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39-585: Hawar (or Hiwar ) may refer to: Geography [ edit ] Hawar Islands , a group of Bahraini islands situated off the west coast of Qatar in the Gulf of Bahrain. Hawar (island) , the largest of the Hawar Islands Hawar Kilis , a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, Syria Other uses [ edit ] Hawar Mulla Mohammed , Iraqi professional football player Hawar alphabet ,

78-564: A better food source with other vegetation. When the Arabian oryx is not wandering its habitat or eating, it digs shallow depressions in the soft ground under shrubs or trees for resting. They can detect rainfall from a distance and follow in the direction of fresh plant growth. The number of individuals in a herd can vary greatly (up to 100 have been reported occasionally), but the average is 10 or fewer individuals. Bachelor herds do not occur, and single territorial males are rare. Herds establish

117-588: A few survived outside that country. A few were reported in Jordan into the 1930s, but by the mid-1930s, the only remaining populations were in the Nafud Desert in northwestern Saudi Arabia and the Rub' al Khali in the south. In the 1930s, Arabian princes and oil company clerks started hunting Arabian oryxes with automobiles and rifles. Hunts grew in size, and some were reported to employ as many as 300 vehicles. By

156-618: A genus name, and changed the species name Antilope oryx to Oryx gazella . In 1826, Martin Lichtenstein confused matters by transferring the name Oryx leucoryx to the scimitar oryx , now Oryx dammah . The Zoological Society of London obtained the first living individual in Europe in 1857. Not realizing this might be the Oryx leucoryx of previous authors, John Edward Gray proposed calling it Oryx beatrix after Princess Beatrice of

195-668: A large, fenced reserve in Saudi Arabia, covering more than 2,000 km (770 sq mi). On June 28, 2007, Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was the first site ever to be removed from the UNESCO World Heritage List . UNESCO's reason for this was the Omani government's decision to open 90% of the site to oil prospecting. The Arabian oryx population on the site has been reduced from 450 in 1996 to only 65 in 2007. Now, fewer than four breeding pairs are left on

234-512: A police garrison and a hotel on the main island; access to all but Hawar island itself is severely restricted. Local fishermen are allowed to fish in adjacent waters and there is some recreational fishing and tourism on and around the islands. Fresh water has always been scarce; historically it was obtained by surface collection and even today, with the desalination plant, additional supplies have to be brought in. Despite their proximity to Qatar (they are only about 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) from

273-458: A previous agreement when both Qatar and Bahrain were under British occupation, it was judged to be separate from the Hawar islands and so considered by the court separately. It was awarded to Qatar. Arabian oryx The Arabian oryx or white oryx ( Oryx leucoryx ) is a medium-sized antelope with a distinct shoulder bump, long, straight horns, and a tufted tail. It is a bovid , and

312-467: A short 25 km ferry ride from Manama and are reported to have a potential to be developed as a beach tourism destination. By far the largest island is Hawar, which accounts for more than 41 km (16 sq mi) of the 54.5 km (21.0 sq mi) land area. Following in size are Suwād al Janūbīyah, Suwād ash Shamālīyah, Rubud Al Sharqiyah, Rubud Al Gharbiyah, and Muhazwarah (Umm Hazwarah). The following were not considered as part of

351-538: A straightforward hierarchy that involves all females and males above the age of about seven months. Arabian oryxes tend to maintain visual contact with other herd members, with subordinate males taking positions between the main body of the herd and the outlying females. If separated, males will search areas where the herd last visited, settling into a solitary existence until the herd's return. Where water and grazing conditions permit, male Arabian oryxes establish territories. Bachelor males are solitary. A dominance hierarchy

390-554: A word for unicorn is maintained. The Arabic translation alrim is the correct choice etymologically, meaning 'white oryx'. The Phoenix Zoo and the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society of London (now Fauna and Flora International ), with financial help from the World Wildlife Fund , are credited with saving the Arabian oryx from extinction. In 1962, these groups started the first captive-breeding herd in any zoo , at

429-454: A writing system for one dialect of the Kurdish language Hawar (magazine) , a Kurdish magazine published between 1932 and 1943 Hiwar (magazine) , a CIA-funded literary journal published between 1962 and 1967 Hawar News Agency Iraqi National Dialogue Front or Hiwar See also [ edit ] Hawar Kilis Operations Room , a coalition of rebel groups affiliated with

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468-411: Is created within the herd by posturing displays, which avoid the danger of serious injury their long, sharp horns could potentially inflict. Males and females use their horns to defend the sparse territorial resources against interlopers. The Arabian oryx changes its physiology and behaviour at different times of the year to increase survival during times when food and water are in limited supply. During

507-575: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hawar Islands The islands used to be one of the settlements of the Bahraini branch of the Dawasir who settled there in the early 19th century. The islands were first surveyed in 1820, when they were called the Warden's Islands, and two villages were recorded. They are now uninhabited, other than

546-460: Is known as maha, wudhaihi, baqar al-wahsh , and boosolah in Arabic . The name "oryx" was introduced by Peter Simon Pallas in 1767 for the common eland as Antilope oryx . He also scientifically described the Arabian oryx as Oryx leucoryx , giving its range as "Arabia, and perhaps Libya". In 1816, Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville subdivided the antelope group, adopted Oryx as

585-601: Is the national animal of Jordan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain , and Qatar . The Arabian oryx is also the namesake of several businesses on the Arabian peninsula, notably Al Maha Airways and Al Maha Petroleum . In the King James Version of the Bible , the word re’em is translated as 'unicorn'. In Modern Hebrew , the name re'em lavan , meaning white oryx, is used in error for

624-450: The Arabian oryx consist mainly of grasses , but they eat a large variety of vegetation, including buds , herbs , fruit , tubers and roots . Herds of Arabian oryxes follow infrequent rains to eat the new plants that grow afterwards. They can go for several weeks without water. In Oman, it primarily eats grasses of the genus Stipagrostis , flowers from Stipagrostis plants appeared highest in crude protein and water, while leaves seemed

663-567: The Free Syrian Army Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hawar . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawar&oldid=1131794003 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

702-597: The Hawar islands in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) judgment, being located between Hawar and the Bahrain Islands and not disputed by Qatar, but have been included in the Hawar archipelago by the Bahrain government as part of the 2002 World Heritage Site application. Janan (or Jinan) Island, a small island south of Hawar island, was also considered in the 2001 ICJ judgment. Based on

741-657: The Phoenix Zoo, sometimes referred to as " Operation Oryx ". Starting with nine animals, the Phoenix Zoo has had over 240 successful births. From Phoenix, Arabian oryxes were sent to other zoos and parks to start new herds. In 1968, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi, out of concern for the land's wildlife , particularly ungulates such as the Arabian oryx, founded the Al Ain Zoo to conserve them. Arabian oryxes were hunted to extinction in

780-555: The Qatari mainland whilst being about 10 nautical miles (19 km) from the main islands of Bahrain), most of the islands belong to Bahrain , having been a part of a dispute between Bahrain and Qatar which was resolved in 2001. The islands were formerly coincident with the district or Minṭaqat Juzur Ḥawār (مِنْطَقَة جُزُر حَوَار) and are now administered as part of the Southern Governorate of Bahrain. The land area of

819-609: The United Kingdom . Oldfield Thomas renamed the scimitar oryx as Oryx algazal in 1903 and gave the Arabian oryx its original name. The Arabian oryx' coat is an almost luminous white, the undersides and legs are brown, and black stripes occur where the head meets the neck, on the forehead, on the nose, and going from the horn down across the eye to the mouth. Both sexes have long, straight or slightly curved, ringed horns which are 0.61–1.49 m (2–4.9 ft). It stands between 0.79 and 1.25 m (2.6 and 4.1 ft) tall at

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858-426: The application was ultimately unsuccessful. The islands were formerly coincident with the region or Minṭaqat Juzur Ḥawār (مِنْطَقَة جُزُر حَوَار) and are now administered as part of the Southern Governorate of Bahrain. Jinan Island is administered as part of Al-Shahaniya Municipality of Qatar. The islands' ecology draws numerous birds, oryx, gazelles, and Socotra cormorants. The islands are connected through

897-594: The concept may have originated from the translation of the Hebrew word re'em into Greek as μονόκερως, monokeros , in the Septuagint . In Psalm 22:21, the word karen , meaning horn, is written in singular. The Roman Catholic Vulgata and the Douay-Rheims Bible translated re'em as rhinoceros; other translations are names for a wild bull, wild oxen, buffalo, or gaur , but in some languages,

936-436: The cool night air lowers its temperature back to the normal range. The oryx’s arterial blood temperature is partly powered by a network of small arterial vessels with a large surface area called the rete mirabile , which branches from the two carotid arteries to the brain and allows for heat exchange between warm arterial blood and the cooler blood in the sinus cavities. Because of these changes in behaviour and physiology, it

975-510: The flats between the softer dunes and ridges. Arabian oryxes have been reintroduced to Oman, Saudi Arabia, Israel , the United Arab Emirates, Syria, and Jordan. A small population was introduced on Hawar Island, Bahrain, and large semi-managed populations at several sites in Qatar and the UAE. The total reintroduced population is now estimated to be around 1,000. This puts the Arabian oryx well over

1014-401: The islands is approximately 52 km (20 sq mi). Although there are 36 islands in the group, many of the smaller islands are little more than sand or shingle accumulations on areas of exposed bedrock molded by the ongoing processes of sedimentation and accretion. The World Heritage Site application named 8 major islands (see table hereafter), which conforms to the description of

1053-699: The islands when first surveyed as consisting of 8 or 9 islands. It has often been described as an archipelago of 16 islands. Janan Island, to the south of Hawar island, is not legally considered to be a part of the group and is owned by Qatar. There are small herds of Arabian oryx and sand gazelle on Hawar island, and the seas around support sea turtles and a large population of dugongs . The islands are home to many bird species. The archipelago has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of western reef egrets , Socotra cormorants (with some 200,000–300,000 adults recorded in 1992, making it

1092-486: The largest known breeding concentration in the world), Saunders's and white-cheeked terns , and sooty falcons . Other breeding birds include Caspian and bridled terns , and ospreys . Wintering birds include great crested grebes and greater flamingos . The islands were listed as a Ramsar site in 1997. In 2002, the Bahraini government applied to have the islands recognised as a World Heritage Site due to their unique environment and habitat for endangered species;

1131-401: The middle of the 20th century, the northern population was effectively extinct. The last Arabian oryx in the wild before reintroduction was reported in 1972. Arabian oryxes prefer to range in gravel deserts or hard sand, where their speed and endurance will protect them from most predators and hunters on foot. In the sand deserts in Saudi Arabia, they used to be found in the hard sand areas of

1170-481: The one-horned unicorn may be based on oryxes that have lost one horn. Aristotle and Pliny the Elder held that the oryx was the unicorn's "prototype". From certain angles, the oryx may seem to have one horn rather than two, and given that its horns are made from hollow bone that cannot be regrown, if an Arabian oryx were to lose one of its horns, for the rest of its life, it would have only one. Another source for

1209-608: The scimitar-horned oryxes living in the sanctuary Yotvata Hai Bar near Eilat. The scimitar oryx is called re'em Sahara . The Arabian name ri'ïm is the equivalent of the Hebrew name re'em , also meaning white oryx, suggesting a borrowing from the Early Modern Era. A Qatari oryx named "Orry" was chosen as the official games mascot for the 2006 Asian Games in Doha , and is shown on tailfins of planes belonging to Middle Eastern airline Qatar Airways . The myth of

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1248-665: The shoulder and typically weighs between 220 to 460 lb (100 to 209 kg). Historically, the Arabian oryx probably ranged throughout most of the Middle East . In the early 1800s, they could still be found in the Sinai , Palestine , the Transjordan , much of Iraq , and most of the Arabian Peninsula . During the 19th and early 20th centuries, their range was pushed back towards Saudi Arabia , and by 1914, only

1287-529: The site. In June 2011, the Arabian oryx was relisted as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List . The IUCN estimated there were more than 1,200 Arabian oryx in the wild as of 4 December 2020 2016, with 6,000–7,000 held in captivity worldwide in zoos, preserves, and private collections. Some of these are in large, fenced enclosures (free-roaming), including those in Syria (Al Talila), Bahrain, Qatar, and

1326-465: The smallest member of the genus Oryx , native to desert and steppe areas of the Arabian Peninsula . The Arabian oryx was extinct in the wild by the early 1970s, but was saved in zoos and private reserves, and was reintroduced into the wild starting in 1980. In 1986, the Arabian oryx was classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List , and in 2011, it was the first animal to revert to vulnerable status after previously being listed as extinct in

1365-412: The summer, when droughts are common in the desert environments where it lives, the Arabian oryx will drastically reduce its minimal fasting metabolic rate by lying completely inactive beneath shade trees during the day and ranging over smaller areas at night to forage. By letting its body temperature rise during the heat of the day, it uses less evaporative cooling and retains more body water, and at night,

1404-651: The threshold of 250 mature individuals needed to qualify for endangered status. However, the majority of the population is concentrated in Saudi Arabia. Arabian oryxes rest during the heat of the day. They can detect rainfall and move towards it, meaning they have huge ranges; a herd in Oman can range over 3,000 km (1,200 sq mi). Packs are of mixed sex and usually contain between 2 and 15 animals, though herds of up to 100 have been reported. Arabian oryxes are generally not aggressive toward one another, which allows herds to exist peacefully for some time. The diets of

1443-629: The wild by 1972. By 1980, the number of Arabian oryxes in captivity had increased to the point that Arabian oryx reintroduction was started. The first release, to Oman, was attempted with Arabian oryxes from the San Diego Wild Animal Park . Although numbers in Oman have declined, there are now wild populations in Saudi Arabia and Israel , as well. One of the largest populations is found in Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area ,

1482-568: The wild. It is listed in CITES Appendix I . In 2016, populations were estimated at 1,220 individuals in the wild, including 850 mature individuals, and 6,000–7,000 in captivity worldwide. The taxonomic name Oryx leucoryx is from the Greek orux (gazelle or antelope) and leukos (white). The Arabian oryx is also called the white oryx in English, dishon in Hebrew, and

1521-516: Was shown that Arabian oryx can reduce their urine volume, faecal water loss, and resting metabolic rate by at least 50%. Wolves are the Arabian oryx's only predator . In captivity and safe conditions in the wild, Arabian oryxes have a lifespan of up to 20 years. In periods of drought , though, their life expectancy may be significantly reduced by malnutrition and dehydration . Other causes of death include fights between males, snakebites, disease, and drowning during floods. The Arabian oryx

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