63-426: The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) was a toxicology database on the U.S. National Library of Medicine 's (NLM) Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET). It focused on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals, and included information on human exposure, industrial hygiene , emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, and related areas. All data were referenced and derived from
126-599: A Divodāsa as a physician who lived and taught in ancient Kashi ( Varanasi ). The earliest known mentions of the name Suśruta firmly associated with the tradition of the Suśrutasaṃhitā is in the Bower Manuscript (4th or 5th century CE), where Suśruta is listed as one of the ten sages residing in the Himalayas. After a review of all past scholarship on the identity of Suśruta, Meulenbeld concluded that: As
189-528: A classic dose response curve – at a low dose (below a threshold), no effect is observed. Some show a phenomenon known as sufficient challenge – a small exposure produces animals that "grow more rapidly, have better general appearance and coat quality, have fewer tumors, and live longer than the control animals". A few chemicals have no well-defined safe level of exposure. These are treated with special care. Some chemicals are subject to bioaccumulation as they are stored in rather than being excreted from
252-450: A core set of books, government documents, technical reports, and selected primary journal literature. Prior to 2020, all entries were peer-reviewed by a Scientific Review Panel (SRP), members of which represented a spectrum of professions and interests. Last Chairs of the SRP are Dr. Marcel J. Cassavant, MD, Toxicology Group, and Dr. Roland Everett Langford, PhD, Environmental Fate Group. The SRP
315-425: A substance causes cancer and to examine other forms of toxicity. Factors that influence chemical toxicity: The discipline of evidence-based toxicology strives to transparently, consistently, and objectively assess available scientific evidence in order to answer questions in toxicology, the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms and the environment, including
378-508: Is ribosome-inactivating proteins , tested in the treatment of leukemia . The word toxicology ( / ˌ t ɒ k s ɪ ˈ k ɒ l ə dʒ i / ) is a neoclassical compound from Neo-Latin , first attested c. 1799 , from the combining forms toxico- + -logy , which in turn come from the Ancient Greek words τοξικός toxikos , "poisonous", and λόγος logos , "subject matter"). The earliest treatise dedicated to
441-448: Is a scientific discipline , overlapping with biology , chemistry , pharmacology , and medicine , that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants . The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence chemical toxicity include
504-581: Is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and one of the most important such treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world. The Compendium of Suśruta is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine), alongside the Charaka-Saṃhitā , the Bhela-Saṃhitā , and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript . It is one of the two foundational Hindu texts on
567-453: Is an example of an alternative in vitro toxicology testing method; using computer models of chemicals and proteins, structure-activity relationships can be determined, and chemical structures that are likely to bind to, and interfere with, proteins with essential functions, can be identified. This work requires expert knowledge in molecular modeling and statistics together with expert judgment in chemistry, biology and toxicology. In 2007
630-496: Is approaching such a scientific pivot point. It is poised to take advantage of the revolutions in biology and biotechnology. Advances in toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, systems biology, epigenetics, and computational toxicology could transform toxicity testing from a system based on whole-animal testing to one founded primarily on in vitro methods that evaluate changes in biologic processes using cells, cell lines, or cellular components, preferably of human origin." As of 2014 that vision
693-920: Is best known in non-specialist sources on medical history for its approach and discussions of surgery. It is amongst the first medical treatises in history to suggest that a student of surgery should learn about human body and its organs by systematically examining a dead body. A student should practice, states the text, on objects resembling the diseased or body part. Incision studies, for example, are recommended on Pushpaphala (squash, Cucurbita maxima ), Alabu (bottle gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris ), Trapusha (cucumber, Cucumis pubescens ), leather bags filled with fluids and bladders of dead animals. The ancient text, state Menon and Haberman, describes haemorrhoidectomy, amputations, plastic, rhinoplastic, ophthalmic, lithotomic and obstetrical procedures. The Sushruta Samhita mentions various methods including sliding graft, rotation graft and pedicle graft. Reconstruction of
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#1732797217499756-721: Is diverse, some topics are covered in multiple chapters in different books, and a summary according to the Bhishagratna's translation is as follows: Sushruta, states Tipton, asserts that a physician should invest the effort to prevent diseases as much as curative remedial procedures. An important means for prevention, states Sushruta, is physical exercise and hygienic practices. The text adds that excessive strenuous exercise can be injurious and make one more susceptible to diseases, cautioning against such excess. Regular moderate exercise, suggests Sushruta, improves resistance to disease and physical decay. Sushruta has written Shlokas on
819-433: Is divided into 186 chapters and contains descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. The Suśruta-Saṃhitā is divided into two parts: the first five books (Skt. Sthanas) are considered to be the oldest part of the text, and the "Later Section" (Skt. Uttaratantra ) that was added by the author Nagarjuna. The content of these chapters
882-461: Is not the legal outcome of the toxicological investigation or the technology utilized, but rather the obtainment and interpretation of results. Computational toxicology is a discipline that develops mathematical and computer-based models to better understand and predict adverse health effects caused by chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and pharmaceuticals. Within the Toxicology in
945-487: Is not well versed in anatomy. Hence, any one desirous of acquiring a thorough knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it, and examine its different parts. — Sushruta Samhita , Book 3, Chapter V Translators: Loukas et al The Sushruta Samhita is among the most important ancient medical treatises. It is one of the foundational texts of the medical tradition in India, alongside
1008-475: Is obvious from the foregoing, it is rather generally assumed that we owe the main part of the Suśrutasaṃhitā or an earlier verion of it to a historical person called Suśruta. This assumption, however, is not based on uncontrovertible evidence and may be illusory. The text of the Suśrutasaṃhitā does not warrant that the one who composed it was a Suśruta. The structure oif the treatise shows without ambiguity that
1071-423: Is partly because Charaka Samhita includes thirty two teeth sockets in its count, and their difference of opinions on how and when to count a cartilage as bone (both count cartilages as bones, unlike current medical practice). Training future surgeons Students are to practice surgical techniques on gourds and dead animals. — Sushruta Samhita , Book 1, Chapter IX Translator: Engler The Sushruta Samhita
1134-736: Is reverentially held in Hindu tradition to be a descendant of Dhanvantari , the mythical god of medicine, or as one who received the knowledge from a discourse from Dhanvantari in Varanasi. One of the oldest palm-leaf manuscripts of Sushruta Samhita has been discovered in Nepal. It is preserved at the Kaiser Library , Nepal as manuscript KL–699. A microfilm copy of the MS was created by Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMCP C 80/7) and
1197-540: Is stored in the National Archives, Kathmandu. The partially damaged manuscript consists of 152 folios, written on both sides, with 6 to 8 lines in transitional Gupta script. The manuscript has been verifiably dated to have been completed by the scribe on Sunday, April 13, 878 CE (Manadeva Samvat 301). Much of the scholarship on the Suśruta-saṃhitā is based on editions of the text that were published during
1260-560: Is the discipline that can be practiced not only by physicians but also other health professionals with a master's degree in clinical toxicology: physician extenders ( physician assistants , nurse practitioners ), nurses , pharmacists , and allied health professionals . Forensic toxicology is the discipline that makes use of toxicology and other disciplines such as analytical chemistry , pharmacology and clinical chemistry to aid medical or legal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use. The primary concern for forensic toxicology
1323-545: Is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not poisonous." This is often condensed to: " The dose makes the poison " or in Latin "Sola dosis facit venenum". Mathieu Orfila is also considered the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his Traité des poisons , also called Toxicologie générale . In 1850, Jean Stas became the first person to successfully isolate plant poisons from human tissue. This allowed him to identify
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#17327972174991386-776: The Caraka-Saṃhitā , the Bheḷa-Saṃhitā , and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript . The Sushruta Samhita was perhaps composed after Charaka Samhita and, except for some topics and their emphasis, both discuss many similar subjects such as General Principles, Pathology, Diagnosis, Anatomy, Sensorial Prognosis, Therapeutics, Pharmaceutics and Toxicology. The Sushruta and Charaka texts differ in one major aspect, with Sushruta Samhita providing more detailed descriptions of surgery, surgical instruments and surgical training. The Charaka Samhita mentions surgery, but only briefly. The Sushruta Samhita , in its extant form,
1449-572: The Suśrutasaṃhitā and the Carakasaṃhitā. In general, states Zysk, Buddhist medical texts are closer to Sushruta than to Caraka , and in his study suggests that the Sushruta Samhita probably underwent a "Hinduization process" around the end of 1st millennium BCE and the early centuries of the common era after the Hindu orthodox identity had formed. Clifford states that the influence
1512-435: The Suśrutasaṃhitā is likely a work that includes several historical layers, whose composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE and was completed in its presently surviving form by another author who redacted its first five sections and added the long, final section, the "Uttaratantra." It is likely that the Suśruta-saṃhitā was known to the scholar Dṛḍhabala [ Wikidata ] (fl. 300-500 CE), which gives
1575-520: The poisoning of people. To work as a toxicologist one should obtain a degree in toxicology or a related degree like biology , chemistry , pharmacology or biochemistry . Bachelor's degree programs in toxicology cover the chemical makeup of toxins and their effects on biochemistry, physiology and ecology. After introductory life science courses are complete, students typically enroll in labs and apply toxicology principles to research and other studies. Advanced students delve into specific sectors, like
1638-485: The 21st Century project, the best predictive models were identified to be Deep Neural Networks , Random Forest , and Support Vector Machines , which can reach the performance of in vitro experiments. Occupational toxicology is the application of toxicology to chemical hazards in the workplace. A toxicologist is a scientist or medical personnel who specializes in the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of venoms and toxins ; especially
1701-564: The American NGO National Academy of Sciences published a report called "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy" which opened with a statement: "Change often involves a pivotal event that builds on previous history and opens the door to a new era. Pivotal events in science include the discovery of penicillin, the elucidation of the DNA double helix, and the development of computers. ... Toxicity testing
1764-522: The Indian tradition nurtured diversity of thought, with Sushruta school reaching its own conclusions and differing from the Atreya-Caraka tradition. The osteological system of Sushruta, states Hoernle, follows the principle of homology , where the body and organs are viewed as self-mirroring and corresponding across various axes of symmetry. The differences in the count of bones in the two schools
1827-655: The Jain prince Mangarasa, Khagendra Mani Darpana , describes several poisonous plants. The 16th-century Swiss physician Paracelsus is considered "the father" of modern toxicology, based on his rigorous (for the time) approach to understanding the effects of substances on the body. He is credited with the classic toxicology maxim, " Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist. " which translates as, "All things are poisonous and nothing
1890-611: The Middle East, Tibet and eventually Europe. Dioscorides , a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor Nero , made an early attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect. A work attributed to the 10th century author Ibn Wahshiyya called the Book on Poisons describes various toxic substances and poisonous recipes that can be made using magic . A 14th century Kannada poetic work attributed to
1953-727: The United States complete residency training such as in Emergency Medicine, Pediatrics or Internal Medicine, followed by fellowship in Medical Toxicology and eventual certification by the American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT). Toxicologists perform many different duties including research in the academic, nonprofit and industrial fields, product safety evaluation, consulting, public service and legal regulation. In order to research and assess
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2016-444: The analysis of this ToxCast_STM dataset published in 2020 include: (1) 19% of 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of developmental toxicity , (2) assay performance reached 79%–82% accuracy with high specificity (> 84%) but modest sensitivity (< 67%) when compared with in vivo animal models of human prenatal developmental toxicity, (3) sensitivity improved as more stringent weights of evidence requirements were applied to
2079-661: The animal studies, and (4) statistical analysis of the most potent chemical hits on specific biochemical targets in ToxCast revealed positive and negative associations with the STM response, providing insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of the targeted endpoint and its biological domain. In some cases shifts away from animal studies have been mandated by law or regulation; the European Union (EU) prohibited use of animal testing for cosmetics in 2013. Most chemicals display
2142-405: The author, who created a coherent whole out of earlier material, attributed the teachings incorporated in his work to Kāśirāja Divodāsa... The text has been called a Hindu text by many scholars. The text discusses surgery with the same terminology found in more ancient Hindu texts, mentions Hindu gods such as Narayana , Hari , Brahma , Rudra , Indra and others in its chapters, refers to
2205-1142: The basic duties of toxicologists are to determine the effects of chemicals on organisms and their surroundings, specific job duties may vary based on industry and employment. For example, forensic toxicologists may look for toxic substances in a crime scene, whereas aquatic toxicologists may analyze the toxicity level of water bodies. The salary for jobs in toxicology is dependent on several factors, including level of schooling, specialization, experience. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) notes that jobs for biological scientists, which generally include toxicologists, were expected to increase by 21% between 2008 and 2018. The BLS notes that this increase could be due to research and development growth in biotechnology, as well as budget increases for basic and medical research in biological science. Su%C5%9Brutasa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81 Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas The Sushruta Samhita ( Sanskrit : सुश्रुतसंहिता , lit. 'Suśruta's Compendium', IAST : Suśrutasaṃhitā )
2268-511: The bedside of a patient, who is cool-headed and pleasant in his demeanor, does not speak ill of any body, is strong and attentive to the requirements of the sick, and strictly and indefatigably follows the instructions of the physician. — Sushruta Samhita Book 1, Chapter XXXIV Translator: Bhishagratna The most detailed and extensive consideration of the date of the Suśrutasaṃhitā is that published by Meulenbeld in his History of Indian Medical Literature (1999-2002). Meulenbeld states that
2331-429: The body; these also receive special consideration. Several measures are commonly used to describe toxic dosages according to the degree of effect on an organism or a population, and some are specifically defined by various laws or organizational usage. These include: Medical toxicology is the discipline that requires physician status (MD or DO degree plus specialty education and experience). Clinical toxicology
2394-456: The composition date of Satapatha Brahmana. The composition date of the Brahmana was itself unclear, added Hoernle, but he estimated it to be about the sixth century BCE. Hoernle's date of 600 BCE for the Suśrutasaṃhitā was challenged by intervening scholarship over the last century. This scholarship was summarized by Meulenbeld in his History of Indian Medical Literature . Central to
2457-532: The date of the recension of the Suśruta Saṃhitā by Nāgārjuna, which formed the basis of Dallaṇa's commentary." The above view remains the consensus amongst university scholars of the history of Indian medicine and Sanskrit literature. The scholar Rudolf Hoernle (1841 – 1918) proposed in 1907 that because the author of Satapatha Brahmana , a Vedic text from the mid-first-millennium BCE, was aware of Sushruta 's doctrines, Sushruta's work should be dated based on
2520-489: The distinction "religious" vs. "empirico-rational" as no longer being a useful analytical distinction. The text may have Buddhist influences, since a redactor named Nagarjuna has raised many historical questions, although he cannot have been the person of Mahayana Buddhism fame. Zysk produced evidence that the medications and therapies mentioned in the Pāli Canon bear strong resemblances and are sometimes identical to those of
2583-460: The dosage, duration of exposure (whether it is acute or chronic), route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment. Toxicologists are experts on poisons and poisoning . There is a movement for evidence-based toxicology as part of the larger movement towards evidence-based practices . Toxicology is currently contributing to the field of cancer research, since some toxins can be used as drugs for killing tumor cells. One prime example of this
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2646-463: The effects of chemicals, toxicologists perform carefully designed studies and experiments. These experiments help identify the specific amount of a chemical that may cause harm and potential risks of being near or using products that contain certain chemicals. Research projects may range from assessing the effects of toxic pollutants on the environment to evaluating how the human immune system responds to chemical compounds within pharmaceutical drugs. While
2709-505: The general study of plant and animal poisons, including their classification, recognition, and the treatment of their effects is the Kalpasthāna , one of the major sections of the Suśrutasaṃhitā , a Sanskrit work composed before ca. 300 CE and perhaps in part as early as the fourth century BCE. The Kalpasthāna was influential on many later Sanskrit medical works and was translated into Arabic and other languages, influencing South East Asia,
2772-425: The large number of manuscript versions of the Suśruta-saṃhitā that have survived into the modern era. Taken together, all printed versions of the Suśrutasaṃhitā are based on no more than ten percent of the more than 230 manuscripts of the work that exist today. Anatomy and empirical studies The different parts or members of the body as mentioned before including the skin, cannot be correctly described by one who
2835-450: The larger movement towards evidence-based practices . Toxicity experiments may be conducted in vivo (using the whole animal) or in vitro (testing on isolated cells or tissues), or in silico (in a computer simulation). The classic experimental tool of toxicology is testing on non-human animals. Examples of model organisms are Galleria mellonella , which can replace small mammals, Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), which allow for
2898-493: The latest date for the version of the work that has survived into the modern era. In Suśrutasaṃhitā - A Scientific Synopsis , the historians of Indian science Ray, Gupta and Roy noted the following view, which is broadly the same as Meulenbeld's: "The Chronology Committee of the National Institute of Sciences of India (Proceedings, 1952), was of the opinion that third to fourth centuries A. D. may be accepted as
2961-424: The medical profession that have survived from ancient India. The Suśrutasaṃhitā is of great historical importance because it includes historically unique chapters describing surgical training, instruments and procedures. One of the oldest Sushruta Samhita palm-leaf manuscripts is preserved at the Kaiser Library , Nepal. Ancient qualifications of a Nurse That person alone is fit to nurse or to attend
3024-474: The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This includes the important edition by Vaidya Yādavaśarman Trivikramātmaja Ācārya that also includes the commentary of the scholar Dalhaṇa. The printed editions are based on the small subset of surviving manuscripts that was available in the major publishing centers of Bombay, Calcutta and elsewhere when the editions were being prepared — sometimes as few as three or four manuscripts. But these do not adequately represent
3087-587: The pharmaceutical industry or law enforcement, which apply methods of toxicology in their work. The Society of Toxicology (SOT) recommends that undergraduates in postsecondary schools that do not offer a bachelor's degree in toxicology consider attaining a degree in biology or chemistry. Additionally, the SOT advises aspiring toxicologists to take statistics and mathematics courses, as well as gain laboratory experience through lab courses, student research projects and internships. To become Medical Toxicologists, physicians in
3150-429: The prevention and amelioration of such effects. Evidence-based toxicology has the potential to address concerns in the toxicological community about the limitations of current approaches to assessing the state of the science. These include concerns related to transparency in decision-making, synthesis of different types of evidence, and the assessment of bias and credibility. Evidence-based toxicology has its roots in
3213-516: The prevention of diseases. The Sushruta Samhita states, per Hoernle's translation, that "the professors of Ayurveda speak of three hundred and sixty bones, but books on Shalya-Shastra (surgical science) know of only three hundred". The text then lists the total of 300 as follows: 120 in the extremities (e.g. hands, legs), 117 in the pelvic area, sides, back, abdomen and breast, and 63 in the neck and upwards. The text then explains how these subtotals were empirically verified. The discussion shows that
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#17327972174993276-462: The problem of chronology is the fact that the Suśrutasaṃhitā was the work of several hands. The internal tradition recorded in manuscript colophons and by medieval commentators makes clear that an old version of the Suśrutasaṃhitā consisted of sections 1-5, with the sixth part having been added by a later author. However, the oldest extant manuscripts include the sixth section, called "The Later Book" (Skt. Uttara-tantra). Manuscript colophons refer to
3339-596: The scriptures of Hinduism namely the Vedas , and in some cases, recommends exercise, walking and "constant study of the Vedas" as part of the patient's treatment and recovery process. The text also uses terminology of Vaiśeṣika , Samkhya and other schools of Hindu philosophy . The Sushruta Samhita and Caraka Samhita have religious ideas throughout, states Steven Engler, who then concludes "Vedic elements are too central to be discounted as marginal". These ideas include
3402-433: The sixth century CE. These views have been gathered and described by the medical historian Jan Meulenbeld. Sushruta or Suśruta ( Sanskrit : सुश्रुत , IAST : Suśruta , lit. ' well heard ' , an adjective meaning "renowned" ) is named in the text as the author, who is presented in later manuscripts and printed editions a narrating the teaching of his guru, Divodāsa. Early Buddhist Jatakas mention
3465-450: The study of toxicology in a lower order vertebrate in vivo and Caenorhabditis elegans . As of 2014, such animal testing provides information that is not available by other means about how substances function in a living organism. The use of non-human animals for toxicology testing is opposed by some organisations for reasons of animal welfare, and it has been restricted or banned under some circumstances in certain regions, such as
3528-675: The testing of cosmetics in the European Union. While testing in animal models remains as a method of estimating human effects, there are both ethical and technical concerns with animal testing. Since the late 1950s, the field of toxicology has sought to reduce or eliminate animal testing under the rubric of " Three Rs " – reduce the number of experiments with animals to the minimum necessary; refine experiments to cause less suffering, and replace in vivo experiments with other types, or use more simple forms of life when possible. The historical development of alternative testing methods in toxicology has been published by Balls. Computer modeling
3591-709: The use of nicotine as a poison in the Bocarmé murder case, providing the evidence needed to convict the Belgian Count Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé of killing his brother-in-law. The goal of toxicity assessment is to identify adverse effects of a substance. Adverse effects depend on two main factors: i) routes of exposure (oral, inhalation, or dermal) and ii) dose (duration and concentration of exposure). To explore dose, substances are tested in both acute and chronic models. Generally, different sets of experiments are conducted to determine whether
3654-558: The use of terms and same metaphors that are variously pervasive in Buddhist and Hindu scriptures – the Vedas, and the inclusion of theory of Karma , self ( Atman ) and Brahman (metaphysical reality) along the lines of those found in ancient Hindu and Buddhist texts. However, adds Engler, the text also includes another layer of ideas, where empirical rational ideas flourish in competition or cooperation with religious ideas. Following Engler's study, contemporary scholars have abandoned
3717-502: The whole work as "The Suśrutasaṃhitā together with the Uttara-tantra," reinforcing the idea that they are a combined work. Thus, it does not make sense to speak of "the date of Suśruta." Like "Hippocrates," the name "Suśruta" refers to the work of many authors working over several centuries. As mentioned above, scores of scholars have proposed hypotheses on the formation and dating of the Suśrutasaṃhitā , ranging from 2000 BCE to
3780-657: Was a group of databases hosted on the National Library of Medicine (NLM) website that covered "chemicals and drugs, diseases and the environment, environmental health, occupational safety and health, poisoning, risk assessment and regulations, and toxicology". TOXNET was managed by the NLM's Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) in the Division of Specialized Information Services (SIS). The TOXNET databases included: Toxicology Toxicology
3843-440: Was probably mutual, with Buddhist medical practice in its ancient tradition prohibited outside of the Buddhist monastic order by a precedent set by Buddha, and Buddhist text praise Buddha instead of Hindu gods in their prelude. The mutual influence between the medical traditions between the various Indian religions, the history of the layers of the Suśruta-saṃhitā remains unclear, a large and difficult research problem. Sushruta
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#17327972174993906-487: Was still unrealized. The United States Environmental Protection Agency studied 1,065 chemical and drug substances in their ToxCast program (part of the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard ) using in silica modelling and a human pluripotent stem cell -based assay to predict in vivo developmental intoxicants based on changes in cellular metabolism following chemical exposure. Major findings from
3969-584: Was terminated due to budget cuts and realignment of the NLM. The HSDB was organized into individual chemical records, and contained over 5000 such records. It was accessible free of charge via TOXNET. Users could search by chemical or other name, chemical name fragment, CAS registry number and/or subject terms. Recent additions included radioactive materials and certain mixtures, like crude oil and oil dispersants as well as animal toxins. As of November 2014, there were approximately 5,600 chemical specific HSDB records available. The Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET)
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