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109-664: Habemus papam or Papam habemus ('We have a pope') is the announcement traditionally given by the protodeacon of the College of Cardinals (the senior cardinal deacon in the College) or by the senior cardinal deacon participating in the papal conclave , in Latin , upon the election of a new pope of the Roman Catholic Church . The announcement is made from the central balcony ( loggia ) of St. Peter's Basilica in

218-409: A "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and

327-432: A cardinal (see " lay cardinals ", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The 1917 Code of Canon Law mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as bishops , even if they are only priests at

436-448: A cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel. To symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal

545-554: A church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of Rome . In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing

654-772: A great joy; we have a pope: The most eminent and most reverend lord, Lord [first name] Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [surname] who has taken the name [papal name]. In the Habemus papam announcement given by Jorge Cardinal Medina on April 19, 2005, upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI , the announcement was preceded by an identical greeting in several languages, respectively, Italian , Spanish , French , German and English : Fratelli e sorelle carissimi, Queridísimos hermanos y hermanas, Bien chers frères et sœurs, Liebe Brüder und Schwestern, Dear brothers and sisters. The text of

763-403: A new pope. There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that " cardinalis " is etymologically from the Latin word cardo (meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were

872-463: A papal dispensation. There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals. Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to the pope and tradition is his only guide. As of 25 November 2024, there are 232 serving cardinals , of whom 120 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect

981-435: A pronoun). However, numeral adjectives such as bīnī 'a pair, two each' decline like ordinary adjectives. A complete Latin noun declension consists of up to seven grammatical cases : nominative , vocative , accusative , genitive , dative , ablative and locative . However, the locative is limited to a few nouns: generally names of cities, small islands and a few other words. The case names are often abbreviated to

1090-481: A so-called " crown-cardinal ". In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII 's England, his chief minister was for some time Cardinal Wolsey . Cardinal Richelieu 's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin . Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete

1199-440: Is o . The locative endings for the second declension are -ī (singular) and -īs (plural); Corinthī "at Corinth", Mediolānī "at Milan", and Philippīs "at Philippi". Nouns ending in -ius and -ium have a genitive singular in -ī in earlier Latin, which was regularized to -iī in the later language. Masculine nouns in -ius have a vocative singular in -ī at all stages. These forms in -ī are stressed on

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1308-439: Is pāc-, the stem of flūmen, flūminis n. 'river' is flūmin- , and the stem of flōs, flōris m. 'flower' is flōr-. Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns often have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or ( amor, amōris , 'love'). Many feminine nouns end in -īx ( phoenīx, phoenīcis , 'phoenix'), and many neuter nouns end in -us with an r stem in

1417-527: Is vacant . During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In addition, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories (which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to

1526-527: Is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such. Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. In previous times, at

1635-412: Is a small class of masculine exceptions generally referring to occupations, e.g. poēta, poētae m. ('poet'), agricola, agricolae m. ('farmer'), auriga, aurigae m. ('auriga, charioteer'), pīrāta, pīrātae m. ('pirate') and nauta, nautae m. ('sailor'). The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a . The nominative singular form consists of

1744-629: Is assigned a titular church upon his creation, which is always a church in the city of Rome . Through the process of opting ( optazione ), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the suburbicarian sees located around the city of Rome. The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to

1853-479: Is declined in the genitive, the name is considered as a complement of the noun " nomen " while in the instance where the name is declined in the accusative, it is considered as an apposition of the direct object complement nomen in the accusative. Both forms are equally correct. According to certain Latin grammarians though, like Nicola Fiocchini, Piera Guidotti Bacci and the Maiorum Lingua Manual,

1962-501: Is found in nouns which have -im , and also, optionally, in some other nouns, e.g. in ignī or in igne 'in the fire'. There are two mixed-declension neuter nouns: cor, cordis ('heart') and os, ossis ('bone'). Also, the mixed declension is used in the plural-only adjective plūrēs, plūra ('most'). The rules for determining i -stems from non- i -stems and mixed i -stems are guidelines rather than rules: many words that might be expected to be i -stems according to

2071-432: Is identical to that of the regular second declension, except for the lack of suffix in the nominative and vocative singular. Some (but not all) nouns in -er drop the e in the genitive and other cases. For example, socer, socerī ('father-in-law') keeps its e . However, the noun magister, magistrī ('(school)master') drops its e in the genitive singular. For declension tables of second-declension nouns, see

2180-465: Is irregular. The vocative singular of deus is not attested in Classical Latin. In Ecclesiastical Latin the vocative of Deus ('God') is Deus . In poetry, -um may substitute -ōrum as the genitive plural ending. The Latin word vīrus (the ī indicates a long i ) means "1. slimy liquid, slime; 2. poison, venom", denoting the venom of a snake. This Latin word is probably related to

2289-455: Is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands

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2398-415: Is no contraction of -iī(s) in plural forms and in the locative. In the older language, nouns ending with -vus , -quus and -vum take o rather than u in the nominative and accusative singular. For example, servus, servī ('slave') could be servos , accusative servom . Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in -er or -ir in the nominative singular. The declension of these nouns

2507-435: Is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order; Latin : cardinales episcopi ) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also bishops or archbishops , few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of

2616-420: Is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest . He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand . The cardinal deacons ( Latin : cardinales diaconi ) are

2725-511: The Diocese of Rome , who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome,

2834-535: The Greek ῑ̓ός ( ios ) meaning "venom" or "rust" and the Sanskrit word विष viṣa meaning "toxic, poison". Since vīrus in antiquity denoted something uncountable, it was a mass noun . Mass nouns pluralize only under special circumstances, hence the non-existence of plural forms in the texts. In Neo-Latin , a plural form is necessary in order to express the modern concept of 'viruses', which leads to

2943-558: The Vatican , overlooking St. Peter's Square . After the announcement, the new pope is presented to the people where he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing. The format for the announcement when a cardinal is elected pope is: Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum [first name] Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem [surname] qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name]. In English, it can be translated as: I announce to you

3052-419: The consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero . This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta . In ecclesiastical heraldry , however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms . Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when

3161-689: The corresponding Wiktionary appendix . The vocative puere is found but only in Plautus . The genitive plural virum is found in poetry. The second declension contains two types of masculine Greek nouns and one form of neuter Greek noun. These nouns are irregular only in the singular, as are their first-declension counterparts. Greek nouns in the second declension are derived from the Omicron declension . Some Greek nouns may also be declined as normal Latin nouns. For example, theātron can appear as theātrum . The inflection of deus, deī ('god')

3270-474: The papal tiara , although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978. The current cardinal protodeacon is Dominique Mamberti . * Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest † Was protodeacon at time of death The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and

3379-450: The stem and the ending -a , and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae . The locative endings for the first declension are -ae (singular) and -īs (plural), similar to the genitive singular and ablative plural, as in mīlitiae 'in war' and Athēnīs 'at Athens'. The first declension also includes three types of Greek loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's alpha declension . They are declined irregularly in

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3488-409: The stem and the ending -us , although some end in -er , which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um . However, every second-declension noun has the ending -ī attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension

3597-544: The Bible by St. Jerome ), the words used are " Evangelizo vobis gaudium magnum ", while the word " annuntio " was used in previous translations. The adoption of this formula is dated from the election of Odo Colonna as Pope Martin V (1417), who was chosen as the new pope by the cardinals and representatives from different countries at the Council of Constance . In this context, prior to Martin V, there were three claimants to

3706-565: The Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing dicasteries of the Roman Curia , the central administration of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals in addition to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around

3815-816: The Greek terms, such as accusativus from the Greek αἰτῐᾱτῐκή . This traditional order was formerly used in England, such as in The School and University Eton Latin Grammar (1861). That order is still followed in most other European countries. Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar (1895) also follow this order. More recent Latin grammars published in the United States, such as Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar (1903) and Wheelock's Latin (first published in 1956) follow this order except they list

3924-518: The Holy Roman Church ' ) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church . Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals . The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave , almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the Holy See

4033-529: The June 2018 consistory, Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their titular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rank pro hac vice (temporarily) and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of

4142-460: The Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge. Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole. The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope. The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia ,

4251-459: The Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The current Dean is Giovanni Battista Re and the Vice-Dean is Leonardo Sandri . Cardinal priests ( Latin : cardinales presbyteri ) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above

4360-501: The Wiktionary appendix First declension . The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like equus, equī ('horse') and puer, puerī ('boy') and neuter nouns like castellum, castellī ('fort'). There are several small groups of feminine exceptions, including names of gemstones , plants, trees, and some towns and cities. In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of

4469-595: The Younger , ruler of the Franks , in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V . In 1059 (five years after the East-West Schism ),

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4578-414: The accusative is the more correct form. During the announcement of Pope Paul VI's election, protodeacon Alfredo Ottaviani used the conjunction et (which also means "and") instead of ac , the word usually used for "and" within the formula (he said Eminentissimum et reverendissimum instead of Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum ). During the announcement of Pope Benedict XVI's election, his regnal name

4687-577: The accusative singular masculine and feminine (however, adjectives have -em ). The accusative plural ending -īs is found in early Latin up to Virgil , but from the early empire onwards it was replaced by -ēs . The accusative singular ending -im is found only in a few words: always in tussis 'cough', sitis 'thirst', Tiberis 'River Tiber'; usually in secūris 'axe', turris 'tower', puppis 'poop', febris 'fever'; occasionally in nāvis 'ship'. Most nouns, however, have accusative singular -em . The ablative singular -ī

4796-419: The act of electing his successor. Two years after the first two contenders were deposed and the resignation of the third, the council elected the new pope. The announcement, therefore, could be interpreted as: "(Finally) we have a pope (and only one!)". The adoption of the Habemus papam formula took place prior to 1484, the year in which it was used to announce the election of Giovanni Battista Cybo , who took

4905-406: The administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches. The term cardinal is from

5014-444: The administration of the Church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain churchmen as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin

5123-611: The announcement is partly inspired by the Gospel of Luke (2:10–11), which records the words of the angel announcing to the shepherds the birth of the Messiah : "Fear not; for, behold, I bring thee good tidings of great joy, that shall be to all the people: For unto thee is born, this day, in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord." In the Vulgate (the Latin translation of

5232-659: The appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court , even the Roman Rota , is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by

5341-503: The blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office." The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the kings of France , reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal,

5450-527: The breast ). During the Western Schism , many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V , cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed creati et reservati in pectore . A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change,

5559-406: The cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. In modern times, the term "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of

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5668-641: The cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance , and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing

5777-532: The case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the Catholic News Service , say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church. This style is also generally followed on

5886-495: The case since 1378. The term Prince of the Church has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by Pope Francis , who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him." The term

5995-475: The cities'. In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns. The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words such as flūctus, flūctūs m. ('wave') and portus, portūs m. ('port') with a few feminine exceptions, including manus, manūs f. ('hand') and domus, domūs f. ('house'). The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns including genū, genūs n. ('knee'). Each noun has

6104-442: The college. Popes can set aside church laws and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with Pope John Paul II's consistories of February 2001 and October 2003. No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a conclave , but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate. Pope Paul VI also increased

6213-411: The day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing , some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with

6322-426: The deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior". The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in

6431-429: The decree of 769. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in

6540-441: The double consonant rule. Stems indicated by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, occasionally pure. The mixed declension is distinguished from the consonant type only by having -ium in the genitive plural (and occasionally -īs in the accusative plural). The pure declension is characterized by having -ī in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural neuter, and -im in

6649-744: The election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V , which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio. As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of

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6758-405: The fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which

6867-465: The first three letters, for example, "nom." for "nominative". The Roman grammarian Aelius Donatus (4th century AD), whose work was used as standard throughout the Middle Ages, placed the cases in this order: This order was based on the order used by earlier Greek grammarians, with the addition of the ablative, which does not exist in Greek. The names of the cases also were mostly translated from

6976-434: The following declension: The third declension is the largest group of nouns. The nominative singular of these nouns may end in -a , -e , -ī , -ō , -y , -c , -l , -n , -r , -s , -t , or -x . This group of nouns includes masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns. The stem of a consonant-stem noun may be found from the genitive case by removing the ending -is . For example, the stem of pāx, pācis f. 'peace'

7085-458: The genitive singular. Each declension can be unequivocally identified by the ending of the genitive singular (- ae , - i , - is , - ūs , - ei ). The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well. There are five declensions for Latin nouns: Nouns of this declension usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine, e.g. via, viae f. ('road') and aqua, aquae f. ('water'). There

7194-589: The last two cases having identical forms in several declensions). It is also used in France and Belgium . In Rosa (1962), a song in French by the Belgian singer Jacques Brel , Brel sings the declension of "Rosa" as rosa, rosa, rosam , following the modern British order of cases. Syncretism , where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin. The following are

7303-535: The list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France. In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry of Portugal , was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king (although John II Casimir Vasa was a cardinal from 1646 until he resigned in 1647, later being elected and crowned King of Poland, in 1648 and 1649, respectively). While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordat (usually earning either its primate or

7412-507: The local bishop. Latin declension Adjectives are of two kinds: those like bonus, bona, bonum 'good' use first-declension endings for the feminine, and second-declension for masculine and neuter. Other adjectives such as celer, celeris, celere belong to the third declension. There are no fourth- or fifth-declension adjectives. Pronouns are also of two kinds, the personal pronouns such as ego 'I' and tū 'you ( sg. )', which have their own irregular declension, and

7521-413: The lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday, chosen mainly for the honor of it (since those over 80 are not able to vote in a conclave). While bishops with diocesan responsibilities are created cardinal priests, it is generally not so for cardinal deacons. Cardinal deacons derive originally from

7630-500: The maximum size of the college at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. The cardinal who

7739-498: The metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a patriarch : the notable exception is the Patriarch of Lisbon who, by Pope Clement XII 's 1737 bull Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii , is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II gave cardinals

7848-487: The most notable patterns of syncretism: Old Latin had essentially two patterns of endings. One pattern was shared by the first and second declensions, which derived from the Proto-Indo-European thematic declension. The other pattern was used by the third, fourth and fifth declensions, and derived from the athematic PIE declension. There are two principal parts for Latin nouns: the nominative singular and

7957-441: The name of Innocent VIII. In announcing the name of the newly elected pontiff, the new pontiff's birth first name is announced in Latin in the accusative case (e.g. Carolum , Iosephum , Georgium Marium ), but the new pontiff's surname is announced in the undeclined form (e.g. Wojtyła , Ratzinger , Bergoglio ). During the last century, the new papal name has often been given in the genitive case in Latin, corresponding to

8066-497: The names were announced as noted on existing videos and recordings. The case and inclusion or exclusion of numeral for the papal names are noted. From the beginning, the Habemus papam did not follow a strict formula, but varied in considerable form for many years. The table shows selected announcements given since the 1484 papal conclave . Protodeacon of the College of Cardinals A cardinal ( Latin : Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis ; lit.   ' cardinal of

8175-545: The need to staff church offices. In November 1970 in Ingravescentem aetatem , Pope Paul VI established that electors would be under the age of eighty years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave. In October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo , he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of

8284-480: The number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals. In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave. Each cardinal

8393-576: The numeral primi (the first) was used ( Pericle Cardinal Felici announced the papal name as Ioannis Pauli primi ) but in Pope Francis' election, no numeral was uttered ( Jean-Louis Cardinal Tauran simply gave the papal name as Franciscum ). The numeral in the papal name if it exists can be omitted if the new regnal name is the same as the one used by the immediate predecessor, as was the case in October 1978, when Pope John Paul II 's regnal name

8502-503: The oblique cases ( onus, oneris 'burden'; tempus, temporis 'time'). The locative endings for the third declension are -ī or -e (singular) and -ibus (plural), as in rūrī 'in the country' and Trallibus 'at Tralles'. The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently. They are called i -stems . i -stems are broken into two subcategories: pure and mixed. Pure i -stems are indicated by special neuter endings. Mixed i -stems are indicated by

8611-495: The order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" ( optazione ) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant " title " (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to

8720-498: The other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave . Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in minor orders , could be created

8829-474: The papal throne: Antipope John XXIII (who had called for the council, and appointed most of the cardinal electors), Antipope Benedict XIII (the only one to have been named cardinal before the outbreak of the Western Schism ) and Pope Gregory XII . The first two were deposed by the Council itself, and Gregory XII abdicated after formally convoking the already convened council and authorizing its acts including

8938-648: The parisyllabic rule actually are not, such as canis ('dog') or iuvenis ('youth'), which have genitive plural canum 'of dogs' and iuvenum 'of young men'. Likewise, pater ('father'), māter ('mother'), frāter ('brother'), and parēns ('parent') violate the double-consonant rule. This fluidity even in Roman times resulted in much more uncertainty in Medieval Latin. Some nouns in -tāt- , such as cīvitās, cīvitātis 'city, community' can have either consonant-stem or i -stem genitive plural: cīvitātum or cīvitātium 'of

9047-401: The pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal in pectore is Pope John Paul II , who named four, including one whose identity

9156-411: The pope. While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia , every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though

9265-635: The primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular church retain that church. In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince, making them second only to the pope and crowned monarchs. In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card. ) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin , "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in

9374-448: The result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate ordinary . Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the College of Cardinals . When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim

9483-511: The right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees . In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome. The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to

9592-482: The right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in a papal conclave since the 1962 rule change. A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre , crozier , zucchetto , pectoral cross , and ring). He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform

9701-552: The right to elect the Bishop of Rome in the papal bull In nomine Domini . For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the Third Lateran Council restored the right to the whole body of cardinals. In 1586, Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing

9810-414: The sacrament of ordination or other rites reserved solely to bishops. At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics , they were inaccurately called " lay cardinals ". Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who

9919-405: The same syllable as the nominative singular, sometimes in violation of the usual Latin stress rule. For example, the genitive and vocative singular Vergilī (from Vergilius ) is pronounced Vergílī , with stress on the penult, even though it is short. In Old Latin, however, the vocative was declined regularly, using -ie instead, e.g. fīlie "[O] son", archaic vocative of fīlius . There

10028-472: The see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops. Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope. In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after

10137-415: The seven suburbicarian sees around Rome: Ostia , Albano , Porto and Santa Rufina , Palestrina , Sabina and Mentana , Frascati , and Velletri . Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with

10246-475: The seven deacons in the Papal Household who supervised the Church's works in the 14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages , when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services . They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by

10355-477: The simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex ). The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he announces a new pope's election and name from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City . The protodeacon also bestows the pallium on the new pope and crowns him with

10464-474: The singular, but sometimes treated as native Latin nouns, e.g. nominative athlēt a ('athlete') instead of the original athlēt ēs . Archaic ( Homeric ) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelēgerét a Zeus (' Zeus the cloud-gatherer') had in classical Greek become nephelēgerét ēs . For full paradigm tables and more detailed information, see

10573-433: The six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees. ( Latin Church patriarchs who become cardinals are cardinal priests , not cardinal bishops: for example Angelo Scola was made Patriarch of Venice in 2002 and cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry). At

10682-474: The third-person pronouns such as hic 'this' and ille 'that' which can generally be used either as pronouns or adjectivally. These latter decline in a similar way to the first and second noun declensions, but there are differences; for example the genitive singular ends in -īus or -ius instead of -ī or -ae . The cardinal numbers ūnus 'one', duo 'two', and trēs 'three' also have their own declensions ( ūnus has genitive -īus like

10791-533: The three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80. Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020, bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven. The Dean of the College of Cardinals , the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise

10900-519: The time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise

11009-407: The translation "who takes the name of ..." (e.g. Ioannis vigesimi tertii , Ioannis Pauli primi ), although it can also be declined in the accusative case, corresponding to the translation "who takes the name ...", as was the case in 1963 and in 2013, when Pope Paul VI 's and Pope Francis 's regnal names were announced as Paulum sextum and Franciscum , respectively. In the situation where the name

11118-581: The vocative last. However, in Britain and countries influenced by Britain other than the United States, the Latin cases are usually given in the following order: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative. This order was introduced in Benjamin Hall Kennedy 's Latin Primer (1866), with the aim of making tables of declensions easier to recite and memorise (the first three and

11227-416: The websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences . Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy. The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the Latin proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been

11336-502: The world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others are titular bishops who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia). A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally consecrated as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted

11445-486: Was announced simply as Ioannis Pauli without the numeral, since his immediate predecessor was Pope John Paul I . It also happened in 1939, when Pope Pius XII 's regnal name, following his election, was announced simply as Pium since his immediate predecessor was Pope Pius XI . In the announcement of Pope Pius XII's election, his regnal name was declined in the accusative, like the later announcements for Paul VI's and Francis's elections. The following are examples of how

11554-474: Was declined by Cardinal Medina in the genitive case (he said Benedicti decimi sexti ), but in the Holy See website, the page announcing his election with a copy of the Habemus Papam formula has Benedict's regnal name declined in the accusative case (i.e., Benedictum XVI ) If a papal name is used for the first time, the announcement may or may not use the numeral the first . In John Paul I's election,

11663-403: Was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside. There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside. Cardinals have in canon law

11772-418: Was never revealed. When in choir dress , a Latin Church cardinal wears scarlet garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white—the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto ). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for

11881-505: Was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in

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