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78-530: A haveli is a traditional townhouse , mansion , or manor house , in the Indian subcontinent , usually one with historical and architectural significance, and located in a town or city. The word haveli is derived from Arabic hawali , meaning "partition" or "private space", popularised under the Mughal Empire , and was devoid of any architectural affiliations. Later, the word haveli came to be used as

156-438: A World Heritage Site was built between 1632 and 1653 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal . Its construction took 22 years and required 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants, at a cost of 32 million rupees . (corresponding to US$ 827 million in 2015) It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by

234-541: A generic term for various styles of regional mansions , manor houses , and townhouses found in the Indian subcontinent. The term haveli originates from Arabic word hawali , meaning "partition" or "private space", term which was popularized under Mughal Empire . Early havelis served Muslim rulers of the Indian Subcontinent and became an important architectural component of urban environments under

312-554: A cavern on the ridge at Sikri. The mausoleum, constructed by Akbar as a mark of his respect for the Sufi saint, who foretold the birth of his son. The Begum Shahi Mosque is an early 17th-century mosque situated in the Walled City of Lahore , Pakistan . The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir by his mother, Mariam-Uz-Zamani , and is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal-era mosque. It

390-400: A central dome and outer iwans, raised on a terraced platform. Other public buildings and infrastructure works included roads, milestones (known as kos minar ), caravanserais (inns for merchants and travelers), and bridges. These were more functional in nature and less decorative, though some caravanserais were embellished with elaborate gateways. The architectural patronage of Babur,

468-522: A courtyard, and a prayer hall covered by a large central dome flanked by side aisles covered by smaller domes. An example of this is his mosque at Panipat . Agra fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Agra , Uttar Pradesh. The major part of Agra fort was built by Akbar from 1565 to 1574. The architecture of the fort clearly indicates the free adoption of the Rajput planning and construction. Some of

546-456: A large dome and finial . The building's longest plane of symmetry runs through the entire complex except for the sarcophagus of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone, to complement the Mecca -facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. Parchin kari ,

624-838: A large living space, often with servants' quarters. The small footprint of the townhouse allows it to be within walking or mass-transit distance of business and industrial areas of the city, yet luxurious enough for wealthy residents of the city. Townhouses are expensive where detached single-family houses are uncommon, such as in New York City , Chicago , Boston , Philadelphia , Montreal , Washington, D.C. , and San Francisco . Rowhouses are similar and consist of several adjacent, uniform units originally found in older, pre-automobile urban areas such as Baltimore , Philadelphia, Richmond, Virginia , Charleston, South Carolina , Savannah, Georgia and New Orleans , but now found in lower-cost housing developments in suburbs as well. A rowhouse

702-652: A method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels and Jali work has been used to decorate the structure. The Wazir Khan Mosque was commissioned during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1634, and completed in 1642. Considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque is renowned for its intricate faience tile work known as kashi-kari , as well as its interior surfaces that are almost entirely embellished with elaborate Mughal-era frescoes . The mosque has been under extensive restoration since 2009 under

780-426: A prayer hall on one side. The prayer hall consisted of a wide vaulted hall fronted by an arcade of monumental arches, with the central archway consisting of a larger iwan rising above the others. The most monumental and elaborate Mughal structures were royal mausoleums, deliberately designed to show off the power and sophistication of their patrons. The classic Mughal tomb was an octagonal or rectangular structure with

858-499: A record in Asia, and The Beverly Hills , which consists of multiple rows of townhouses with some units as large as 11,000 square feet (1,000 m ). Commonly in the suburbs of major cities, an old house on a large block of land is demolished and replaced by a short row of townhouses, built 'end on' to the street for added privacy. Mughal architecture Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by

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936-570: Is a late Mughal-era mosque in the Walled City of Lahore , Pakistan . Sunehri Mosque was built in 1753 when the empire was in decline, during the reign of Muhammad Shah . The Tomb of Safdar Jung completed in 1754 is one of the last examples of Mughal Architecture. The Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque is a historical mosque near Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The mosque was built in Atish Khan Mahalla by Khan Mohammad Mridha under

1014-715: Is brown. Another notable haveli is Seth ji ri Haveli in Udaipur city; now known as Shree Jagdish Mahal , it is 250 years old. A number of historically and architecturally significant havelis survive in Pakistan, most of which are situated in the Punjab province. The most significant in Lahore , the Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh , dates from the Sikh era of the mid-19th century, and

1092-567: Is considered to be one of the finest examples of Sikh architecture in Lahore. It is the only Sikh-era haveli that preserves its original ornamentation and architecture. Some other historically and architecturally significant havelis in Pakistan: Townhouse Historically, a townhouse was the city residence of a noble or wealthy family, who would own one or more country houses in which they lived for much of

1170-530: Is famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India, built during the years 1580 and 1581. The tomb, built in 1571 in the corner of the mosque compound, is a square marble chamber with a verandah. The cenotaph has an exquisitely designed lattice screen around it. It enshrines the burial place of the Sufi saint, Salim Chisti (1478 – 1572), a descendant of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, who lived in

1248-409: Is known for its exquisite fresco decoration of geometric and floral motifs painted on stucco, along with inscriptions of the names of God . The mosque would later influence construction of the larger Wazir Khan Mosque a few decades later. The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah, is a mausoleum in the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Often described as a "jewel box", sometimes called

1326-604: Is noted for its special buildings- Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas . Another mosque was built during his tenure in Lahore called Wazir Khan Mosque , by Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor. It is famous for its rich embellishment which covers almost every interior surface. Overall public works by high nobles of Shah Jahan's amirs included Ali Mardan Khan , Ilmuddin Wazir Khan , Khan-i Dauran Nasiri Khan , and Kartalab Khan Deccani . The Taj Mahal,

1404-467: Is the largest palace in the Fatehpur Sikri seraglio, connected to the minor haramsara quarters. The main entrance is double storied, projecting out of the facade to create a kind of porch leading into a recessed entrance with a balcony. Inside there is a quadrangle surrounded by rooms. The columns of rooms are ornamented with a variety of Hindu sculptural motifs. The Tomb of Salim Chishti

1482-449: Is where there is a continuous roof and foundation, and a single wall divides adjacent townhouses, but some have a double wall with inches-wide air space in between on a common foundation. A rowhouse will generally be smaller and less luxurious than a dwelling called a townhouse. The name townhouse or townhome was later used to describe non-uniform units in suburban areas that are designed to mimic detached or semi-detached homes. Today,

1560-518: The Agra Fort and the Jama Masjid at Delhi , the latter built under the supervision of his Grand Vizier , Saadullah Khan , a Punjabi Muslim , are imposing buildings of his era, and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts. Shah Jahan also renovated buildings such as

1638-596: The Agra Fort and the Red Fort in Delhi, were enclosed in massive walls reinforced by semi-circular towers and entered via monumental gateways. Inside, the classic Mughal palace was laid out with symmetrical gardens and various pavilions. Open pavilions with rows of cusped arches were a recurring feature. Rich decoration was used to embellish rooms and halls. Gardens were a favourite concern of Mughal emperors, whether they were created as separate, dedicated garden sites or as

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1716-568: The Duke of Norfolk owned Arundel Castle in the country, while his London house, Norfolk House , was a terraced house in St James's Square over 100 feet (30 m) wide. In the United States and Canada, a townhouse has two connotations. The older predates the automobile and denotes a house on a small footprint in a city, but because of its multiple floors (sometimes six or more), it has

1794-618: The Lahore Fort . High-ranking officials below the emperor were also able to build major monuments, as with the example of the Wazir Khan Mosque . The last of the great Mughal patrons was Aurangzeb , who built the Badshahi Mosque , Bibi Ka Maqbara , Moti Masjid etc. Mughal emperors and elites consciously used architecture as a way to publicly display their presence and power. The extensive architectural patronage of

1872-711: The Moti Masjid , Sheesh Mahal and Naulakha pavilion , which are all enclosed in the Lahore Fort . He also built a mosque named after himself in Thatta called Shahjahan Mosque (not built in the Mughal architecture, but in Safavid and Timurid architecture that were influenced by the Persian architecture ). Shah Jahan also built the Red Fort in his new capital at Shah Jahanabad, now Old Delhi . The red sandstone Red Fort

1950-483: The Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent . It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly Timurid architecture . It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture , especially during

2028-602: The Mughals . Although havelis originate from Indo-Islamic architecture , the existence of multistory homes and courtyards in the region is claimed as early as 3300 BCE. Courtyards are a common feature traditional houses in the Indian subcontinent with early examples dating back to the Neolithic period, whether they are mansions or farmhouses. These, however, employ very different architectural styles from traditional havelis that were developed under Muslim rule with blend of local traditions and Islamic traditions. Traditional homes in

2106-602: The Taj Mahal at Agra , the tomb of his wife Mumtaz Mahal , under the chief architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori , a Punjabi Muslim . He was said to have personal a preference for white marble in architecture, as in the Taj Mahal. Although some buildings built during his era were made of red sandstone, such as the Red Fort in Delhi, he preferred to use white marble for his private quarters. The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in

2184-485: The architecture of Islamic Persia and Central Asia, and indigenous Hindu architecture . Because earlier Indo-Islamic architecture already borrowed from both Hindu and Islamic architectural styles, certain influences in Mughal architecture can be difficult to attribute to one source or the other. With regards to Hindu architecture, local Rajput palaces were likely a key influence. Early Mughal architecture developed from existing Indo-Islamic architecture while following

2262-574: The havelis are empty nowadays or are maintained by a watchman, while others have been converted into hotels and tourist attractions. The towns and villages of Shekhawati are famous for the embellished frescoes on the walls of their grandiose havelis , to the point of becoming popular tourist attractions. The Ahirwati area also having some big Havelis specially in Rewari Rao Tej Singh Haveli, Rao Sawai Singh Haveli etc. The towns and villages of Ahirwal are as well famous for

2340-465: The iwan (a vaulted space open to one side), the use of domes, the pointed four-centred arch , the use of decorative tilework, and the chahar bagh type of garden, along with various other motifs and building layouts. In dome construction, Persian-style squinches were used in some cases, but in other cases the domes were supported by flat beams over the corners of the chamber. Elements of Mughal architecture that demonstrate Hindu influences include

2418-515: The merchant class. All these elements join to form an enclosure and give the chowk a composed, secured feel. The architectural form of havelis has evolved in response to the climate, lifestyle, and availability of material. In hot climates where cooling is a necessity, buildings with internal courtyards for airflow and cooling were considered the most appropriate; in rainy places the houses were built to be kept dry from humid air. It provided shade while also allowing light inside. The arcade along

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2496-468: The " Bachcha Taj ", as the tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal . Rather than building huge monuments like his predecessors to demonstrate their power, Shah Jahan built elegant monuments. The force and originality of this previous building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the palaces erected during his reign at Agra , Delhi and Lahore . Some examples include

2574-606: The Emperor's aim of achieving social, political and religious integration. The main religious buildings were the huge Jama Masjid and small Tomb of Salim Chisti . Buland Darwaza, also known as the Gate of Magnificence, was built by Akbar in 1576 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat and the Deccan. It is 40 metres high and 50 metres from the ground. The total height of the structure is about 54 metres from ground level. The Haramsara,

2652-576: The Indian subcontinent are built around a courtyard, and all family activities revolved around this chowk or courtyard. Additionally, the courtyard serves as a lightwell and helps ventilate the house in the hot and dry climates of the region. During the medieval period, the term haveli was also applied by some Vaishnava sects to refer to their temples in Gujarat under the Mughal Empire and Rajputana kingdoms. The generic term haveli eventually came to be identified with townhouses and mansions of

2730-630: The Italian technique that is widely known elsewhere. Elements of earlier Indo-Islamic architecture that continued in Mughal architecture are the cusped (multifoil) arches , which appeared earlier in the architecture of Delhi and Gujarat , as well as the do-chala roof, a feature originating in Bengali architecture that was adopted in the architecture of the Bengal Sultanate . Features of Persian or Central Asian (Timurid) influence were

2808-520: The Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen gates which were later named after him (Alamgir). The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, was commissioned by the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb . Constructed between 1673 and 1674, it is the largest Mughal mosque and the last of the imperial mosques to be built. The mosque is adjacent to the Lahore Fort and is the last in the series of congregational mosques in red sandstone. The red sandstone of

2886-608: The Marwaris as well as homes for their extended families, providing security and comfort in seclusion from the outside world. The havelis were designed to be closed from all sides with one large main gate. The typical havelis in Shekhawati incorporated two courtyards — an outer one for the men which served as an extended threshold, and the inner one, the domain of the women. The largest havelis could have up to three or four courtyards and were two to three stories high. Most of

2964-566: The Mughals was made possible by their considerable wealth, which exceeded that of other contemporary Muslim empires like the Ottomans and Safavids . In the Indian subcontinent, more monuments survive from the Mughal period than any other period. Major monuments of this time include mosques, mausoleums, palaces, gardens, and fortresses. Mughal architecture was derived from three main architectural traditions: local Indo-Islamic architecture ,

3042-549: The Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as they embody Mughal garden design at the apogee of its development. The Shah Jahan Mosque is the central mosque for the city of Thatta , in the Pakistani province of Sindh . The mosque commissioned by Shah Jahan, who bestowed it to the city as a token of gratitude. Its style is heavily influenced by Central Asian Timurid architecture, which

3120-402: The construction of separate stories for each of his five sons. These were completed in a span of 50 years. All five houses were constructed in the first 60 years of the 19th century. Patwon Ji Ki is renowned for its ornate wall paintings, intricate yellow sandstone-carved jharokhas (balconies), gateways and archways. Although the building itself is made from yellow sandstone , the main gateway

3198-534: The court, or the high wall around it, kept the interiors cool. Many of the havelis of India and Pakistan were influenced by Rajasthani architecture . They usually contain a courtyard, often with a fountain in the center. The old cities of Agra , Lucknow , Jaisalmer and Delhi in India and Lahore , Multan , Peshawar , Hyderabad in Pakistan have many fine examples of Rajasthani-style havelis . In

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3276-590: The direction of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Government of Punjab . It is a Mughal garden complex located in Lahore , capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . The gardens date from the period when the Mughal Empire was at its artistic and aesthetic zenith. Construction of the gardens began in 1641 during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan , and was completed in 1642. In 1981

3354-621: The elegant Zinat al-Masjid in Daryaganj was overseen by Aurangzeb's second daughter Zinat-al-Nissa . Aurangzeb's sister Roshan-Ara who died in 1671. The tomb of Roshanara Begum and the garden surrounding it were neglected for a long time and are now in an advanced state of decay. Bibi Ka Maqbara was a mausoleum built by Emperor Aurangzeb, in the late 17th century as a loving tribute to his first wife, Dilras Bano Begum in Aurangabad , Maharashtra . Some accounts suggest that later it

3432-632: The embellished frescoes on the walls of their grandiose havelis depicting the Lord Krishan which was developed in late 17 Century to the point of still it will take time to becoming popular tourist attractions. Having some special frescoes on Solahrahi and Tej Sarovar make some thing very different from Shekhawati Frescoes. The havelis in and around Jaisalmer Fort (also known as the Golden Fort), situated in Jaisalmer , Rajasthan , of which

3510-480: The first Mughal emperor, is mainly known for its terraced gardens. These gardens, often established in palaces and citadels, were modeled on the Persian chahar bagh ("four gardens") type, in which gardens are geometrically divided into different plots, usually four equal parts. This type followed Timurid antecedents, though the use of water channels as linear dividers may have been a Mughal innovation. Babur himself

3588-401: The highest-ranking officials and were able to become patrons of architecture as well. The most notable example is Raja Man Singh , a Hindu amir who built both Hindu temples and Muslim mosques and shrines. Under Akbar's successors, there was a shift towards more typically Islamic architectural designs. During the reign of Shah Jahan ( r.  1628–1658 ), a "classical" Mughal style

3666-581: The houses on the property are owned by the individual owners. In population-dense Asian cities dominated by high-rise residential apartment blocks, such as Hong Kong , townhouses in private housing developments remain almost exclusively populated by the very wealthy due to the rarity and relatively large sizes of the units. Prominent examples in Hong Kong include Severn 8, in which a 5,067-square-foot (470.7 m ) townhouse sold for HK$ 285 million (US$ 37 million) in 2008, or HK$ 57,000 (US$ 7,400) per square foot,

3744-658: The important buildings in the fort are Jahangiri Mahal built for Jahangir and his family, the Moti Masjid, and Mena Bazaars. The Jahangiri Mahal has a courtyard surrounded by double-storeyed halls and rooms. Humayun's tomb is the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun in Delhi, India. The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum (also known as Haji Begum), in 1569–70, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad, Persian architects chosen by her. It

3822-405: The instruction of Qadi Ibadullah in 1706 CE. The mosque rises above its surroundings because the tahkhana or underground rooms of the mosque are above grade. The roof of the tahkhana forms the platform on which the mosque is situated. The spacious prayer place before the main mosque is open in all directions allowing air to flow and keep the interior cool. Conservation of invaluable heritage sites in

3900-430: The late Mughal period. Decoration was commonly executed in tile or stone. Tilework was more commonly applied to the exterior of buildings and existed in two main types: cuerda seca and mosaic tilework. Cuerda seca tiles were decorated with coloured glazes separated by dark lines, while mosaic tilework consisted of single-coloured tile pieces that were cut and fitted together to create larger patterns. Stonework

3978-687: The model of Timurid architecture (based in Central Asia), due in part to the Timurid ancestry of the Mughal dynasty 's founder, Babur . By the late 16th century, a more distinctive Mughal tradition emerged based on the combination of these two sources. Under the reign of Akbar ( r.  1556–1605 ), the use of Hindu architectural elements was especially prolific, including in high-profile construction projects like Fatehpur Sikri . During his reign in particular, non-Muslims were present among

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4056-510: The more three-dimensional combination of elements that distinguished earlier Indo-Islamic architecture. The use of colour was also relatively restrained, with emphasis instead on finishing surfaces with high-quality, polished materials. Bulbous domes and ogive arches were among the most prominent recurring elements. In addition to domes and arches, the local tradition of trabeate construction also continued, especially in secular architecture like palaces. Another distinguishing characteristic

4134-541: The mosque. The minarets are 196 feet (60 m) tall. The Mosque is one of the most famous Mughal structures but suffered greatly under the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In 1993, the Government of Pakistan included the Badshahi Mosque in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site . Additional monuments from this period are associated with women from Aurangzeb's imperial family. The construction of

4212-509: The northern part of India, havelis for Lord Krishna with huge mansion-like constructions are prevalent. These havelis are noted for their frescoes depicting images of gods , goddesses , animals, scenes from the British colonization , and the life stories of Lords Rama and Krishna . The music here was known as Haveli Sangeet . Later on, these temple architectures and frescoes were imitated while building huge individual mansions and now

4290-570: The reign of Akbar (r. 1556–1605). Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526 . During his five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. His grandson Akbar built widely, and

4368-638: The royal seraglio in Fatehpur Sikri was an area where the royal women lived. The opening to the Haramsara is from the Khwabgah side separated by a row of cloisters. According to Abul Fazl, in Ain-i-Akbari , the inside of Harem was guarded by senior and active women, outside the enclosure the eunuchs were placed, and at a proper distance there were faithful Rajput guards. Jodha bai Palace

4446-403: The setting for pavilions and mausoleums within larger architectural complexes. They were laid out in a formal manner with terraces, precise divisions, and water features. Mosques were relatively more restrained in their decoration but were built on a grand scale. The typical mosque layout in the classic Mughal era involved a large rectangular courtyard surrounded by an arcade on three sides and

4524-748: The street or at least from the outside. They can be side by side in a row of three or more, in which case they are sometimes referred to as rowhouses . A townhouse in a group of two could be referred to as a townhouse, but in Canada and the US, it is typically called a semi-detached home and in some areas of western Canada, a half-duplex. In Canada, single-family dwellings, be they any type, such as single-family detached homes, apartments, mobile homes, or townhouses, for example, are split into two categories of ownership: Condominium townhouses, just like condominium apartments, are often referred to as condos , thus referring to

4602-588: The style developed vigorously during his reign. Among his accomplishments were Agra Fort , the fort-city of Fatehpur Sikri , and the Buland Darwaza . Akbar's son Jahangir commissioned the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir . Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan , who constructed Taj Mahal , the Jama Masjid of Delhi , the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore , and renovated

4680-435: The term townhouse is used to describe units mimicking a detached home that are attached in a multi-unit complex. The distinction between living units called apartments and those called townhouses is that townhouses usually consist of multiple floors and have their own outside door as opposed to having only one level and/or having access via an interior corridor hallway or via an exterior balcony-style walkway (more common in

4758-566: The three most impressive are Patwon Ki Haveli, Salim Singh Ki Haveli, and Nathmal-Ki Haveli, deserve special mention. These were the elaborate homes of Jaisalmer's rich merchants. The ostentatious carvings, etched in sandstone with great detail and then painstakingly pieced together in lavish patterns, were commissioned to put on show the owner's status and wealth. Around Jaisalmer , they are typically carved from yellow sandstone . They are often characterized by wall paintings, frescoes , jharokhas (balconies) and archways. The Patwon Ji ki Haveli

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4836-518: The type of ownership rather than to the type of dwelling. Since apartment-style condos are the most common, when someone refers to a condo , many erroneously assume that it must be an apartment-style dwelling and that only apartment-style dwellings can be condos. All types of dwellings can be condos, and this is therefore true of townhouses. A brownstone townhouse is a particular variety found in New York. In Asia, Australia, South Africa and Zimbabwe,

4914-492: The usage of the term follows the North American sense. Townhouses are generally found in complexes. Large complexes often have high security, resort facilities such as swimming pools, gyms, parks and playground equipment. Typically, a townhouse has a strata title ; i.e., a type of title where the common property (landscaped area, public corridors, building structure, etc.) is owned by a corporation of individual owners and

4992-626: The use of trabeate constructions, the use of corbel arches instead of arches with voussoirs , and the style of ornately-carved pillars. Jharokha s (projecting balconies), chhatri s (domed kiosks), and chhajja s (wide stone eaves ) are also elements that were borrowed from local Hindu architecture and became very popular in Mughal architecture. Some elements, such as projecting balconies, had parallels in Islamic architecture elsewhere but their specific Mughal forms were of local inspiration. Large fortified citadels or palace complexes, such as

5070-467: The walls contrasts with the white marble of the domes and the subtle intarsia decoration. Aurangzeb's mosque's architectural plan is similar to that of his father, Shah Jahan, the Jama Masjid in Delhi; though it is much larger. It also functions as an idgah . The courtyard which spreads over 276,000 square feet, can accommodate one hundred thousand worshippers; ten thousand can be accommodated inside

5148-487: The warmer climates). Another distinction is that in most areas of the US outside of the very largest cities, apartment refers to rental housing, and townhouse typically refers to an individually owned dwelling, with no other unit beneath or above although the term townhouse-style (rental) apartment is also heard for bi-level apartments. Townhouses can also be "stacked". Such homes have multiple units vertically (typically two), normally each with its own private entrance from

5226-597: The word is popularly associated with the mansions themselves. Between 1830 and 1930, Marwaris erected buildings in their homeland Shekhawati and Marwar . These buildings were called havelis . The Marwaris commissioned artists to paint those buildings, which were heavily influenced by the Mughal architecture . Nangal Sirohi in Mahendragarh district , 130 km from Delhi, is popular for its havelis and architecture within NCR . The havelis served as status symbols for

5304-480: The year. From the 18th century, landowners and their servants would move to a townhouse during the social season (when major balls took place). In the United Kingdom, most townhouses are terraced . Only a small minority of them, generally the largest, were detached, but even aristocrats whose country houses had grounds of hundreds or thousands of acres often lived in terraced houses in town. For example,

5382-497: Was built by chief physician to the Mughal Court, Ilam-ud-din Ansari, who was widely known as Wazir Khan . The baths were built to serve as a waqf , or endowment, for the maintenance of the Wazir Khan Mosque . In Aurangzeb 's reign (1658–1707) squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with stucco ornament. Srirangapatna and Lucknow have examples of later Indo-Mughal architecture. He made additions to

5460-505: Was consolidated and remained essentially in use until the end of the Mughal period. A certain level of stylistic consistency was achieved throughout the empire at this period thanks to the role of a central department of architects, similar to the imperial architects that existed in the Ottoman Empire. Mughal architecture is distinguished by an elegant style in which careful linear divisions of spaces and surfaces took priority over

5538-420: Was initially buried at Agra, but in 1644 his tomb was moved to one of his favourite gardens in Kabul, now known as the Gardens of Babur . Some of the architectures Babur created in the present-day India includes Aram Bagh in Agra , Lotus Garden in Dholpur and more. In religious architecture, Babur's mosques also followed the designs of earlier Timurid mosques, with a tall central entrance portal ( pishtaq ),

5616-595: Was initially used as a cladding to compliment and finish the look of sandstone buildings, as in Humayun's Tomb , but later it was used on a grander scale to cover entire buildings, as in the Taj Mahal . Brick was sometimes still used for domes and arches, but in these cases it was usually faced with plaster or stone as a finish. Decorative motifs included geometric and floral designs, as well as elaborate inscriptions in Arabic , Persian , and even in local languages during

5694-484: Was introduced after Shah Jahan's campaigns near Balkh and Samarkand . The mosque is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in South Asia , and is also notable for its geometric brick work - a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques. Shahi Hammam is a Persian-style bath which was built in Lahore , Pakistan , in 1635 C.E. during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan . It

5772-436: Was of high quality and marks one of the most sophisticated aspects of Mughal decoration. Carved stonework included ornately-sculpted pillars and corbels, flat panels carved in low relief with depictions of flowers, and pierced marble screens known as jali s . Pietra dura , known as parchin kari in the Indian subcontinent, was the technique of decorating with inlaid stone. It developed in this region independently from

5850-504: Was taken care by Azam Shah, son of aurangzeb. It is a replica of the Taj Mahal , and was designed by Ata-Ullah, the son of Ahmed Lahori , who was the principal designer of the Taj Mahal. Lalbagh Fort (also known as "Fort Aurangabad"), a Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of Dhaka , Bangladesh , whose construction started in 1678 during the reign of Aurangzeb's son Azam Shah. Sunehri Mosque

5928-457: Was the first erected in Jaisalmer . It is not a single haveli but a cluster of five small havelis . The first in the row is the most popular, and is also known as Kothari's Patwa Haveli. Commissioned and constructed in the year 1805 by Guman Chand Patwa, then a rich trader of jewellery and fine brocades, it is the biggest and the most ostentatious of the five. Patwa was a rich man and a renowned trader of his time and he could afford and thus order

6006-456: Was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent . It is often regarded as the first mature example of Mughal architecture. Akbar's greatest architectural achievement was the construction of Fatehpur Sikri , his capital city near Agra at a trade and Jain pilgrimages. The construction of the walled city was started in 1569 and completed in 1574. It contained some of the most beautiful buildings – both religious and secular which testify to

6084-412: Was the use of red sandstone as a building material, along with white marble. This replaced the prominence of brick in earlier Indo-Islamic architecture, though construction materials still varied depending on the region. Sandstone is a very hard material, but local Indian stonemasons were skilled in carving it with intricate detail, which was another distinguishing feature of the Mughal style. White marble

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