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62-466: The Mosque is considered one of the most beautiful and perfect mosques in Baghdad in terms of engineering and architectural construction and is also considered important for its contribution to revolutionary ideas against British colonialism of Iraq . It is also a great symbol for Iraqis because it was the center of national events of the religious, political and social diversity of the region. The Mosque

124-647: A rebellion against the central government in Baghdad. After the failure of the uprising, Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union . In 1945, during the final stages of World War II , Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League . In 1948, massive violent protests, known as the Al-Wathbah uprising , broke out across Baghdad as a popular demand against

186-469: A continued British presence, and anti-British politicians, such as Rashid Ali al-Gaylani , who demanded that remaining British influence in the country be removed. Various ethnic and religious factions tried to gain political accomplishments during this period, often resulting in violent revolts and a brutal suppression by the Iraqi military, led by Bakr Sidqi . In 1933, thousands of Assyrians were killed in

248-585: A demonstration in the mosque was when Ja'far Abu al-Timman boycotted the Iraqi elections of 1930 in protest against the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty . Al-Timman's political party, al-Hizb al-Watani, marched from their headquarters to the mosque and assembled in it. Later, the police arrived and attempted to arrest and stop the crowd. The leaders of the protest were sentenced to six months in prison while some protestors were given three months. Although cases some were quickly discharged. During demonstrations against

310-690: A figurehead from 1933 to 1939, when he was killed in a motor accident. Pressure from Arab nationalists and Iraqi nationalists demanded that the British leave Iraq, but their demands were ignored by the United Kingdom . Upon achieving official independence in October 1932, political tensions arose over the continued British presence in the new Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, with Iraq's government and politicians split between those considered pro-British politicians, such as Nuri as-Said , who did not oppose

372-406: A purge in government of Pro-Gaylani elements, banned the listening of axis-aligned radio, and various other procedures aimed at keeping security and order in the country. Despite all these security procedures, this did not satisfy the British who demanded the disbanding of the Iraqi army and arresting any who supported, joined, or was sympathetic to the 1941 coup. Midfaai's government was split over

434-886: A treaty of alliance was concluded between the Kingdom of Iraq and the United Kingdom in 1922 called the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty . It provided the United Kingdom with a role in the administration and governance of Iraq. King Faisal had previously been proclaimed King of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920 but was ejected by the French in July of the same year. The British RAF retained certain military control. In this manner, Iraq remained under de facto British administration until 1932. Under King Faisal of Iraq,

496-582: Is buried in the same place along with some members of his family. Although there are many folklore tales over the origin of the name. The mosque was later reconstructed and expanded during 1819–1827 by the Mamluk ruler of Baghdad Dawud Pasha , the last ruler of the Mamluk state of Iraq . Dawud Pasha established a madrasa in the same place, known as Madrasa al-Dawudiyya. There is also an attached library. Reconstruction and maintenance were carried out in 1827 during

558-400: Is established in the country, and that mosques are not deserted and are available to everyone who wants to enter them." She also stated "I do not feel that what I did was a mistake, and I was wearing the hijab and a long and modest robe, as I have love for all religions, and I did not expect that my behavior would be disturbing." Haydar-Khana Mosque is considered one of the finest examples of

620-450: Is outside the general context, and that mosques are places of worship and not for photography and parade." Hashim, in turn, defended her behavior, stressing that she did not intend to offend but wanted to "show the beauty of mosques in Iraq, whether in the north, south, or Baghdad, to tell those who follow me from other countries that we have beautiful mosques in which we pray, and that security

682-619: Is stable but also politically integrated. The population estimate in 1920 was 3 million, with the largest ethnic groups being Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, and Turkmens, with minorities of Persians , Yezidis, Jews, Mandaeans, Shabaks, Armenians, and Kawliyah. During the Iraqi Hashemite rule, Arab population began to expand at the expense of other ethnic groups both due to higher birth rates and government policies which preferred Arab Sunni minority over other ethnic and religious groups. In 1955, Iraqi population reached 6.5 million people. This

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744-620: The 1953 Iraqi parliamentary election . King Faisal II reached his majority on 2 May 1953, ending the regency of Abd al-Ilah, who continued however to be influential in politics due to his influence on the young king. In 1955, to counter the influence of the Soviet Union on the Middle East, Iran , Iraq, Pakistan , Turkey and the United Kingdom signed the Baghdad Pact , with the United States being heavily involved in

806-555: The Al-Wathbah uprising , broke out across Baghdad as a popular demand against the government treaty with the British, and with communist party support. More protests continued in spring, but were interrupted in May, with the martial law, when Iraq entered the 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other members of the Arab League. Various other protests against the government appeared, including the 1952 Iraqi Intifada which ended just before

868-404: The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1948 and British involvement in Iraqi politics, the brother of Iraqi poet al-Jawahiri , Ja'far, was killed in a gunfire on what is now al-Shuhada' Bridge. Forty days after Ja'far's funeral, al-Jawahiri climbed a ladder to the top of the mosque and recited one of the most famous Iraqi poems in Iraqi history before a crowd of thousands during a commemorative ceremony held at

930-750: The Futuwwa youth and Rashid Ali 's supporters, resulting in deaths of some 180 Jews and heavy damage to the Jewish community . After the Anglo-Iraqi War ended, Abd al-ilah returned as Regent with Jameel Al-Madfaai as Prime minister and dominated the politics of Iraq until the overthrow of the monarchy and the royal family's assassination in 1958. the Government pursued a largely pro- western policy during this period. al-Midfaai's government declared martial law in Baghdad and its surroundings, started

992-591: The Iraqi Army , known as the 14 July Revolution . King Faisal II along with members of the Royal Family were executed in the courtyard of the Rihab Palace in central Baghdad (the young King had not yet moved into the newly completed Royal Palace ). The coup brought Abd al-Karim Qasim to power. He withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union . Iraq under

1054-482: The Ottoman constructions in Baghdad , and, in general, one of the most beautiful mosques in Baghdad. The mosque is square-shaped, and the three doors are made of marble. Inside the mosque, there are mushollas (prayer spaces) for summer and winter, and the winter chapel is topped by a massive façade blue dome with two smaller domes and a minaret surrounding it. The colors of the livery consist of blue and yellow. One of

1116-528: The Royal Iraqi Army established itself on the high ground to the south of the Habbaniyah air force base. An Iraqi envoy was sent to demand that no movements, either ground or air, were to take place from the base. The British refused the demand and then themselves demanded that the Iraqi army leave the area at once. After a further ultimatum given in the early hours of May 2 expired, at 0500 hours

1178-581: The Simele massacre , in 1935–1936 a series of Shi'a uprisings were brutally suppressed in mid-Euphrates region of Iraq, and in parallel an anti-conscription Kurdish uprising in the north and a Yazidi revolt in Jabal Sinjar were crushed in 1935. Throughout the period political instability led to an exchange of numerous governments. Bakr Sidqi himself ascended to power in 1936, following a successful coup d'état against prime minister Yasin al-Hashimi but

1240-497: The United Kingdom in June 1930, whereby the United Kingdom would end its effective mandate on the condition that the Iraqi government would allow British advisers to take part in government affairs, allow British military bases to remain, and a requirement that Iraq assist the United Kingdom in wartime. Strong political tensions existed between Iraq and the United Kingdom even upon gaining independence. After gaining independence in 1932,

1302-509: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , when the former territories of that Ottoman Empire were divided in August 1920 by the Treaty of Sèvres . However, the 1920 Iraqi revolt resulted in the scrapping of the original mandate plan. Instead, the Kingdom of Iraq was recognised as a sovereign country under King Faisal I of Iraq . Not withstanding the formal sovereignty of the Iraqi king,

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1364-685: The United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League . The period following the end of the occupation was a time of the creation of various political parties opposed to or supportive of the government including the National Democratic Party led by Kamil Chadirji , the Constitutional Union Party led by Nuri Al-Said, and the Iraqi Independence Party led by Muhammad Mahdi Kubba . In 1948, massive violent protests, known as

1426-477: The British began bombing the Iraqi troops threatening the base, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Iraqi War . Hostilities lasted from May 2 to May 31, 1941, between Iraqis and the British and their indigenous Assyrian Levies . The British would continue to occupy Iraq for many years afterwards. In the aftermath of the Iraqi defeat, a bloody Farhud massacre broke out in Baghdad on June 2, initiated by

1488-476: The Haydar-Khana Mosque is one of them despite its importance and significant role in Iraqi society. Parts of the mosque have started to fall apart including its outer stripes that include Quranic verses which were made by Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi. It is considered one of the greatest losses of Iraqi heritage. The Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Antiquities has declined to reconstruct and preserve

1550-621: The Iraqi government immediately declared that Kuwait was rightfully a territory of Iraq. Kuwait had loosely been under the authority of the Ottoman vilâyet of Basra for centuries until the British had formally severed it from the Ottoman influence after the First World War . It was on this basis the Iraqi government stated that Kuwait was a British imperialist invention. After Faisal died in September 1933, King Ghazi reigned as

1612-765: The Iraqi kingdom. With the signing in Baghdad of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty on 30 June 1930 and the settling of the Mosul Question , Iraqi politics took on a new dynamic. The treaty came into force on 3 October 1932, when the Kingdom of Iraq officially became fully independent as the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq . The emerging class of Sunni and Shia landowning tribal sheikhs vied for positions of power with wealthy and prestigious urban-based Sunni families and with Ottoman-trained army officers and bureaucrats. Because Iraq's newly established political institutions were

1674-465: The Islamic month of Sha'ban . Notables from as far as Karbala have participated in its gatherings including citizen members of Sayyid Abd al-Razzaq al-Wahaab 's membership that ran Karbala at the time. British forces responded by sending troops and armored cars continuously whenever there was a meeting. Violence breaking between the two sides would also lead to the death of at least one Arab Iraqi in

1736-459: The Regent and King. The coup failed however, as the training was suddenly stopped . In February 1958, King Hussein of Jordan and `Abd al-Ilāh proposed a union of Hāshimite monarchies to counter the recently formed Egyptian–Syrian union . The resulting Arab Federation was formed on 14 February 1958. The Hashemite monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a coup d'état by

1798-415: The beginning of al-Rashid Street near the side of al-Maidan Square . The Haydar-Khana Mosque is usually nicknamed the "Revolutionary Mosque" by Iraqis due to its history of revolutionary gatherings and in spreading awareness, calls, and broadcasting of social issues to Iraqis as well as that of the religious and intellectual renaissance. In 1920, the notables of Baghdad gathered in the mosque in what marked

1860-532: The beginning of the Iraqi Revolt . The mosque was also a stage for many personalities who fought against the British Colonel rule including Mulla Uthman al-Mawsili who broadcast his sermons in the mosque, and moved people towards the revolution, as he made the mosque square a site for daily gathering of people and not just a worshipping place. The first meeting in the mosque was held in 13 May during

1922-431: The building's main cupola is a band of calligraphy under the windows. The minaret of the mosque is covered in kashi tiles and its basin rests on three bands of muqarnas with a blue ribbed dome topping the minaret. Under the big dome in the summer chapel, there's a mihrab made of colored bricks, and on either side of it are panels with pointed arches and writings in square Kufic script . There are also inscriptions that date

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1984-430: The building. In front of the winter prayer space, there is a vaulted arcade surmounted by five small domes although three notable ones. This arcade has a large entrance in front of the door of the sanctuary, and to its side are four smaller entrances. The large entrance has a pointed arch that connects from the outside with another pointed arc above it, and between the upper and lower arches are pendants and stalactites in

2046-517: The civil government of postwar Iraq was led by the High Commissioner , Sir Percy Cox , and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson . British reprisals after the murder of a British officer in Najaf failed to restore order. British administration had yet to be established in the mountains of north Iraq. The most striking problem facing the British was the growing anger of the nationalists in

2108-576: The construction of the mosque. The comic book The Sandman features a story (issue 50, "Ramadan") taking place in Baghdad in which a similar looking mosque can be seen on the seventh page. The mosque is present in several Arabic novels such as The Traveler and the Innkeeper and Papa Sartre . Mandatory Iraq Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

2170-508: The creation of a foreign power, and because the concept of democratic government had no precedent in Iraqi history, the politicians in Baghdad lacked legitimacy and never developed deeply rooted constituencies. Thus, despite a constitution and an elected assembly, Iraqi politics was more a shifting alliance of important personalities and cliques than a democracy in the Western sense. The absence of broadly based political institutions inhibited

2232-405: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 250144447 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:52:07 GMT Kingdom of Iraq The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq ( Arabic : المملكة العراقية الهاشمية , romanized :  al-Mamlakah al-ʿIrāqiyyah ʾal-Hāshimyyah , lit.   ' Iraqi Hashemite Kingdom ' )

2294-424: The earlier meetings. The enthusiasm and national spirit was running high during the gatherings, these were noted by Musa al-Shabandar when he visited the mosque during Mawlid . He also noted similar enthusiasm in other mosques celebrating Mawlid at the time such as al-Kadhamiya Mosque . On June 24, 1920, a large demonstration was held in the mosque, where the poet Isa Abd al-Qadir read a poem in which he called for

2356-416: The early nationalist movement's ability to make deep inroads into Iraq's diverse social structure. The new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty was signed in June 1930. It provided for a "close alliance," for "full and frank consultations between the two countries in all matters of foreign policy ," and for mutual assistance in case of war. Iraq granted the British the use of air bases near Basra and at Al Habbaniyah and

2418-456: The government to concede to army demands. The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état overthrew the pro-British Prime minister Taha al-Hashimi and placed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as prime minister of a pro-Nazi government called "the National defense government", the Regent 'Abd al-Ilah fled the royal palace after learning of this and with British support went to Habbaniyah then to Basra , he would spend

2480-495: The government treaty with the British, and with support from the communists. More protests continued in the spring, but were interrupted in May, when martial law was imposed after Iraq entered the 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other members of the Arab League. In February 1958, King Hussein of Jordan and Prince `Abd al-Ilāh proposed a union of Hāshimite monarchies to counter the recently formed Egyptian–Syrian union . The resulting Arab Federation , formed on 14 February 1958,

2542-454: The head of a new government. Jameel al-Midfaai's government retired and Abd al-Ilah ordered Nuri to form a new government in 9 October. In 1943, the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led a rebellion against the central government in Baghdad. After the failure of the uprising Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union . In 1945, during the final stages of World War II , Iraq joined

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2604-459: The middle of which is a Qur'anic verse. Taking into account the climatic conditions of the city of Baghdad, the thickness of the walls is 2.5 meters. The Mosque also contains a number of madrasas of Islamic sciences and a library that contains works of the most prominent scholars of the city. The main big dome, which rests on eight windows that make a cupola , is covered with arabesque motifs and inscriptions decorated using Kashi blue tiles. Inside

2666-414: The monarchy faced two bare alternatives: either the country would have plunged into chaos or its population should become universally the clients and dependents of an omnipotent but capricious and unstable government. To these two alternatives the overthrow of the monarchy has not added a third. The task of the subsequent governments was to find that third alternative, mainly to establish a modern state that

2728-523: The mosque due to its complex ownership. In August 2019, controversy surfaced over pictures by the Iraqi makeup artist and model Jehan Hashim that depict her posing inside the mosque. While some Iraqis on social media didn't see the act as controversial, the Sunni Endowment Office announced that it was about to file a complaint against her and would launch an investigation. Stating that "a lawsuit will be filed against her, and that this act

2790-486: The mosque many times to arrest some personalities who enjoy a large mass and it caused Iraqis to face the occupation and the soldiers with simple weapons. The mosque remained a gathering ground for demonstrations even after the independence of the Kingdom of Iraq . The mosque was also inhabited by prominent personalities such as Nuri al-Said , al-Rusafi , Mohammed al-Shabibi , al-Zahawi , and Said Qazzaz . An example of

2852-502: The mosque was in the year 1972. During the reconstruction work, a stone was found on which it was written that a person named Hassan renewed the building of the mosque in 1792. During this period, the Iraqi master calligrapher Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi made calligraphy for the mosque. After the US Invasion of Iraq in 2003, many of the heritage sites and landmarks of Baghdad are currently suffering from neglect and encroachment and

2914-532: The mosque which took place 40 days after his funeral. This led the Haydar-Khana Mosque to become a rally ground against the British again. Al-Jawahiri's memorial for his brother at the mosque became a national event at the time. The mosque was also located next to the gate to al-Mutanabbi Street and the Hajj Khalil Café. Its owner, Hajji Khalil al-Qahwati, prayed in the mosque daily and attended Friday prayers in it. The last renovation and reconstruction of

2976-496: The negotiations to form it. Major protest and opposition followed the pact, as many did not approve of an alliance led by the west. In September 1956, a planned coup was discussed during spring training by a military faction known as the free officers (inspired by the Egyptian Free Officers Movement ) which planned to launch the coup after training by controlling strategic sites in Baghdad and arresting

3038-400: The reasons the mosque is considered fine in its structure is due to its seemingly perfect harmonious proportions as the prayer space is square in shape with the direction of the qibla facing al-Rasheed Street directly. The calligraphy band on the exterior of the complex is made with kashi blue and gold tiles. The western part of the complex includes an iwan which serves as the main entrance to

3100-604: The reign of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II , again in 1890 by the then-Ottoman emir Abdul Hamid II . The square shaped mosque was considered the biggest mosque from the Ottoman era in Baghdad due to its size and area. Among the most well-known teachers who taught at the mosque's madrasa was the Islamic scholar Mahmud al-Alusi in 1905. The Mosque is situated in the Haydar-Khana neighborhood, located at

3162-633: The rest of the following months in Jordan and the Mandate of Palestine . His fleeing caused a constitutional crisis upon the new government. Rashid Ali did not abolish the monarchy, but installed ٍSharif Sharaf bin Rajeh as a more compliant Regent instead, and attempted to restrict the rights of the British under the treaty from 1930. Rashid Ali attempted to secure control over Iraq asking assistance of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan. On April 20

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3224-570: The right to move troops across the country. The treaty, of twenty-five years' duration, was to come into force upon Iraq's admission to the League of Nations. This occurred on October 3, 1932. In 1932, the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was granted full independence under King Faisal I . However, the British retained military bases in the country. Iraq was granted official independence on 3 October 1932 in accordance with an agreement signed by

3286-437: The solidarity and unity of Iraq. As a result, he was arrested by the British forces and exiled to Basra , the people became angry and the shop owners of al-Rashid Street closed their shops in condemnation of his exile. These gatherings made the area of the mosque extremely crowded. Poets would also recite enthusiastic poems urging participation and confronting the British occupation. British occupation forces and soldiers stormed

3348-479: The usage of force to cleanse the country of Pro-Gaylani elements, and some ministers were not amused of having to ally with Britain, neither did the Prime minister Himself entertain the idea of creating so many arrests. This policy outraged both the British and the regent, who saw his policy of empathy as indirectly supporting opposition and radical movements. The minister of Finance, Ibrahim Kamal al-Ghuthunfiri [ar] ,

3410-656: Was overthrown in 1941 by the Golden Square officers, headed by Rashid Ali . The short-lived pro-Nazi government of Iraq was defeated in May 1941 by the Allied forces in the Anglo-Iraqi War . Iraq was later used as a base for Allied attacks on the Vichy-French-held Mandate of Syria and support for the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran . At the same time, the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led

3472-629: Was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958. It was founded on 23 August 1921 as the Kingdom of Iraq , following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Mesopotamian campaign of the First World War . Although a League of Nations mandate was awarded to the United Kingdom in 1920, the 1920 Iraqi revolt resulted in the scrapping of the original mandate plan in favour of a formally sovereign Iraqi kingdom, but one that

3534-425: Was at the top of the politicians who wanted a change to al-Midfaai's policy, and believed in the usage of harsher measures to keep security in the country, he submitted his resignation on 2 September 1941. The resignation of Ibrahim Kamal weakened Midfaai's government, and the retired minister began calling for some politician to prepare the formation of a new government, and paved the way for Nuri al-Said to become

3596-569: Was followed by Assyrian , Yazidi and Shi'a unrests, which were all brutally suppressed. In 1936, the first military coup took place in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, as Bakr Sidqi succeeded in replacing the acting Prime Minister with his associate. Multiple coups followed in a period of political instability, peaking in 1941. During the Second World War , the Iraqi government of the Prince-Regent , Prince 'Abd al-Ilah ,

3658-409: Was later assassinated in 1937 during a visit to Mosul, followed by the death of King Ghazi in a car crash in 1939 suspected to have been planned by the British, causing a regency under Prince 'Abd al-Ilah over the 4 year old king Faisal II of Iraq lasting until 1953. From 1917 to 1946, five coups by the Iraqi Army occurred, led by the chief officers of the army against the government to pressure

3720-555: Was said to be first originally established and constructed by Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir and its original name is attributed to an old unknown Sufi man named "Haydar." The mosque originally had a Sufi Lodge but it wasn't inside the mosque, instead it on a branch next to the mosque. The name of the mosque later was attributed to a man said to be named "Haydar Pasha Jalabi bin Muhammad Jalabi Shabandar" who's said to be an Iraqi notable who established Hammam Haydar and

3782-439: Was short-lived and ended the same year with a military coup led by Abdul-Karim Qasim deposing the monarchy. The territory of Iraq was under Ottoman dominance until the end of the First World War , becoming an occupied territory under the British military from 1918. In order to transform the region to civil rule, Mandatory Mesopotamia was proposed as a League of Nations Class A mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to

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3844-496: Was under effective British administration. The plan was formally established by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty . The role of the United Kingdom in the formal administration of the Kingdom of Iraq was ended in 1932, following the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930) . Now officially a fully independent kingdom, officially named the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq , it underwent a period of turbulence under its Hashemite rulers throughout its entire existence. Establishment of Sunni religious domination in Iraq

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