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38-526: In 1961, the Havor Hoard was found at a hillfort in the small village of Havor in Hablingbo. Hablingbo is the name of the socken as well as the district. It is also the name of the small village surrounding the medieval Hablingbo Church , sometimes referred to as Hablingbo kyrkby . It is situated on the southwest coast of Gotland. The area is rural with farming as the main source of income. Part of

76-463: A forensic scientist , both retired. Their focus has been on a former employee at the museum – a now deceased archaeologist who was convicted of multiple antiquities thefts and sentenced to psychiatric care after having been diagnosed with kleptomania . About a year after the theft, a copy of the torc was made from the copy at the History Museum. As of 2016 , that second copy is displayed in

114-527: A rattle . No official archaeological report was written on the Havor hoard or the excavation of the site at the time of the find. The gold torc, known as the Havor Ring ( Havorringen ) was made in the 1st century. It, along with other neck rings of this kind, were previously believed to be of western Celtic or southeast European origin, but it is now concluded that the Havor Ring could have been made in

152-408: A dense plant canopy. This dense plant canopy can be used to propagate clonal varieties by sod, sprigs, or plugs. The aggressive and resilient nature of Bermuda grass makes it not only an excellent turfgrass but also a challenging and invasive weed in land cultivated for other purposes. Its one noted weakness is its relatively low tolerance of shade. Given the economic importance of Bermuda grass (as

190-437: A flat stone on the inside of the mound. As there was no archaeologist present that day, they put the stone back and shoveled some dirt over it and continued to dig elsewhere. The next day archaeologists took control of the site and police had to keep press, TV crews and spectators at bay. The excavation supervisor, then archaeology student Peter Manneke, was credited with the find. Manneke phoned his boss, professor Erik Nylén, who

228-560: A homogeneous surface. It has poor wear tolerance compared to Bermuda grass, making it less popular for applications such as athletic fields. Fine fescues ( F. rubra , F. ovina , F. trichophylla ) are less popular as sod than the tall fescues. As their names suggest, they exhibit much thinner leaf blades, and tolerate lower mowing heights than the tall fescues. They may be somewhat more resistant to common diseases. Otherwise, their characteristics are similar. Fine fescues are generally used in mixtures with other grasses. Bermuda grass

266-423: A large Roman bronze vessel with a handle, a situla , which held a large gold torc, four Roman wine cups resembling modern tastevins , a bronze strainer and two bronze bells. The hoard was from about 100 AD and all the objects were exceptionally well preserved. On the handle of the situla were stamps reading "TOR, CANNIMASUIT, (P CI)PI POLYB and IPI(?)". The two bells were tied together with leather straps into

304-710: A long history of employing sod roofing and a traditional house type is the Icelandic turf house . In the United States , following the passage of the Homestead Act by Congress in 1862, settlers in the Great Plains used sod bricks to build entire sod houses . This was effective because the prairie sod of the Great Plains was so dense and difficult to cut it earned the nickname " Nebraska marble". Blacksmith John Deere made his fortune when he became

342-619: A popular coarse, wide–bladed coarse lawn planted throughout many areas of the Southeastern United States This grass is found in Mexico , Australia , and in tropical parts of Africa . It is a warm-season grass that does not handle cold weather very well. The majority of this grass is planted in vegetative forms (such as plugs and sod), as seeds are not usually available due to production difficulties. Captiva St. Augustine: Covington: Santee: Wildflower turf

380-671: A sod product, agricultural forage, and, at times, as an invasive weed), it has been the subject of numerous studies. Celebration Bermuda grass: Discovery Bermuda grass: Bella Bluegrass: St. Augustine grass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum ) (also known as Charleston grass in South Carolina and Buffalo Turf in Australia) is warm-season, perennial grass that is a widely used. A native grass of tropical origin that extends from marshes ( salt and freshwater ), lagoon fringes , and sandy beach ridges . St. Augustine lawns are

418-659: Is a combination of Medieval expressions, where inge means "indweller", and Hagbardh a combination of hagh meaning "enclosure" and bardh for "high ridge" which refers to the ridge the Hablingbo Church is built on. This gives "they who hold thing on Hagbardh as the meaning of haghbardhlingar . In Hablingbo there are a couple of grave cairns from the Bronze Age as well as about a dozen smaller Iron Age grave fields plus one major at Havor. There are house foundations, stone walls, grooves and two hillsforts from

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456-495: Is a type of lawn alternative that is made up of a mixture of wildflower seeds. These seeds are sown together and grow to form a lawn of flowers, rather than the traditional monoculture of grass found in a traditional lawn. Wildflower turf can be a low-maintenance and sustainable alternative to traditional lawns, as well as providing a habitat for beneficial insects and other wildlife. They often require less watering and fertilization than traditional lawns. Wildflower turf can be used in

494-501: Is not common, as in moss-turf communities of sub Antarctica, some epifauna in the sea, coral reefs and, in New Zealand , as species-rich communities of plants under 5 cm (1.97 in) tall, on coastal headlands, dune hollows, rivers and lakes, where most of the natural cover was forest. A form of turf community is a herbfield . Turfgrasses suffer from a wide number of fungal diseases ; In 2023, Lane et al. , provided

532-701: Is quite commonly used for golf courses and sports fields across the southern portions of the United States . It tolerates a range of climates in the U.S., from hot and humid lagoons , inlets , and bays of the Gulf Coast , to the arid expanses of terrain like plains and deserts in the Southwest and parts of the Lower Midwest . Established bermuda grass is a network of shoots , rhizomes , stolons , and crown tissue together that usually form

570-403: Is surrounded by a round mound or wall 55 m (180 ft) in diameter, about 1 m (3.3 ft) high and 7–8 m (23–26 ft) wide. On top of the mound, there are traces of a wooden palisade and outside it are traces of a grave. Close by are also a couple of Iron Age house foundations and in one of these seven denarii minted in 112–192 AD were found. Archaeological excavations of

608-417: Is the most richly decorated and technically most complicated of the six torcs with a ring-body made from several twisted gold wires figure-8-shaped filigree ornamentation on the cones by the claps orbs. The gold wires of the ring section were twisted around a core-rod which was later removed. This made the torc very flexible when opening and closing the clasp mechanism hidden within the front orbs. The cones on

646-518: Is the only means of producing additional plants. To grow these varieties for sale, turf farms use a technique called sprigging , where recently harvested sod mats are cut into slender rows and replanted in the field. Tall fescue ( Festuca spp.) is a cool-weather group of grasses originating in Europe, commonly used as sod. It is moderately tolerant to both drought and cold, and as such is especially popular in inland temperate environments referred to in

684-432: Is typically harvested in small square or rectangular slabs, or large 4-foot-wide (1.2 m) rolls. The Mississippi State University has developed a hydroponic method of cultivating sod. For the very few sod farms that export turf internationally, this soilless sod may travel both lighter and better than traditional sod. Additionally, since the sod is not grown in soil, it does not need to be washed clean of soil down to

722-403: Is usually fully functional within 30 days of installation and its root system is comparable to that of a seeding lawn two to three years older. Sod also reduces erosion by stabilizing the soil. Many prized cultivars (such as Bella Bluegrass, a brand-named dwarf variant of Kentucky Bluegrass ) can only be reproduced vegetatively rather than sexually (via seed). For these, sod cultivation

760-517: The Nordic countries . As of 2016 , it is the earliest known well-dated major gold ornament in the Germanic north. The torc is 257 mm (10.1 in) in diameter and weighs close to 800 grams (1.8 lb), with a gold value of about SEK 40,000–50,000 in 2006. However, the value of the neck ring as a historic art object is estimated at tens of million SEK. A copy of it was made for a display at

798-673: The Swedish History Museum in Stockholm. Because of its size, the torc is considered a unique object. It is too large to be worn by a person and it is believed to have adorned a statue of a deity and was part of a treasure belonging to a temple. Five similar but smaller torcs have been found; one in Trollhättan , one in a bog on Jutland , two near Kyiv and one at Olbia by the Black Sea . The Havor Ring

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836-538: The Gotland Museum along with the bronze objects from the hoard. Sod Sod is the upper layer of turf that is harvested for transplanting. Turf consists of a variable thickness of a soil medium that supports a community of turfgrasses. In British and Australian English , sod is more commonly known as turf , and the word "sod" is limited mainly to agricultural senses. Sod is generally used for lawns , golf courses , and sports stadiums around

874-578: The Iron Age. Two Viking silver treasures have been found in addition to the Havor Ring – one of Sweden's most unique gold finds. The present socken dates back to Medieval times. The Petes farm built in the late 18th century, is still intact and since 1965, it is maintained by Gotland Museum as a museum farm. At the beginning of the 20th century, Hablingbo was a station on one of the now discontinued railway lines on Gotland. The station house

912-536: The Swedish TV show Efterlyst (" Wanted "). Several persons have been interviewed and investigated about the crime over the years but without results. The theft is now prescribed but even if the police have no ongoing investigation about it, tips from the public are still coming into the Visby police department. Since 2015, two private investigators have been looking for the torc; a former intelligence agent and

950-400: The antiquarian in charge of security found everything in order and the alarm was reset. At 12:45   pm the alarm went off again. This time the antiquarian noticed that a latch on the lock was recessed, meaning that the showcase was unlocked, but she did not notice that the torc was gone. She locked the case and reset the alarm again. The theft was discovered at noon the next day. According to

988-582: The area in 1961–80, revealed that the site had been continuously inhabited from the Bronze Age until the Middle Ages . The hoard was discovered on the first day of an archaeological excavation in April 1961, by a couple of workers who were removing turf from the mound around the hillfort. The excavation was a relief work project provided by Havdhem Municipality. Two men found a vessel containing several objects and "something that looked like gold" under

1026-421: The bare roots (or sprigs), so time to export is shortened. In many applications, such as erosion control and athletic fields, immediacy is a key factor. Seed may be blown about by the wind, eaten by birds, or fail because of drought . It takes some weeks to form a visually appealing lawn and further time before it is robust enough for use. Sod largely avoids these problems, and with proper care, newly laid sod

1064-520: The farmed land is on the now drained Mästermyr mire . In the west, towards the coast, there are forests. As of 2019, Hablingbo Church belongs to Havdhem parish in Sudrets pastorat , along with the churches in Havdhem , Näs , Grötlingbo , Eke , and Silte . The name of the socken is first mentioned in 1320 as Hagbardlingabo . The last part bo means "district". The first part haghbardhlingar

1102-496: The first to make a plow that could reliably cut the prairie sod. Different types of grass are used for sod installation. Sod is grown on specialist farms. For 2009, the United States Department of Agriculture reported 1,412 farms had 368,188 acres (149,000.4 ha) of sod in production. It is usually grown locally (within 100 miles of the target market) to minimize both the cost of transport and also

1140-487: The front of the ring are decorated with bullheads and half-moons made of gold sheet, surrounded by small gold grains and twisted gold wires in a filigree pattern. On 18   June 1986, the Havor Ring was stolen during visiting hours from the Gotland Museum. The circumstances of the theft have been described as "mysterious". On that day, the alarm in the Treasury was activated twice. After the first time, at 12   pm,

1178-400: The police, the lock had been picked or opened with a key. The police immediately sent out a nationwide alert about the missing torc and contacted Interpol . A SEK 25,000 reward was offered for information leading to the recovery of the neck ring. A young man who had been seen in the Treasury was suspected of the theft, but he was never found. In the late 1990s, the crime was investigated on

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1216-455: The restoration of natural habitats, such as meadows, prairies, and wetlands. It is used on green roofs to provide a low-maintenance alternative to traditional green roof systems. Wildflower turf can help to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change and to purify the air by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen. Low growing vegetation is referred to as "turf communities" in areas where such growth

1254-481: The risk of damage to the product. The farms that produce this grass may have many varieties of grass grown in one location to best suit the consumer's use and preference of appearance. It is usually harvested 10 to 18 months after planting, depending on the growing climate. On the farm, it undergoes fertilization, frequent mowing, watering, and subsequent vacuuming to remove the clippings. It is harvested using specialized equipment, precision cut to standardized sizes. Sod

1292-747: The turf and landscaping industries as the " transition zone ", where summers are too hot for most cool-weather grasses, yet winters are too cold for most warm-weather grasses. Fescue is well-adapted to clay soils, moderately shade-tolerant, and somewhat resistant to disease, yet vulnerable to the diseases brown patch and Fusarium patch . It grows most actively (and thus provides the most desirable appearance) in spring and fall, and requires frequent watering during summer. Due to its bunch-type growth habit (unique among common sod grasses), it will not spread undesirably or invade adjacent areas once sodded, yet neither will it fill in voids, and periodic maintenance (such as overseeding with Fescue seed) may be required to sustain

1330-482: The world. In residential construction, it is sold to landscapers , home builders or home owners who use it to establish a lawn quickly and avoid soil erosion . Sod can be used to repair a small area of lawn, golf course, or athletic field that has died and is used as a quicker alternative to re-growing a lawn from seed. Sod is also effective in increasing cooling, improving air and water quality, and assisting in flood prevention by draining water. Scandinavia has

1368-522: Was built in 1920. Havor Hoard The Havor hoard ( Swedish : Havorskatten ) is an Iron Age treasure found in 1961, in Hablingbo on the Swedish island of Gotland . It consists of a large gold torc , known as the Havor Ring, along with several well-preserved bronze objects and was buried inside a Roman bronze situla in the mound surrounding a hillfort . In 1986, the Havor Ring

1406-450: Was in Stockholm at the time and he immediately flew to Gotland. To guard the find Manneke and Nylén spent the night in sleeping bags by the hoard. The hoard was brought to Gotland Museum where it went on public display in the Treasury ( Skattkammaren ) for the next 25 year. At first it was displayed in a custom built iron case with armored glass and in the mid 1980s it was moved to an ordinary glass alarmed showcase. The find consisted of

1444-561: Was stolen from the Gotland Museum . As of 2024, it has not been recovered. The hillfort in the small village of Havor in Hablingbo is located in a meadow about 700 m (2,300 ft) northeast of the main building at Stora Havor farm. The fort was built more than 2000 years ago during the Pre-Roman Iron Age . At that time it was situated on the south banks of the lake that later became Mästermyr mire. The hillfort

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