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65-416: Haa District ( Dzongkha : ཧཱ་; Wylie : Haa ; alternative spellings include "Ha") is one of the 20 dzongkhag or districts comprising Bhutan . An alternative name for the district is "Hidden-Land Rice Valley." It the second least-populated dzongkhag in the country after Gasa . The most-spoken language of the district is Dzongkha . The river Haa Chhu , originating at Jomolhari mountain, flows through

130-414: A Vasu . Nandini, like her mother, is a "cow of plenty" or Kamadhenu , and resides with sage Vashistha . Nandini is stolen by the divine Vasus and thus cursed by the sage to be born on the earth. The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa mentions that the king Dilipa —an ancestor of god Rama —once passed by Kamadhenu-Surabhi, but failed to pay respects to her, thus incurring the wrath of the divine cow, who cursed

195-594: A "popular and enduring image in Indian art". All the gods are believed to reside in the body of Kamadhenu—the generic cow. Her four legs are the scriptural Vedas ; her horns are the triune gods Brahma (tip), Vishnu (middle) and Shiva (base); her eyes are the sun and moon gods, her shoulders the fire-god Agni and the wind-god Vayu and her legs the Himalayas . Kamadhenu is often depicted in this form in poster art. Another representation of Kamadhenu shows her with

260-728: A bad omen for the gods by Indra , the god-king of heaven. The Vana Parva book of the Mahabharata also narrates a similar instance: Surabhi cries about the plight of her son—a bullock, who is overworked and beaten by his peasant-master. Indra, moved by Surabhi's tears, rains to stop the ploughing of the tormented bullock. Kamadhenu is often associated with the Brahmins (the priesthood class, especially sages), whose wealth she symbolises. Cow's milk and its derivatives such as ghee (clarified butter) are integral parts of Vedic fire sacrifices, which are conducted by Brahmin priests; thus she

325-449: A chance to experience Bhutanese hospitality, taste traditional cuisine, and participate in local activities. Haa contains Torsa Strict Nature Reserve , one of the environmentally protected areas of Bhutan . Torsa contains no human inhabitants other than military patrols and posts, occupying substantial portions of the gewogs of Bji and Sangbay . Torsa is connected to Jigme Dorji National Park via biological corridor , cutting across

390-555: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

455-497: A cow called Surabhi and a calf called Manoratha from the left side of his body, and milked the cow. When drinking the milk, the milk pot fell on the ground and broke, spilling the milk, which became the Kshira Sagara , the cosmic milk ocean. Numerous cows then emerged from the pores of Surabhi's skin and were presented to the cowherd-companions (gopas) of Krishna by him. Then Krishna worshipped Surabhi and decreed that she—a cow,

520-740: A distinct set of rules." The following is a sample vocabulary: The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : འགྲོ་ ’Gro- བ་ ba- མི་ mi- རིགས་ rigs- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- དབང་ dbaṅ- ཆ་ cha- འདྲ་ ’dra- མཏམ་ mtam- འབད་ ’bad- སྒྱེཝ་ sgyew- ལས་ las- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- གིས་ gis- གཅིག་ Kamadhenu Kamadhenu ( Sanskrit : कामधेनु , [kaːmɐˈdʱeːnʊ] , Kāmadhenu ), also known as Surabhi ( सुरभि , Surabhi or सुरभी , Surabhī ),

585-450: A moderate scale. 78% of Haa is covered with forest, and forestry plays an important part in local economy. Haa District lies along the western border of Bhutan. To the northwest it is bounded by Tibet , to the southwest by Samtse District , to the southeast by Chukha District , and to the northeast by Paro District . Haa Dzongkhag covers a total area of 1905 sq km. The southern part of the district covers some sub-tropical area. However,

650-580: A more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha

715-465: A number of other mystical disasters. The Guru Padmasambhava arrived in the late 8th century and subdued the deity. However the deity's force is not to be taken lightly. In the 15th century aup Chungdue decreed that the people of Ha Shogona village where not to come in contact with any followers of a certain monk in nearby Paro dzongkhag. When a young Haa man married a girl from Paro they believed no harm would come to them. However, as they crossed

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780-508: A river between the two districts the knots tying her infant to her back suddenly came loose and the baby fell into the river and drown. Also near the Black and White temples is a special stupa chorten marking the site where an imprint of Guru Padmasambhava's body and hat may be found in a large rock. In the Samar side-valley may be found a bridge known as Has Samarpudung . Below the bridge

845-470: A similar account about Kamadhenu, however, here the sage is Vasishtha and the king is Vishvamitra . Once, king Vishvamitra with his army arrived at the hermitage of the sage Vasishtha. The sage welcomed him and offered a huge banquet – to the army – that was produced by Sabala – as Kamadhenu is called in the text. The astonished king asked the sage to part with Sabala and instead offered thousand of ordinary cows, elephants, horses and jewels in return. However,

910-623: Is a Tibeto-Burman language that is the official and national language of Bhutan . It is written using the Tibetan script . The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has

975-474: Is a divine bovine-goddess described in Hinduism as the mother of all cows. She is a miraculous cow of plenty who provides her owner whatever they desire and is often portrayed as the mother of other cattle. In iconography, she is generally depicted as a white cow with a female head and breasts, the wings of a bird, and the tail of a peafowl or as a white cow containing various deities within her body. Kamadhenu

1040-645: Is also described as dwelling in Goloka —the realm of the cows—and Patala , the netherworld. Kamadhenu is often addressed by the proper name Surabhi or Shurbhi , which is also used as a synonym for an ordinary cow. Professor Jacobi considers the name Surabhi—"the fragrant one"—to have originated from the peculiar smell of cows. According to the Monier Williams Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1899), Surabhi means fragrant, charming, pleasing, as well as cow and earth. It can specifically refer to

1105-598: Is known for its rich cultural heritage, including its various festivals, monasteries, and traditional architecture. Some of the prominent cultural attractions include: Nature and Outdoor Activities: Some popular activities in the Haa District include: Other treks that start from the valley include Haa valley–Nub Shona Patta Tho–Rigona, and Haa Valley–Amo Chhu–Phuentsholing. Homestays and Local Experiences: Tourists can opt for homestays in Haa District. Local families welcome visitors into their homes, offering

1170-498: Is not worshipped independently as a goddess. Rather, she is honored by the Hindu veneration of cows , who are regarded as her earthly embodiments. Hindu scriptures provide diverse accounts of the birth of Kamadhenu. While some narrate that she emerged from the churning of the cosmic ocean , others describe her as the daughter of the creator god Daksha , and as the wife of the sage Kashyapa . Still other scriptures narrate that Kamadhenu

1235-471: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

1300-458: Is sometimes also referred to as Homadhenu —the cow from whom oblations are drawn. Moreover, the cow also offers the Brahmins—who are prohibited to fight—protection against abusive kings who try to harm them. As a goddess, she becomes a warrior, creating armies to protect her master and herself. A legend narrates that the sacred cow Kamadhenu resided with sage Jamadagni . The earliest version of

1365-580: Is the lake of a wishing cow whose stone udders can be seen in the lake. According to Census 2017, the population of the district was 13,655 in 2,952 households making it the second least populated dzongkhag in the country after Gasa . In the northern part of the district, a temperate alpine area, yak rearing is the most sustainable occupation. Natural selection has given the yak a physiological design that makes its adaption to high mountains unrivalled by any other livestock. The pastoralists were inclined to keep an unexpectedly high number of male yaks due to

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1430-400: Is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

1495-587: Is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by

1560-462: The Mahabharata and Devi Bhagavata Purana , in the context of the birth of Bhishma , the cow Nandini is given the epithet Kamadhenu. In other instances, Nandini is described as the cow-daughter of Surabhi-Kamadhenu. The scholar Vettam Mani considers Nandini and Surabhi to be synonyms of Kamadhenu. According to Indologist Madeleine Biardeau , Kamadhenu or Kamaduh is the generic name of

1625-520: The Kambojas , from her udder Barvaras, from her hind Yavanas and Shakas, and from pores on her skin, Haritas, Kiratas and other foreign warriors. Together, the army of Sabala killed Vishvamitra's army and all his sons. This event led to a great rivalry between Vasishtha and Vishvamitra, who renounced his kingdom and became a great sage to defeat Vasishtha. Kamadhenu-Surabhi's residence varies depending on different scriptures. The Anushasana Parva of

1690-470: The Mahabharata narrates that the creator-god Brahma drank so much amrita that he vomited some of it, from which emerged Surabhi. According to the Ramayana , Surabhi is the daughter of Sage Kashyapa and his wife Krodhavasha , a daughter of Daksha . Her daughters Rohini and Gandharvi are the mothers of cattle and horses respectively. Still, it is Surabhi who is described as the mother of all cows in

1755-484: The Mahabharata tells how she was given the ownership of Goloka , the cow-heaven located above the three worlds (heaven, earth and netherworld): the daughter of Daksha, Surabhi went to Mount Kailash and worshipped Brahma for 10,000 years. The pleased god conferred goddess-hood on the cow and decreed that all people would worship her and her children – cows. He also gave her a world called Goloka, while her daughters would reside on earth among humans. In one instance in

1820-625: The Ramayana , Surabhi is described to live in the city of Varuna – the lord of the oceans – which is situated below the earth in Patala (the netherworld). Her flowing sweet milk is said to form Kshiroda or the Kshira Sagara , the cosmic milk ocean. In the Udyoga Parva book of the Mahabharata , this milk is said to be of six flavours and has the essence of all the best things of the earth. The Udyoga Parva specifies that Surabhi inhabits

1885-402: The lingam (symbol of Shiva)—emerged before them. The decided that whoever among them was able to discover the end of this pillar would be deemed superior. Brahma flew towards the skies to try to find the northern end of the pillar, but failed. So, Brahma forced Surabhi (in some versions, Surabhi instead suggested that Brahma should lie) to falsely testify to Vishnu that Brahma had seen the top of

1950-592: The Black Temple ( lhakhang Narpo ) and the White Temple ( lhakhang karpo ), were built at the same time as Kichu Temple in Paro in the 7th century AD. The two temples can be found near each other at the sacred site known as Miri Punsum , or "The Three Brother Hills". A third temple, Haa Gonpa , was built further up the valley at the site where a lame pigeon , actually a bodhisattva in disguised form,

2015-414: The Black Temple there are two houses near a sacred oak tree where the local deity once appeared as a winged creature, scaring the local people (the valley is divided into a number of areas, each under the influence of a particular local deity predating the arrival of Buddhism — see Bön religion). The residents of the two houses gave offerings to the local deity. The local deity, now appeased, visited

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2080-510: The abduction of the celestial cow or her calf, the killing of Jamadagni by Kartavirya Arjuna, and the revenge of Parashurama resulting in the death of Kartavirya Arjuna, exist in other texts. The Bhagavata Purana mentions that the king abducted Kamadhenu as well as her calf and Parashurama defeated the king and returned the kine to his father. The Padma Purana mentions that when Kartavirya Arjuna tried to capture her, Kamadhenu, by her own power, defeated him and his army and flew off to heaven;

2145-540: The body of a white Zebu cow, crowned woman's head, colourful eagle wings and a peacock's tail. According to the Philadelphia Museum of Art , this form is influenced by the iconography of the Islamic Buraq , who is portrayed with a horse's body, wings, and a woman's face. Contemporary poster art also portrays Kamadhenu in this form. A cow, identified with Kamadhenu, is often depicted accompanying

2210-528: The churning of the cosmic ocean ( Samudra Manthana ) by the gods and demons to acquire amrita (ambrosia, elixir of life). As such, she is regarded the offspring of the gods and demons, created when they churned the cosmic milk ocean and then given to the Saptarishi , the seven great seers. She was ordered by the creator-god Brahma to give milk, and supply it and ghee ("clarified butter") for ritual fire-sacrifices. The Anushasana Parva book of

2275-401: The cultivable land was around 2% of the total area in the district. Agriculture is further constrained by the prolonged winter and shorter growing seasons. Wheat is the main cereal crop grown in the district; other cereals crops are bitter barley and sweet buckwheat. Some rice is grown in the lower reaches of the valley. Potatoes , chilis , apples and other cash crops are grown by farmers on

2340-507: The district is largely a temperate alpine area. Its northern part is above the tree line . The gewogs of Bji , Katsho , Eusu, and Samar are in the north while Gakidling and Sombaykha are in the south. Haa District is divided into six village blocks (or gewogs ): In 2002, subsequent to the 79th session of the National Assembly, the valley was opened to foreign tourism. The dzongkhag has 41 lhakhangs , which are owned by

2405-526: The district. The name Haa (pronounced "hah"), as well as the more ancient name Has ( Dzongkha : ཧས་; Wylie : Has ; pronounced "hay"), connotes esoteric hiddenness. Haa's major feature is the Haa Valley, a steep north-south valley with a narrow floor. The district is presided over by three mountains collectively referred as "Three Brothers" -- Jampelyang, Chana-Dorji, and Chenrezig. Local historians maintain that two important temples in Haa District,

2470-405: The divine cow Kamadhenu, the mother of cattle who is also sometimes described as a Matrika ("mother") goddess. Other proper names attributed to Kamadhenu are Sabala ("the spotted one") and Kapila ("the red one"). The epithets "Kamadhenu" ( कामधेनु ), "Kamaduh" ( कामदुह् ) and "Kamaduha" ( कामदुहा ) literally mean the cow "from whom all that is desired is drawn"—"the cow of plenty". In

2535-529: The enraged king then killed Jamadagni. In the Brahmanda Purana , Kamadhenu creates a great city by her power to accommodate Kartavirya Arjuna's army, when they visit Jamadagni's hermitage. On returning to his kingdom, Kartavirya Arjuna's minister, Chandragupta, persuades him to capture the divine cow. The minister returns to the hermitage and tries to convince the sage to give away the cow, but to no avail, so he tries to snatch Kamadhenu with force. In

2600-467: The ensuing fight, the sage is killed, but Kamadhenu escapes to the sky and Chandragupta takes her calf with him instead. The Brahmanda Purana narrates this Kamadhenu Sushila was given to Jamadagni by the Kamadhenu-Surabhi, who governs in Goloka . The Brahma Vaivarta Purana narrates that the celestial cow – called Kapila here – produces various weapons and an army to aid Jamadagni defeat

2665-471: The epic narrates that Surabhi was born from the belch of "the creator" ( Prajapati ) Daksha after he drank the amrita that rose from the Samudra Manthana. Further, Surabhi gave birth to many golden cows called Kapila cows , who were called the mothers of the world. The Satapatha Brahmana also tells a similar tale: Prajapati created Surabhi from his breath. The Udyoga Parva book of

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2730-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

2795-493: The giver of milk and prosperity—be worshipped at Diwali on Bali Pratipada day. Various other scriptural references describe Surabhi as the mother of the Rudras including Nirrti (Kashyapa being the father), the cow Nandini and even the serpent-people nāgas . The Mahabharata also makes a passing reference to Surabhi as the mother of Nandini (literally "daughter") in the context of the birth of Bhishma , an incarnation of

2860-569: The god Dattatreya . In relation to the deity's iconography, she denotes the Brahminical aspect and Vaishnava connection of the deity contrasting with the accompanying dogs—symbolizing a non-Brahminical aspect. She also symbolizes the Panch Bhuta (the five classical elements) in the icon. Dattatreya is sometimes depicted holding the divine cow in one of his hands. The Mahabharata ( Adi Parva ) records that Kamadhenu-Surabhi rose from

2925-463: The government, community and private individual. The gewogs of Bje, Kar-tshog, Eusu and Samar Gewogs are within radius of 15 km from dzongkhag administration. They have fairly good road network, electricity, telephone connectivity, water supply, and health facilities. The Haa District is a destination for tourists, offering scenery, cultural heritage, and outdoor activities. Attractions in the district include: Cultural Exploration: The Haa District

2990-411: The high price of yak meat. In 1993, the price for boneless yak meat stood at Nu 65 per kilogram, i.e. more than four times higher than beef. In the northern gewogs, the population also depend on making butter and cheese for their livelihood. Most of the district is unsuitable for agriculture. Traditionally, the main cereals grown in the dzongkhag was bitter and sweet buckwheat, barley, and wheat. In 2018,

3055-454: The king to be rendered childless. Since Kamadhenu had gone to Patala, the guru of Dilipa, Vasishtha advised the king to serve Nandini, Kamadhenu's daughter, who was in the hermitage. The king and his wife propitiated Nandini, who neutralized her mother's curse and blessed the king to have a son, who was named Raghu . In the Ramayana , Surabhi is described to be distressed by the treatment of her sons—the oxen—in fields. Her tears are considered

3120-411: The king's army, who had come to seize her. When the king himself challenged Jamadagni for battle, Kapila instructed her master in martial arts. Jamadagni led the army created by Kapila and defeated the king and his army several times; each time sparing the life of the king. Finally, with the aid of a divine spear granted to him by the god Dattatreya , the king killed Jamadagni. The Ramayana presents

3185-435: The legend, which appears in the epic Mahabharata , narrates that the thousand-armed Haihaya king, Kartavirya Arjuna , destroyed Jamadagni's hermitage and captured the calf of Kamadhenu. To retrieve the calf, Jamadagni's son Parashurama slew the king, whose sons in turn killed Jamadagni. Parashurama then destroyed the kshatriya ("warrior") race 21 times and his father is resurrected by divine grace. Similar accounts of

3250-506: The lingam; Shiva punished Surabhi for her dishonesty by declaring hat her bovine offspring would consume unholy substances. This tale appears in the Skanda Purana . Some temples and houses have images of Kamadhenu, which are worshipped. However, she has never had a worship cult dedicated to her and does not have any temples where she is worshipped as the chief deity. A recent temple called Kamadhenu Devi Temple, KR Puram, Bangalore

3315-479: The linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/

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3380-510: The lowest realm of Patala , known as Rasatala , and has four daughters – the Dikpali s – the guardian cow goddesses of the heavenly quarters: Saurabhi in the east, Harhsika in the south, Subhadra in the west, and Dhenu in the north. Apart from Goloka and Patala, Kamadhenu is also described as residing in the hermitages of the sages Jamadagni and Vasishtha. The scholar Mani explains the contradicting stories of Kamadhenu's birth and presence in

3445-498: The milk of one's desires. In verse 10.28, when Krishna declares to the source of the universe, he proclaims that among cows, he is Kamaduh. In the Anushasana Parva of the Mahabharata , the god Shiva is described to have cast a curse on Surabhi. This curse is interpreted as a reference to the following legend: Once, when the gods Brahma and Vishnu disputed over each other's superiority, a massive, fiery pillar of light—

3510-469: The mother of cows and quadrupeds. In another instance, she is described as a daughter of Daksha, wife of Kashyapa and the mother of cows. The Harivamsa , an appendix of the Mahabharata , calls Surabhi the mother of amrita, Brahmins , cows, and the Rudras . The Devi Bhagavata Purana narrates that Krishna and his lover Radha were enjoying dalliance, when they thirsted for milk. So, Krishna created

3575-485: The northeastern half of Haa District. The Indian Army maintains a military base in the valley to maintain security against incursions from China. The Chinese military has built roads into the Torsa Strict Nature Reserve and Haa District over the past dozen years clearly visible on Google Earth/Maps and other viewing platforms. Dzongkha Dzongkha ( རྫོང་ཁ་ ; [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́] )

3640-405: The processions of many gods and sages by stating that while there could be more than one Kamadhenu, all of them are incarnations of the original Kamadhenu, the mother of cows. The Bhagavad Gita , a discourse by the god Krishna in the Mahabharata , twice refers to Kamadhenu as Kamaduh . In verse 3.10, Krishna makes a reference to Kamaduh while conveying that for doing one's duty, one would get

3705-613: The sacred cow , who is regarded as the source of all prosperity in Hinduism. Kamadhenu is regarded as a form of Devi (the Hindu Divine Mother) and is closely related to the fertile Mother Earth ( Prithvi ), who is often described as a cow in Sanskrit. The sacred cow denotes "purity and non-erotic fertility, ... sacrificing and motherly nature, [and] sustenance of human life". Frederick M. Smith describes Kamadhenu as

3770-477: The sage refused to part with Sabala, who was necessary for the performance of the sacred rituals and charity by the sage. Agitated, Vishvamitra seized Sabala by force, but she returned to her master, fighting the king's men. She hinted Vasishtha to order her to destroy the king's army and the sage followed her wish. Intensely, she produced Pahlava warriors, who were slain by Vishvamitra's army. So she produced warriors of Shaka - Yavana lineage. From her mouth emerged

3835-467: The text. However, in the Puranas , such as Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana , Surabhi is described as the daughter of Daksha and the wife of Kashyapa, as well as the mother of cows and buffaloes. The Matsya Purana notes two conflicting descriptions of Surabhi. In one chapter, it describes Surabhi as the consort of Brahma and their union produced the cow Yogishvari, She is then described as

3900-492: The upper house while neglecting the lower. The jealous owner of the lower house began an inter-house feud in which a man of the upper house was killed. Every year 11th lunar month a series of special mystical practices are performed in the upper house for a week. The famous Lam Pema Lingpa also documented the activities of another local deity known as Aup Chungdue . Chungdue was responsible for meteor storms , cyclones , wildfires , rocks splitting apart, earthquakes , and

3965-419: The valley floor, along terraced hillsides, and in some of the more accessible side valleys. Per the census, almost every household owns livestock of some type, most commonly yaks and cattle, but also chickens, pig, and horses. In the southern part of the district, cardamom and ginger constitute principal cash crops, while potato serves as the main cash crop in the north. Apples and vegetables are also cultivated on

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4030-522: Was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha

4095-428: Was found by a local farmer who was drawn to the spot by a mysterious fire seen on several successive nights and by the unexplained sounds of oboes and trumpets (musical instruments closely associated with Bhutanese and Tibetan monasteries ). During the 10th day of the 11th month of the Bhutanese calendar (see Tibetan calendar ), liturgical ceremonies worshipping Amitabha Buddha are held at Haa Gonpa temple. Near

4160-417: Was in the possession of either Jamadagni or Vashista (both ancient sages), and that kings who tried to steal her from the sage ultimately faced dire consequences for their actions. Kamadhenu plays the important role of providing milk and milk products to be used in her sage-master's oblations; she is also capable of producing fierce warriors to protect him. In addition to dwelling in the sage's hermitage, she

4225-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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