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63-517: The idea to establish a cultural center was originally proposed in the Geddes Plan, the first master plan of Tel Aviv planned by Patrick Geddes in the late 1920s. Geddes envisioned a kind of a modern " Acropolis ". In the Geddes plan, this would be the cultural core of Tel Aviv, while Dizengoff Square nearby would be a commercial center of a different character. The cornerstone of Habima Theatre

126-414: A "single chord of social life [of] all three combined". Thus the interdisciplinary subject of sociology was developed into the science of "man’s interaction with a natural environment: the basic technique was the regional survey, and the improvement of town planning the chief practical application of sociology". Geddes' writing demonstrates the influence of these ideas on his theories of the city. He saw

189-546: A Professor of Botany at the University of Dundee. He married Anna Morton (1857–1917), who was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, in 1886 when he was 32 years old. They had three children: Norah, Alasdair and Arthur. During a visit to India in 1917, Anna fell ill with typhoid fever and died, not knowing that their son Alasdair had been killed in action in France. Their daughter was the landscape designer Norah Geddes , who

252-546: A big plaza. On 7 June 2010, the underground "Culture Parking Lot" was opened with an area of 40,000 m and 1,000 parking spaces. In September 2010, the Ya'akov Garden renovation was completed. A ramp that had led to the garden's upper-balcony was demolished and Chen Boulevard was connected to the square. The renovation of Habima was completed In January 2011, with the renovation of the entire compound in April. Habima Square buildings are

315-505: A large population that would "again as usual, be driven to create worse congestion in other quarters". Drawing on the scientific method, Geddes encouraged close observation as the way to discover and work with the relationships among place, work and folk. In 1892, to allow the general public an opportunity to observe these relationships, Geddes opened a "sociological laboratory" called the Outlook Tower that documented and visualized

378-639: A means for engaging with the populace of a city through a civic pageant . One such was the Masque of Learning , a pageant he organised in the Poole's Synod Hall, Edinburgh in 1912. He also organised a pageant in Indore , India when he arrived in 1917. Geddes' work in improving the slums of Edinburgh led to an invitation from Lord Pentland (then Governor of Madras ) to travel to India to advise on emerging urban planning issues, in particular, how to mediate "between

441-516: A part of the White City of Tel Aviv. The buildings are built in the international style, and many buildings around the square which are also designed in the international style are intended for preservation as a part of the heritage site. Patrick Geddes Sir Patrick Geddes FRSE (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, Comtean positivist , geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He

504-857: A plan for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at the request of the psychoanalyst, Dr. David Eder , who headed the World Zionist Organization 's London Branch. He also submitted a report on Jerusalem Actual and Possible to the Military Governor of Jerusalem in November 1919. In 1925 he submitted a report on town planning in Jaffa and Tel Aviv to the Municipality of Tel Aviv , then led by Meir Dizengoff . The municipality adopted his proposals and Tel Aviv

567-642: A selection of which has been collected together in Jacqueline Tyrwhitt’s Patrick Geddes in India (1947). Through these reports, Geddes was concerned to create a "working system in India", righting the wrongs of the past by making interventions in and plans for the urban fabric that were both considerate of local context and tradition and awake to the need for development. According to Lewis Mumford, writing in introduction to Tyrwhitt’s collected reports: "Few observers have shown more sympathy…with

630-690: A sociologist, it was his commitment to close social observation and ability to turn these into practical solutions for city design and improvement that earned him a "revered place amongst the founding fathers of the British town planning movement". He was a major influence on the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford . He was knighted in 1932, shortly before his death at the Scots College in Montpellier, France on 17 April 1932. Patrick Geddes

693-534: A temporary parking lot. A year after, Habima was declared the national theatre of Israel. Thus the importance of the compound as a national culture center was increased. In 1970, the theatre was renovated and a wall was built around the southern circular side of the entrance hall. In July 2011 the square became a major focal point of the 2011 housing protests in Israel , when Daphne Leef pitched her tent there, followed by hundreds more. The "Orange Carpet" event and

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756-407: Is a physical assertion of Geddes belief in the importance of all areas of knowledge; all arts, all sciences, all, religions, all cultures, etc. The Outlook Tower embodies the integration of local, the regional, and the global aspects of knowledge. Geddes used it as a tool for cultural and regional analysis and provided space for many thinkers to explore the idea of 'regions' which he later introduced to

819-460: Is from "stable, healthy homes" providing the necessary conditions for mental and moral development that come beautiful and healthy children who are able "to fully participate in life". Geddes drew on Le Play's circular theory of geographical locations presenting environmental limitations and opportunities that in turn determine the nature of work. His central argument was that physical geography, market economics and anthropology were related, yielding

882-421: Is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology . His works contain one of the earliest examples of the ' think globally, act locally ' concept in social science. Following the philosophies of Auguste Comte and Frederic LePlay , he introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term " conurbation ". Later, he elaborated "neotechnics" as

945-490: Is the only city whose core is entirely laid out according to a plan by Geddes. Geddes' ideas had worldwide circulation: his most famous admirer was the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford who claimed that "Geddes was a global thinker in practice, a whole generation or more before the Western democracies fought a global war". Geddes also influenced several British urban planners (notably Raymond Unwin and Frank Mears ),

1008-472: Is to find the right places for each sort of people; place where they will really flourish. To give people in fact the same care that we give when transplanting flowers, instead of harsh evictions and arbitrary instructions to 'move on', delivered in the manner of an officious policeman." Geddes worked with his son-in-law, the architect Frank Mears , on a number of projects in Palestine . In 1919, he designed

1071-742: The Edinburgh International Festival , Edinburgh College of Art mounted an exhibition entitled On the Side of Life: Patrick Geddes 1854 - 1932 , designed by John L. Paterson. In 2000, a Patrick Geddes Heritage Trail was created on Edinburgh's Royal Mile by the Patrick Geddes Memorial Trust. Think globally, act locally The phrase " Think globally, act locally " or " Think global, act local " has been used in various contexts, including planning, environment, education, mathematics, business and

1134-535: The 1980s and 1990s. Currently more and more corporations are finding it extremely important to analyze the environmental damage of their company. The pressure they receive from government officials and local communities regarding environmental issues is vital to their company's image. Globalization is an emerging concept throughout the business world. It was first developed by the Japanese; however, it has now emerged throughout Western society. Globalization refers to

1197-1042: The Department of Physiology in University College London where he met Charles Darwin in Burdon-Sanderson's laboratory. While in London, he became acquainted with Comtean Positivism , as promoted by Richard Congreve , and he converted to the Religion of Humanity . He was elected as a member of the London Positivist Society . Later he raised his children to worship 'Humanity' following the Positivist system of belief. He lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880 to 1888. From 1888 to 1918, Geddes worked as

1260-528: The Indian social scientist Radhakamal Mukerjee and the Catalan architect Cebrià de Montoliu (1873–1923) as well as many other 20th-century thinkers. Geddes was keenly interested in the science of ecology , an advocate of nature conservation and strongly opposed to environmental pollution. Because of this, some historians have claimed he was a forerunner of modern Green politics . In August 1982, during

1323-620: The Opening Ceremony of the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 took place at the square on 12 May 2019. A more comprehensive renovation by architect Dani Karavan was launched in 2007, encompassing both the Habima Theatre and the plaza. While most of the compound had previously served as a parking lot, the goal of the latest renovation was the construction of an underground lot, allowing the compound to serve as

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1386-492: The church. "Think globally, act locally" urges people to consider the health of the entire planet and to take action in their own communities and cities. Long before governments began enforcing environmental laws, individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them. These efforts are referred to as grassroots efforts; they occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers. "Think Globally, Act Locally" originally began at

1449-507: The city as a series of common interlocking patterns, "an inseparably interwoven structure", akin to a flower. He criticised the tendency of modern scientific thinking to specialisation. In his "Report to the H.H. the Maharaja of Kapurthala" in 1917 he wrote: "Each of the various specialists remains too closely concentrated upon his single specialism, too little awake to those of the others. Each sees clearly and seizes firmly upon one petal of

1512-573: The city of Edinburgh became a model for later surveys. He was particularly critical of that form of planning which relied overmuch on design and effect, neglecting to consider "the surrounding quarter and constructed without reference to local needs or potentialities". Geddes encouraged instead exploration and consideration of the "whole set of existing conditions", studying the "place as it stands, seeking out how it has grown to be what it is, and recognising alike its advantages, its difficulties and its defects": "This school strives to adapt itself to meet

1575-490: The complex interactions among biogeography, geomorphology and human systems and attempted to demonstrate how "natural occupations" such as hunting, mining, or fishing are supported by physical geographies that in turn determine patterns of human settlement. The point of this model was to make clear the complex and interrelated relationships between humans and their environment, and to encourage regional planning models that would be responsive to these conditions. Geddes developed

1638-435: The concept of "think globally, act locally" is fundamental to our future. The term is also used in business strategy, where multinational corporations are encouraged to build local roots. This is sometimes expressed by converging the words "global" and "local" into the single word " glocal ", a term used by several companies (coined by Akio Morita , founder of Sony Corporation) in their advertising and branding strategies in

1701-407: The concept of biological evolution could be applied to explain the evolution of society, and drew on Le Play's analysis of the key units of society as constituting "Lieu, Travail, Famille" ("Place, Work, Family"), but changing the last from "family" to "folk". In this theory, the family is viewed as the central "biological unit of human society" from which all else develops. According to Geddes, it

1764-590: The consideration of the environment. Geddes believed in working with the environment, versus working against it. Town planning is important to understanding of the idea "think globally, act locally". Urban management and development highly impacts the surrounding environment. The ways in which this is initiated is vital to the health of the environment. Corporations need to be aware of global communities when expanding their companies to new locations. Not only do corporations need to be aware of global differences, but also Urban and rural areas who plan on expanding or changing

1827-408: The dynamics of their community. As stated "Addressing the complex urban environmental problems, in order to improve urban livability through Urban Environmental Strategies (UES), involves taking stock of the existing urban environmental problems, their comparative analysis and prioritization, setting out objectives and targets, and identification of various measures to meet these objectives". The term

1890-495: The exhibit would demonstrate the benefits of British rule. Geddes lectured and worked with Indian surveyors and travelled to Bombay and Bengal where Pentland's political allies Lord Willingdon and Lord Carmichael were Governors. He held a position in Sociology and Civics at Bombay University from 1919 to 1925. Between 1915 and 1919 Geddes wrote a series of "exhaustive town planning reports" on at least eighteen Indian cities,

1953-499: The field of planning. The Outlook Tower is located in Edinburgh's Old Town and still exists today as Camera Obscura & World of Illusions. Geddes advocated the civic survey as indispensable to urban planning: his motto was "diagnosis before treatment". Such a survey should include, at a minimum, the geology, the geography, the climate, the economic life, and the social institutions of the city and region. His early work surveying

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2016-429: The former as self-destructive but the latter as self-supporting. In the context of cities, paleotechnic cities are those characterized by competition while neotechnic is characterized by interaction. Additionally, this is followed by the paleotechnic city’s desire for expansion as compared to the neotechnic city’s ability to form communities and conurbations. Geddes attributed the destruction of cities via World War I not to

2079-415: The grassroots level; however, it is now a global concept with high importance. It is not just volunteers who take the environment into consideration. Corporations, government officials, education system, and local communities also see the importance of taking necessary actions that can impact positively the environment. Warren Heaps states, "It's really important to recognize that markets are different around

2142-741: The houses were kept and restored. Geddes believed that this approach was both more economical and more humane. In this way Geddes consciously worked against the tradition of the " gridiron plan ", resurgent in colonial town design in the 19th century: "The heritage of the gridiron plans goes back at least to the Roman camps. The basis for the grid as an enduring and appealing urban form rests on five main characteristics: order and regulatory, orientation in space and to elements, simplicity and ease of navigation, speed of layout, and adaptability to circumstance". However, he wished this policy of "sweeping clearances" to be recognised for what he believed it was: "one of

2205-470: The idea (as applied to city planning) is clearly evident: "'Local character' is thus no mere accidental old-world quaintness, as its mimics think and say. It is attained only in course of adequate grasp and treatment of the whole environment, and in active sympathy with the essential and characteristic life of the place concerned." Geddes was also responsible for introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning. He made significant contributions to

2268-407: The importance of environmental issues, but also the education system. Government officials and school boards across the world are beginning to develop a new way of teaching. Globalization is now thought of as an important concept to understanding the world. Certain schools believe it is important to discuss global issues as young as 5 years old. It is students who are our future; therefore understanding

2331-485: The invasion of imperialist powers but the prevalence of paleotechnic forms of life in European society. Against a backdrop of extraordinary development of new technologies, industrialisation and urbanism, Geddes witnessed the substantial social consequences of crime, illness and poverty that developed as a result of modernisation. From Geddes' perspective, the purpose of his theory and understanding of relationships among

2394-588: The magazine. Geddes wrote with J. Arthur Thomson an early book on The Evolution of Sex (1889). He held the Chair of Botany at University College Dundee from 1888 to 1919, and the Chair of Sociology at the University of Bombay from 1919 to 1924. He inspired Victor Branford to form the Sociological Society in 1903 to promote his sociological views. While he thought of himself primarily as

2457-467: The most disastrous and pernicious blunders in the chequered history of sanitation". Geddes criticised this tradition as much for its "dreary conventionality" as for its failure to address in the long term the very problems it purport to solve. According to Geddes' analysis, this approach was not only "unsparing to the old homes and to the neighbourhood life of the area" but also, in "leaving fewer housing sites and these mostly narrower than before" expelling

2520-548: The need for public improvement and respect for existing social standards". For this, Geddes prepared an exhibition on "City and Town Planning". The materials for the first exhibit were sent to India on a ship that was sunk near Madras by the German ship Emden , however new materials were collected and an exhibit prepared for the Senate hall of Madras University by 1915. Once arriving in India, Geddes toured multiple Indian cities and

2583-516: The paternity of the expression. Other possible originators include French theologian Jacques Ellul . One of the originators of the "Think globally, act locallly" concept in social science was Patrick Geddes , the Scottish biologist, sociologist, and pioneer of urban planning as a social science discipline. Although the exact phrase does not appear in Geddes' 1915 book Cities in Evolution ,

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2646-543: The planner to consider the situation, inherent virtue and potential in a given site, rather than "an abstract ideal that could be imposed by authority or force from the outside". In 1909, Geddes assisted in the early planning of the southern aspect of the Zoological Gardens in Edinburgh . This work was formative in his development of a regional planning model called the "Valley Section".This model illustrated

2709-416: The plans for slum resettlement and redevelopment ongoing in many Indian cities (see, e.g. Dharavi redevelopment program): "Town Planning is not mere place-planning, nor even work planning. If it is to be successful it must be folk planning. This means that its task is not to coerce people into new places against their associations, wishes, and interest, as we find bad schemes trying to do. Instead its task

2772-481: The practicality of his ideas and approach. In 1886 Geddes and his wife, Anna Geddes , purchased a row of slum tenements in James Court, Edinburgh, making it into a single dwelling. In and around this area Geddes commenced upon a project of "conservative surgery": "weeding out the worst of the houses that surrounded them…widening the narrow closes into courtyards" and thus improving sunlight and airflow. The best of

2835-518: The practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations. While the Christian church has traditionally "thought globally and acted locally", some Christian leaders have reversed the slogan by suggesting that the church should "think locally and act globally" by encouraging the empowerment of local leaders e.g. on a multi-site campus, rather than trying to direct and equip them centrally. For many environmental activists ,

2898-498: The regional landscape. In keeping with scientific process and using new technologies, Geddes developed an Index Museum to categorise his physical observations and maintained Encyclopedia Graphicato, which used a camera obscura to provide an opportunity for the general public to observe their own landscape to witness the relationships among units of society. Geddes would host tours throughout the tower and boast its maps, photographs, and projection via ‘ camera obscura ’ in order to present

2961-512: The relationship between social processes and spatial form, and the intimate and causal connections between the social development of the individual and the cultural and physical environment. They included: ("What town planning means under the Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915") Geddes' exhortation to pay attention to the social and particular when attempting city renewal or resettlement remains relevant, particularly in light of

3024-542: The religious and social practices of the Hindus than Geddes did; yet no one could have written more scathingly of Mahatma Gandhi 's attempt to conserve the past by reverting to the spinning wheel , at a moment when the fundamental poverty of the masses in India called for the most resourceful application of the machine both to agricultural and industrial life." His principles for town planning in Bombay demonstrate his views on

3087-515: The six-lobed flower of life and tears it apart from the whole." These ideas can also be traced back to Geddes' abiding interest in Eastern philosophy which he believed more readily conceived of "life as a whole": "as a result, civic beauty in India has existed at all levels, from humble homes and simple shrines to palaces magnificent and temples sublime." Geddes distinguished two forms of human social life: ‘paleotechnic’ and ‘neotechnic.’ He viewed

3150-419: The sociological dimensions of cities, urban problems, and town planning. During his tours he would use the camera obscura on the top floor to demonstrate the outlook of an artist then take visitors to the balcony to show the outlook of technical professionals like geologists, geographers, etc. He used specific instruments and tools to better convey the outlook different people had of the region. The Outlook Tower

3213-708: The trees were integrated into the Ya'akov Garden. On 28 June 1948, seven weeks after the Israeli Declaration of Independence , Tel Aviv was the temporary national capital of Israel while Jerusalem was under siege. On this day, the IDF was declared the national army, in the presence of the mayor Israel Rokach and the foreign minister Moshe Sharett at a ceremony that took place in the square. The Helena Rubinstein Pavilion of Contemporary Art , planned by architects Dov Karmi , Ze'ev Rechter , and Ya'akov Rechter ,

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3276-500: The units of society was to find an equilibrium among people and the environment to improve such conditions. Geddes championed a mode of planning that sought to consider "primary human needs" in every intervention, engaging in "constructive and conservative surgery" rather than the "heroic, all of a piece schemes" popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He continued to use and advocate for this approach throughout his career. Very early on in his career Geddes demonstrated

3339-496: The urban fabric. Geddes was outspoken in his town-planning reports about the “insensitivity of British colonial administration towards the historic Indian architecture and urban environment” and denounced their methods of planning which included drastic and destructive changes to the urban fabric. According to some reports, this was near the time of the meeting of the Indian National Congress and Pentland hoped

3402-404: The wants and needs, the ideas and ideals of the place and persons concerned. It seeks to undo as little as possible, while planning to increase the well-being of the people at all levels, from the humblest to the highest." In this sense he can be viewed as prefiguring the work of seminal urban thinkers such as Jane Jacobs , and region-specific planning movements such as New Urbanism , encouraging

3465-586: The way of remaking a world apart from over-commercialization and money dominance. An energetic Francophile , Geddes was the founder in 1924 of the Collège des Écossais (Scots College), an international teaching establishment in Montpellier , France, and in the 1920s he bought the Château d'Assas to set up a centre for urban studies. The son of Janet Stevenson and soldier Alexander Geddes, Patrick Geddes

3528-528: The world, and company compensation programs should reflect a balance between global corporate philosophy and local practice and culture". The originator of the phrase is disputed. Some say it was coined by David Brower as a slogan for Friends of the Earth when he founded it in 1971, although others attribute it to René Dubos in 1977. Canadian "futurist" Frank Feather also chaired a conference called "Thinking Globally, Acting Locally" in 1979 and has claimed

3591-693: Was active in Geddes's Open Spaces projects; she married the architect and planner Frank Charles Mears . In 1890, he assisted John Wilson in laying out a teaching garden at Morgan Academy in Dundee . Between 1894 and 1914, he served as an active member of the ruling Council of the Cockburn Association , a campaigning conservation organisation founded in Edinburgh in 1875. In 1895, Geddes published an edition of The Evergreen magazine, with articles on nature, biology and poetics. Artists Robert Burns and John Duncan provided illustrations for

3654-652: Was born in Ballater and the Old Parish Register for baptisms in the parish of Glenmuick Tullich and Glengairn recorded his first name as 'Peter'. He was educated in Aberdeenshire , and at Perth Academy . He studied at the Royal College of Mines in London under Thomas Henry Huxley between 1874 and 1877, never finishing any degree and he then spent the year 1877-1878 as a demonstrator in

3717-542: Was established in 1952. At the same time, the Fredric R. Mann Auditorium was constructed but inaugurated in 1957, as the home of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra . When the auditorium was planned, an underground parking lot and an urban plaza were planned too, but due to budgetary considerations, only the northern area of the compound was developed as a plaza. Most of the compound area was used as

3780-537: Was increasingly applied to initiatives in international education and was advanced by Stuart Grauer in his 1989 University of San Diego publication, "Think Globally, Act Locally: A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community". In this publication it was attributed to Harlan Cleveland . It is not only corporations that are acknowledging

3843-466: Was influenced by social theorists such as Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), and French theorist Frederic Le Play (1806–1882) and expanded upon earlier theoretical developments that led to the concept of regional planning. He was a proponent of the Comte-LePlay view of the interconnectedness of city region as a potentially autonomous unit. He adopted Spencer's theory that

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3906-490: Was laid in 1935. The building was planned by architect Oscar Kaufman in the International style and finished in 1945. The square was inaugurated next to the theatre, additional buildings being added only two decades later. Between the 1930s and the 1950s, the area housed an educational farm and urban nursery, with a grove of Sycamore trees. Most of the trees were eventually uprooted (causing public outrage) but two of

3969-407: Was overwhelmed by Indian architecture and planning. Geddes was impressed by the historical piety valued in Indian planning displayed by the seamless merger of traditional temples within the urban fabric of Indian cities. Geddes believed that this was indicative of a city's genius loci which is often established by a visually dominant building in a city like a medieval cathedral or an antique temple in

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