on the sides of the hoof. When
1430-559: The important frontier provinces ( kleisourai ) of Lykandos and Leontokome on territory recently taken from the Arabs. In 907 Constantinople was attacked by the Kievan Rus' under Oleg of Novgorod , who was seeking favorable trading rights with the empire. Leo paid them off , but they attacked again in 911, and a trade treaty was finally signed. Leo VI caused a major scandal with his numerous marriages which failed to produce
1485-503: The insensitive hoof wall that is anatomically akin to the human toenail , although much larger and thicker. However, there are also cases where shoes are glued . Horseshoes are available in a wide variety of materials and styles, developed for different types of horses and for the work they do. The most common materials are steel and aluminium , but specialized shoes may include use of rubber , plastic , magnesium , titanium , or copper . Steel tends to be preferred in sports in which
1540-542: The luck is poured upon those entering the home. Superstitious sailors believe that nailing a horseshoe to the mast will help their vessel avoid storms. In heraldry, horseshoes most often occur as canting charges, such as in the arms of families with names like Farrier, Marshall, and Smith. A horseshoe (together with two hammers) also appears in the arms of Hammersmith and Fulham , a borough in London. The flag of Rutland , England's smallest historic county , consists of
1595-462: The metal shoe without heating it, or hot shoe, in which they place the metal in a forge before bending it. Hot shoeing can be more time-consuming, and requires the farrier to have access to a forge; however, it usually provides a better fit, as the mark made on the hoof from the hot shoe can show how even it lies. It also allows the farrier to make more modifications to the shoe, such as drawing toe- and quarter-clips. The farrier must take care not to hold
1650-428: The nail has been completely driven, the farrier cuts off the sharp points and uses a clincher (a form of tongs made especially for this purpose) or a clinching block with hammer to bend the rest of the nail so it is almost flush with the hoof wall. This prevents the nail from getting caught on anything, and also helps to hold the nail, and therefore the shoe, in place. The farrier then uses a rasp (large file), to smooth
1705-566: The need for the walls (and sometimes the sole) of domestic horses' hooves to have additional protection over and above any natural hardness. An early form of hoof protection was seen in ancient Asia, where horses' hooves were wrapped in rawhide, leather, or other materials for both therapeutic purposes and protection from wear. From archaeological finds in Great Britain , the Romans appeared to have attempted to protect their horses' feet with
Horseshoe (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1760-447: The patriarch. Replacing Nicholas Mystikos with Euthymios, Leo got his marriage recognized by the church (albeit with a long penance attached, and with an assurance that Leo would outlaw all future fourth marriages). The future Constantine VII was the illegitimate son born before Leo's uncanonical fourth marriage to Zoe Karbonopsina. To strengthen his son's position as heir, Leo had Constantine crowned as co-emperor on 15 May 908, when he
1815-726: The prohibition on fourth marriages. Both the Basilika and the Novels were concerned with ecclesiastical law ( canon law ) as well as secular law. Most importantly, from a historical perspective, they finally did away with much of the remaining legal and constitutional architecture that the Byzantine Empire had inherited from the Roman Empire, and even from the days of the Roman Republic . Obsolete institutions such as
1870-485: The reign of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI , and by 973 occasional references to them can be found. The earliest clear written record of iron horseshoes is a reference to "crescent figured irons and their nails" in AD 910. There is very little evidence of any sort that suggests the existence of nailed-on shoes prior to AD 500 or 600, though there is a find dated to the fifth century AD of a horseshoe, complete with nails, found in
1925-659: The rules and regulations for trade and trade organizations in Constantinople, while the Kletorologion was an attempt to standardize officials and ranks at the Byzantine court. Leo is also the author, or at least sponsor, of the Tactica , a notable treatise on military operations. Succeeding generations saw Leo as a prophet and a magician, and soon a collection of oracular poems and some short divinatory texts,
1980-525: The sacking of Theodosiopolis , as well as successful raids in the Arab Thughur . Then, in 904 the renegade Leo of Tripolis sacked Thessalonica with his pirates—an event described in The Capture of Thessalonica by John Kaminiates —while a large-scale expedition to recover Crete under Himerios in 911–912 failed disastrously. Nevertheless, the same period also saw the establishment of
2035-528: The second-eldest son of the Emperor, Leo was associated on the throne in 870 and became the direct heir on the death of his older half-brother Constantine in 879. However, Leo and Basil did not like each other; a relationship that only deteriorated after Eudokia's death, when Leo, unhappy with his marriage to Theophano , took up a mistress in the person of Zoe Zaoutzaina . Basil married Zoe off to an insignificant official, and later almost had Leo blinded when he
2090-454: The shoe, but only after extracting a promise that the Devil would never enter a household with a horseshoe nailed to the door. Opinion is divided as to which way up the horseshoe ought to be nailed. Some say the ends should point up, so that the horseshoe catches the luck, and that a horseshoe with ends pointing down allows the good luck to be lost; others say the ends should point down, so that
2145-482: The shoe, or both, to provide additional traction. The fitting of horseshoes is a professional occupation, conducted by a farrier , who specializes in the preparation of feet, assessing potential lameness issues, and fitting appropriate shoes, including remedial features where required. In some countries, such as the UK, horseshoeing is legally restricted to people with specific qualifications and experience. In others, such as
2200-410: The so-called Oracles of Leo the Wise , at least in part based on earlier Greek sources, were attached to the Emperor's name in later centuries and were believed to foretell the future of the world. Finally, Leo is credited with translating the relics of St. Lazarus to Constantinople in the year 890. There are several stichera (hymns) attributed to him that are chanted on Lazarus Saturday in
2255-399: The sole of the foot keeps it thick and hard. However, in domestication , the manner in which horses are used is different. Domesticated horses are brought to colder and wetter areas than their ancestral habitat. These softer and heavier soils soften the hooves and make them prone to splitting, thus making hoof protection necessary. Domestic horses do not always require shoes. When possible,
Horseshoe (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2310-483: The suspicion that Leo was (or at least believed himself to be) in truth Michael's son. Seeking political reconciliation, the new emperor secured the support of the officials in the capital, and surrounded himself with bureaucrats like Stylianos Zaoutzes (the father of his mistress, Zoe Zaoutzaina) and the eunuch Samonas , an Arab defector whom Leo raised to the rank of patrikios and who stood in as godfather to Leo's son, Constantine VII . His attempts to control
2365-427: The tenth-century saint Dunstan , who worked as a blacksmith before becoming Archbishop of Canterbury. The legend recounts that, one day, the Devil walked into Dunstan's shop and asked him to shoe his horse. Dunstan pretended not to recognize him, and agreed to the request; but rather than nailing the shoe to the horse's hoof, he nailed it to the Devil's own foot, causing him great pain. Dunstan eventually agreed to remove
2420-460: The time of the Crusades (1096–1270), horseshoes were widespread and frequently mentioned in various written sources. In that period, due to the value of iron, horseshoes were even accepted in lieu of coin to pay taxes. By the 13th century, shoes were forged in large quantities and could be bought ready made. Hot shoeing, the process of shaping a heated horseshoe immediately before placing it on
2475-563: The tomb of the Frankish King Childeric I at Tournai , Belgium. Around 1000 AD, cast bronze horseshoes with nail holes became common in Europe. A design with a scalloped outer rim and six nail holes was common. According to Gordon Ward the scalloped edges were created by double punching the nail holes causing the edges to bulge. The 13th and 14th centuries brought the widespread manufacturing of iron horseshoes. By
2530-449: The wild, a horse may travel up to 50 miles (80 km) per day to obtain adequate forage. While horses in the wild cover large areas of terrain, they usually do so at relatively slow speeds, unless being chased by a predator. They also tend to live in arid steppe climates. The consequence of slow but nonstop travel in a dry climate is that horses' feet are naturally worn to a small, smooth, even, and hard state. The continual stimulation of
2585-586: Was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well read, leading to his epithet . During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I , continued; but the empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean . His reign also witnessed
2640-478: Was a prolific writer, and he produced works on many different topics and in many styles, including political orations, liturgical poems, and theological treatises. On many occasions he would personally deliver highly wrought and convoluted sermons in the churches of Constantinople. In the subject matter of legal works and treatises, he established a legal commission that carried out his father's original intent of codifying all of existing Byzantine law. The end result
2695-604: Was a six-volume work consisting of 60 books, entitled the Basilika . Written in Greek, the Basilika translated and systematically arranged practically all of the laws preserved in the Corpus Juris Civilis , thereby providing a foundation upon which all later Byzantine laws could be built. Leo then began integrating new laws issued during his reign into the Basilika . Called "Novels", or "New Laws", these were codes that dealt with current problems and issues, such as
2750-619: Was accused of conspiring against him. On 29 August 886, Basil died in a hunting accident, though he claimed on his deathbed that there was an assassination attempt in which Leo was possibly involved. One of the first actions of Leo VI after his succession was the reburial, with great ceremony, of the remains of Michael III in the imperial mausoleum within the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople . This contributed to
2805-440: Was even captured by the city guards during one of his investigations. Late in the evening, he was walking alone and disguised. Though he bribed two patrols with 12 nomismata and moved on, a third city patrol arrested him. When a terrified guardian recognized the jailed ruler in the morning, the arresting officer was rewarded for doing his duty, while the other patrols were dismissed and punished severely. Leo VI's fortune in war
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#17327987361742860-479: Was involved in the failed assassination attempt against Leo in 903 as well as his opposition to Leo's fourth marriage saw Nicholas replaced with Leo's spiritual father Euthymios in 907. The magnificent Church of Agios Lazaros in Larnaca was constructed during the rule of Leo VI in the late 9th century, and it was built after the relics of St. Lazaros were transported from Crete to Constantinople. The church
2915-549: Was issued to Henry Burden. In mid-19th-century Canada , marsh horseshoes kept horses from sinking into the soft intertidal mud during dike-building. In a common design, a metal horseshoe holds a flat wooden shoe in place. In China, iron horseshoes became common during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), prior to which rattan and leather shoes were used to preserve animal hooves. Evidence of the preservation of horse hooves in China dates to
2970-576: Was more mixed than Basil's had been. In indulging his chief counselor Stylianos Zaoutzes , Leo provoked a war with Simeon I of Bulgaria in 894, but he was defeated. Bribing the Magyars to attack the Bulgarians from the north, Leo scored an indirect success in 895. However, deprived of his new allies, he lost the major Battle of Boulgarophygon in 896 and had to make the required commercial concessions and to pay annual tribute. Although he won
3025-500: Was only two years old. Leo VI died on 11 May 912. He was succeeded by his younger brother Alexander , who had reigned as emperor alongside his father and brother since 879. Alexander died thirteen months later, and Constantine succeeded him. Shortly before Constantine reached the age of maturity, one of his regents made himself senior co-emperor as Romanos I . Romanus married his daughter to Constantine, and their son became emperor as Romanos II on Constantine's death in 959. Leo VI
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