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41-468: Hatanpää Manor was born when three houses located in the Hatanpää Peninsula area were merged into a manor in the 1690s. H. H. Boije (1716–1781), one of the early owners of the manor, established an English-style park around the manor, which was maintained by up to 30 gardeners. Boije also experimented with growing white mulberry trees in greenhouses . The leaves of these trees would have fed

82-514: A coroner 's report, Lori McClintock, wife of US politician Tom McClintock , died in December 2021 from dehydration due to gastroenteritis caused by "adverse effects of white mulberry leaf ingestion"; the leaf is used as a dietary supplement or herbal remedy for weight loss and diabetes. White mulberry leaves are the preferred feedstock for silkworms, and are also cut for food for livestock (cattle, goats, etc.) in areas where dry seasons restrict

123-592: A genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae , consists of 19 species of deciduous trees commonly known as mulberries , growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions. Generally, the genus has 64 subordinate taxa, though the three most common are referred to as white, red, and black, originating from the color of their dormant buds and not necessarily the fruit color ( Morus alba , M. rubra , and M. nigra , respectively), with numerous cultivars and some taxa currently unchecked and awaiting taxonomic scrutiny. M. alba

164-462: A growing demand for natural food colorants, they have numerous applications in the food industry. A cheap and industrially feasible method has been developed to extract anthocyanins from mulberry fruit that could be used as a fabric dye or food colorant of high color value (above 100). Scientists found that, of 31 Chinese mulberry cultivars tested, the total anthocyanin yield varied from 148 to 2725mg/L of fruit juice. Sugars, acids, and vitamins of

205-715: A silk robe. It was introduced into other parts of Europe in the twelfth century and into Latin America after the Spanish conquest in the fifteenth century. In 2002, 6,260 km of land were devoted to the species in China. It has been grown widely from the Indian subcontinent west through Afghanistan and Iran to southern Europe for more than a thousand years for leaves to feed silkworms. More recently, it has become widely naturalized in disturbed areas such as roadsides and

246-579: A toxic milky sap. Eating too many berries may have a laxative effect. Additionally, unripe green fruit may cause nausea, cramps, and a hallucinogenic effect. Raw mulberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and less than 1% fat . In a 100-gram (3.5-ounce) reference amount, raw mulberries provide 43 calories, 44% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C , and 14% of the DV for iron ; other micronutrients are insignificant in quantity. As

287-454: A tree species park and a rose garden since the 1970s. In the park of the manor there is a large natural stone with the Greek text “Egno Kyrios tous Ontas autou” (English: “The Lord Knows His Own” ). The engraving is thought to date from the 18th century in the time of Boije and was possibly made during the visit of King Gustav III in 1775. Boije and the king were both Freemasons . The stone

328-498: A year during the monsoon season to a height of 1.5–1.8 m (5–6 ft) and allowed to grow with a maximum of 8–10 shoots at the crown. The leaves are harvested three or four times a year by a leaf-picking method under rain-fed or semi-arid conditions, depending on the monsoon. The tree branches pruned during the fall season (after the leaves have fallen) are cut and are used to make durable baskets supporting agriculture and animal husbandry . Some North American cities have banned

369-654: Is a multiple , about 2–3 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches) long. Immature fruits are white, green, or pale yellow. The fruit turns from pink to red while ripening, then dark purple or black, and has a sweet flavor when fully ripe. The taxonomy of Morus is complex and disputed. Fossils of Morus appear in the Pliocene record of the Netherlands . Over 150 species names have been published, and although differing sources may cite different selections of accepted names, less than 20 are accepted by

410-515: Is approximately 380 miles per hour (610 km/h), about half the speed of sound , making it the fastest known movement in the plant kingdom. Two varieties of Morus alba are recognized: Cultivation of white mulberry to nourish silkworms began more than 4,700 years ago in China and has since been introduced in other countries. The Ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated the mulberry for silkworms. At least as early as 220 AD, Emperor Elagabalus wore

451-404: Is generally a short-lived tree with a lifespan comparable to that of humans, although there are some specimens known to be more than 250 years old. The species is native to China and India and is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere (including United States, Mexico, Australia, Kyrgyzstan, Argentina, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and many others). The white mulberry is widely cultivated to feed

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492-458: Is known as the “Freemason's Grave” ( Finnish : Vapaamuurarin hauta ), although no one has been buried on the site. 61°29′00″N 23°45′03″E  /  61.48333°N 23.75083°E  / 61.48333; 23.75083 White mulberry Morus alba , known as white mulberry , common mulberry and silkworm mulberry , is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree which grows to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall. It

533-664: Is native to South Asia , but is widely distributed across Europe , Southern Africa , South America , and North America . M. alba is also the species most preferred by the silkworm , and is regarded as an invasive species in Brazil and the United States . The closely related genus Broussonetia is also commonly known as mulberry, notably the paper mulberry ( Broussonetia papyrifera ). Despite their similar appearance, mulberries are not closely related to raspberries or blackberries . All three species belong to

574-428: Is often advised, as seedling-grown trees are generally of better shape and health. Mulberry trees grown from seed can take up to ten years to bear fruit. Mulberries are most often planted from large cuttings, which root readily. The mulberry plants allowed to grow tall have a crown height of 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 ft) from ground level and a stem girth of 10–13 cm (4–5 in). They are specially raised with

615-679: Is the thinnest paper in the world. It is produced in Japan and made with kozo (stems of mulberry trees). Traditional Japanese washi paper is often created from parts of the mulberry tree. The wood of mulberry trees is used for barrel aging of Țuică , a traditional Romanian plum brandy. According to 1 Maccabees , the Seleucids used the "blood of grapes and mulberries" to provoke their war elephants in preparation for battle against Jewish rebels . A Babylonian etiological myth , which Ovid incorporated in his Metamorphoses , attributes

656-711: Is used as an ornamental plant. It was planted at several grand stations built along the Lackawanna Railroad in New Jersey during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The species is a lawn tree across the desert cities of the southwestern United States, prized for its shade and also for its cylindrical berry clusters composed of sweet, purplish-white fruits. The plant's pollen is problematic in some cities where it has been blamed for an increase in hay fever . [REDACTED] Data related to Morus alba at Wikispecies Morus (plant) See text. Morus ,

697-703: The Rosales order. But while the mulberry is a tree belonging to the Moraceae family (also including the fig , jackfruit , and other fruits), raspberries and blackberries are brambles and belong to the Rosaceae family. Mulberries are fast-growing when young, and can grow to 24 metres (79 feet) tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, and often lobed and serrated on the margin. Lobes are more common on juvenile shoots than on mature trees. The trees can be monoecious or dioecious . The mulberry fruit

738-459: The silkworms employed in the commercial production of silk . It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen , which is launched at greater than half the speed of sound . Its berries are edible when ripe. On young, vigorous shoots, the leaves may be up to 30 cm (12 in) long, and deeply and intricately lobed, with the lobes rounded. On older trees, the leaves are generally 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long, unlobed, cordate at

779-556: The 1930s the Hatanpää Hospital, designed by architect Bertel Strömmer , was completed in the area of the manor. The main building of the manor has been used by the Tampere City Museum since 1970. The manor house currently serves as a party, meeting and other event venue, and Juvenes-Yhtiöt Oy is responsible for the service. In 2016, the facade was renovated at a cost of approximately EUR 1,1 million. During

820-559: The East Asian white mulberry – a species extensively naturalized in urban regions of eastern North America – has a different flavor, sometimes characterized as refreshing and a little tart, with a bit of gumminess to it and a hint of vanilla . In North America, the white mulberry is considered an invasive exotic and has taken over extensive tracts from native plant species, including the red mulberry. Mulberries are used in pies, tarts, wines, cordials , and herbal teas . The fruit of

861-487: The availability of ground vegetation. The leaves are prepared as tea in Korea. The fruit are also eaten, often dried or made into wine. For landscaping, a fruitless mulberry was developed from a clone for use in the production of silk in the U.S. The industry never materialized, but the mulberry variety is now used as an ornamental tree where shade is desired without the fruit. White mulberry, Morus alba 'Pendula',

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902-429: The base and rounded to acuminate at the tip, and serrated on the margins. Generally, the trees are deciduous in temperate regions, but trees grown in tropical regions may be evergreen . The flowers are single-sex catkins ; male catkins are 2–3.5 cm (0.8–1.4 in) long, and female catkins 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) long. Male and female flowers are usually found on separate trees although they may occur on

943-471: The black mulberry (native to southwest Asia) and the red mulberry (native to eastern North America) have distinct flavors likened to 'fireworks in the mouth'. Jams and sherbets are often made from the fruit in the Old World . The tender twigs are semisweet and can be eaten raw or cooked. The fruit and leaves are sold in various forms as dietary supplements . Mulberry leaves, particularly those of

984-639: The committee planning the establishment of the city and at that time recommended the establishment of the city to the lands of the Tammerkoski manor he owned. Boije sold the Tammerkoski manor to the crown in 1777 as the area of the future city. Shortly afterwards, Boije also sold the Hatanpää manor to tax collector Gabriel Ahlman in 1778 when he moved to Helsinki to become the Governor of Nyland and Tavastehus County . Ahlman practiced traditional farming on

1025-533: The control of the Idman family until 1913. The last owner of the manor belonging to the Idman family was the grandson of the aforementioned, F. L. Idman , who had graduated as an agronomist from the Mustiala School of Agriculture in 1893. In 1913, the entire 1,459-hectare Hatanpää Manor was sold for FIM 2,5 million to the city of Tampere. The buildings of the manor were taken into hospital use in 1916, and in

1066-740: The edges of tree lots, along with urban areas in much of North America, where it hybridizes readily with the locally native red mulberry (Morus rubra) . There is now serious concern for the long-term genetic viability of the red mulberry because of extensive hybridization in some areas. The species is now extensively planted and widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate world and in subarctic regions as well, and would survive in elevations as high as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). They thrive in mildly acidic, well drained, sandy loam and clayey loam soils, though they can withstand poor soils as well. Tests on laboratory rats have not found mulberry extract to present significant toxicity. According to

1107-404: The farm; among other things, rye , wheat , barley , oats and peas were cultivated, as well as mixed cereals. After Ahlman, the farm passed to the ironworks cartridge L. G. Lefren . Lefren owned a paper mill on the shores of Tammerkoski and other industrial companies. After Lefren's death, the manor was bought in 1835 by lawspeaker and knight N. J. Idman , and the manor remained under

1148-456: The fruit matures, mulberries change in texture and color, becoming succulent, plump, and juicy, resembling a blackberry . The color of the fruit does not distinguish the mulberry species, as mulberries may be white, lavender or black in color. White mulberry fruits are typically sweet, but not tart, while red mulberries are usually deep red, sweet, and juicy. Black mulberries are large and juicy, with balanced sweetness and tartness. The fruit of

1189-524: The fruit remained intact in the residual juice after removal of the anthocyanins, indicating that the juice may be used for other food products. Mulberry germplasm resources may be used for: During the Angkorian age of the Khmer Empire of Southeast Asia , monks at Buddhist temples made paper from the bark of mulberry trees. The paper was used to make books, known as kraing . Tengujo

1230-458: The help of well-grown saplings 8–10 months old of any of the varieties recommended for rainfed areas like S-13 (for red loamy soil) or S-34 (black cotton soil), which are tolerant to drought or soil-moisture stress conditions. Usually, the plantation is raised and in block formation with a spacing of 1.8 by 1.8 m (6 by 6 ft), or 2.4 by 2.4 m (8 by 8 ft), as plant-to-plant and row-to-row distances. The plants are usually pruned once

1271-509: The larvae of the silk moth , and Boije dreamed of starting his own silk production, inspired by P. A. Gadd (1727–1797), a professor of the Royal Academy of Turku , who may have owned the nearby Kaarila Manor. During his trip to Finland in 1775, King Gustav III of Sweden was a guest of Boije at the manor and at that time issued an order to establish the city of Tampere on the shores of nearby Tammerkoski . Boije had been involved in

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1312-543: The mulberry for silkworms; at least as early as 220 AD, Emperor Elagabalus wore a silk robe. English clergy wore silk vestments from about 1500 onwards. Mulberry and the silk industry played a role in colonial Virginia . Mulberry fruit color derives from anthocyanins , which have unknown effects in humans. Anthocyanins are responsible for the attractive colors of fresh plant foods, including orange, red, purple, black, and blue. These colors are water-soluble and easily extractable, yielding natural food colorants . Due to

1353-587: The mulberry's colour to honour their forbidden love. The nursery rhyme " Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush " uses the tree in the refrain, as do some contemporary American versions of the nursery rhyme " Pop Goes the Weasel ". Vincent van Gogh featured the mulberry tree in some of his paintings, notably Mulberry Tree ( Mûrier , 1889, now in Pasadena 's Norton Simon Museum ). He painted it after

1394-679: The planting of mulberries because of the large amounts of pollen they produce, posing a potential health hazard for some pollen allergy sufferers. Actually, only the male mulberry trees produce pollen; this lightweight pollen can be inhaled deeply into the lungs, sometimes triggering asthma . Conversely, female mulberry trees produce all-female flowers, which draw pollen and dust from the air. Because of this pollen-absorbing feature, all-female mulberry trees have an OPALS allergy scale rating of just 1 (lowest level of allergy potential), and some consider it "allergy-free". Mulberry tree scion wood can easily be grafted onto other mulberry trees during

1435-407: The reddish-purple color of the mulberry fruits to the tragic deaths of the lovers Pyramus and Thisbe . Meeting under a mulberry tree (probably the native Morus nigra ), Thisbe commits suicide by sword after Pyramus does the same, he having believed, on finding her bloodstained cloak, that she was killed by a lion. Their splashed blood stained the previously white fruit, and the gods forever changed

1476-511: The renovation, the colors of the facades were restored as close as possible to the original ones, as well as the original exterior frames of the wooden windows, which were replaced in the 1990s. In addition, the damaged plaster decorations were renovated, and at the same time the manor received new facade lighting. Next to Hatanpää Manor is the Hatanpää Park . The Hatanpää headland, next to the actual manor park, has also had an arboretum ,

1517-563: The same tree. The fruit is 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) long. In the wild it is deep purple, but in many cultivated plants it varies from white to pink. It is sweet but bland, unlike the more intense flavor of the red mulberry and black mulberry . The seeds are widely dispersed in the droppings of birds that eat the fruit. The white mulberry is scientifically notable for the rapid plant movement involved in pollen release from its catkins. The stamens act as catapults, releasing stored elastic energy in just 25 μs. The resulting movement

1558-544: The vast majority of botanical authorities. Morus classification is even further complicated by widespread hybridisation , wherein the hybrids are fertile. The following species are accepted: Black, red, and white mulberries are widespread in Southern Europe , the Middle East , Northern Africa , and the Indian subcontinent , where the tree and the fruit have names under regional dialects . Black mulberry

1599-431: The white mulberry, are ecologically important as the sole food source of the silkworm ( Bombyx mori , named after the mulberry genus Morus ), the cocoon of which is used to make silk . The wild silk moth also eats mulberry. Other Lepidoptera larvae —which include the common emerald , lime hawk-moth , sycamore moth , and fall webworm —also eat the plant. The Ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated

1640-417: The winter, when the tree is dormant. One common scenario is converting a problematic male mulberry tree to an allergy-free female tree, by grafting all-female mulberry tree scions to a male mulberry that has been pruned back to the trunk. However, any new growth from below the graft(s) must be removed, as they would be from the original male mulberry tree. All parts of the plant besides the ripe fruit contain

1681-612: Was imported to Britain in the 17th century in the hopes that it would be useful in the cultivation of silkworms. It was much used in folk medicine , especially in the treatment of ringworms . Mulberries are also widespread in Greece , particularly in the Peloponnese , which in the Middle Ages was known as Morea , deriving from the Greek word for the tree ( μουριά , mouria ). Mulberries can be grown from seed, and this

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