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138-675: The Kingdom of Croatia had large territorial losses in wars with the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Until the 18th century, the kingdom included only a small north-western part of present-day Croatia around Zagreb, and a small strip of coastland around Rijeka , that were not part of the Ottoman Empire or part of the Croatian Military Frontier . Between 1744 and 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia included

276-693: A continuation with Croatian Frontier whose center was from 1579, newly built town of Karlovac . Carinthian , Carniolan and Styrian nobility agreed to partially finance the Military Frontier in order to hold off the Ottomans in Croatia/Slavonia and therefore prevent them from invading their own lands. Financially exhausted Croatian nobility sometimes gave their forts to Styrian/Carniolan counterparts as they had no money to maintain and defend them. The area between Bović and Brkiševina

414-501: A rather favourable peace treaty in 1606. According to Croatian historian and turkologist Nenad Moačanin, the failure of Hasan Pasha's offensive and his death near Sisak ushered in the period of the 17th century which was characterized by relative stability of Croatian-Ottoman border. Due to internal problems it faced (mutinies, inflation, crisis of timar system), the Ottoman Empire lost the offensive potential it used to have, so instead of making further offensive attempts against Croatia,

552-505: A single crown land in 1853. The counties were restructured in 1850 and again in 1854. In 1850 the counties were formally referred to in German as Gespanschaften and were divided into political districts akin to those of modern Austria , much like most of the rest of the Empire. In 1854 they were referred to as Comitate and a different system of Bezirke subordinate to the counties

690-651: A single land, but with separate administration and representation. The whole area of Military Frontier was under military administration. All population, regardless of age and sex, belonged to the army and was subject to austrian military legislation. The Main Command had its headquarters in Zagreb , but remained directly subordinate to the Ministry of War in Vienna. The Croatian Parliament made numerous pleas to demilitarize

828-546: A subordinate autonomous kingdom, the Kingdom of Slavonia . The territory of the Slavonian kingdom was recovered from the Ottoman Empire, and was subsequently part of the Military Frontier for a short period. In 1744, these territories were organized as the Kingdom of Slavonia and included within the Kingdom of Croatia as an autonomous part. In 1868, they were merged into the newly formed Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . Following

966-451: A turning point and convinced both Habsburg king and Croatian-Slavonian nobility to turn to creation of defensive buffer zone which would rely on system of fortifications in the borderlands. The old medieval fortifications in the area had to be reinforced and reconstructed in accordance with contemporary renaissance standards. Likewise, the joint armies confronting the Ottomans had to be united under joint command in order to avoid discord among

1104-405: Is about to launch an attack on one of Croatian bordertown forts. Croatian Sabor in response proclaimed general insurrection throughout entire country. In August 1591, Hasan Pasha's army crossed Sava river and marched off towards fort of Sisak . Various sources describe his army between 35 000–16 000 strong. He besieged the fort leading to First battle of Sisak . The Ottomans couldn't capture

1242-690: The Antemurale Christianitatis ("Bulwark of Christianity") in 1519, since Croatians made significant contributions to the struggle of Christian Europe against the Muslim Turks . In 1522, Croatian nobleman Bernardin Frankopan held his famous series of Latin speeches called "Oratio pro Croatia" (A speech for Croatia) on German Imperial Diet of Nuremberg . In his speeches, Frankopan asked Germans for help against "the common enemy of our holy faith" and asked for more help from

1380-683: The banovina of Jajce and Srebrenik , and in 1469 the military captaincy of Senj , modeled after the Ottoman captaincies in the Province of Bosnia . All these actions aimed to improve defence, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. But, they did lead to development of the Pandur infantry and the Hussar cavalry. Vlachs known as " Martolos " and " Voynuks " were the most dangerous military element under Ottomans, while Vlachs and Serbs which fled from

1518-569: The Austro-Turkish War of 1787 . In 1787 the civil administration became separate from the military, but this was reversed in 1800. By the end of the 18th century, it had already become apparent for some time that the Ottomans were on the decline and were not likely to attempt any further invasions north of the Sava River. The Military Frontier thus began to outlive its usefulness. In 1848, Josip Jelačić , Ban of Croatia , became

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1656-571: The Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt . Matija Gubec and other leaders of the mutiny raised peasants to arms in over sixty fiefs throughout the country in January 1573, but their uprising was crushed by early February. Matija Gubec and thousands of others were publicly executed shortly thereafter, in a rather brutal manner in order to set an example for others. After the Bihać fort finally fell to

1794-608: The Duchy of Carniola and the Duchy of Carinthia were under the commander of the Croatian Military Frontier Andreas von Auersperg , known as the "Carniolan Achilles". On 22 June, the Austro-Croatian relief army launched a surprise attack on the besieging forces, and at the same time the garrison came out of the fortress to join the attack; the ensuing battle resulted in a crushing defeat for

1932-990: The February Patent of 1861), the Royal Croatian-Slavonian Court Chancellery (Croatian: Kraljevska hrvatsko-slavonska dvorska kancelarija ) in Vienna - from 1861 to 1862 "courtly (aulic) department for Croatia and Slavonia" (ministry) - and the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Royal Council of Lieutenancy (also known as the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Vice-regency Council, it was headed by the ban; Croatian: Kraljevsko namjesničko vijeće ) in Zagreb were founded. These remained Croatian-Slavonian government until 1868. Ban Jelačić had succeeded in

2070-461: The Frankopan and Kurjaković families were particularly affected by these Ottoman raids. The Frankopans were also struck by Corvinus's centralization measures, and were deprived of Senj and several other possessions. In the wake of the conquest of Bosnia, the Ottomans also expanded on most of the lands of Stjepan Vukčić Kosača by 1465. The town of Mostar was captured in 1466. In this area,

2208-456: The Kingdom of Slavonia . The Kingdom also used the name " Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia " during certain periods (though this was not recognized by the Empire). The Kingdom still controlled the Kingdom of Slavonia , but did not control the Kingdom of Dalmatia . In 1852 the imperial Austrian government, which never recognized the tricolor as official, banned its use, along with

2346-695: The Kupa , but it lasted for less than a decade before being reintegrated; however, the coastal area was instead attached to the Corpus separatum of Fiume (Rijeka) as the Hungarian or Croatian Littoral . The Littoral and most of Zagreb County, although not Zagreb itself or anything north of the Sava, was annexed to the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces in the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn . After

2484-548: The Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606 as the end of the war. By the end of war, Croatia was reduced to "Remnants of the Remnants" and its territory consisted of only 16,800 km . In light of the human and territorial loss, the 15th and 16th centuries were known as the "Two centuries of Croatia in mourning" (Latin: Plorantis Croatiae saecula duo carmine descripta ) in the lyric-epic poem of Pavao Ritter Vitezović from 1703. By

2622-731: The Slavonian Military Frontier came under the jurisdiction of the Croatian Sabor and ban . In 1627, they were placed under the direct control of the Habsburg military. For more than two centuries, they would retain complete civilian and military authority over the area, up to the abolition of the Military Frontier in 1881. During the 17th century, the territory was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia proper in

2760-660: The Vrbas and Usora rivers, including the fortress of Jajce in December, after a three month siege . Croatian Ban Stephen III Frankopan took part in Corvinus's campaign. Sultan Mehmed did not immediately respond to the offensive. He established the Sanjak of Bosnia on the territory of the former Bosnian Kingdom, which became the starting point of Ottoman raids into Croatia. Corvinus appointed Slavonian nobleman Emeric Zápolya as

2898-773: The War Council in Graz . Despite the financial support of the Inner Austrian nobility, the financing of the Military Frontier was not efficient enough. The military leadership in Graz decided to try solutions other than mercenary units. In the 1630s the Imperial Court decided to give land and certain privileges to immigrants into the Frontier (the uskok guerrillas as well as refugees from Ottoman-controlled lands) at

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3036-553: The Windsor court of English king Henry VII Tudor , after being informed by the pope Alexander VI in one letter. In his response, Henry VII referred to the news as "very distressing". The news of Krbava defeat also spread throughout German speaking lands and in 1493 the pamphlet about the battle was printed in Vienna . The Ottoman attacks on Croatia were also discussed on German imperial diet (Reichstag). Pope Leo X called Croatia

3174-989: The battle of Mohács , which led to the collapse of Kingdom of Hungary. Louis, who had no heir, died in battle. In ensuing interregnum Croatia and Hungary became disputed territories between Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg , and John Zápolya , Voivode of Transylvania . Most of the Croatian nobles backed Ferdinand. On 1 January 1527, the Croatian Parliament assembled in Cetingrad and unanimously elected Ferdinand as King of Croatia. Although on election of Cetin, Ferdinand Habsburg pledged to provide both financial and military aid to Croatian nobility who elected him, in reality he soon turned out to be unable to fully keep his promises. Croatian nobility continuously asked him to invest in both reconstruction of fortifications on

3312-560: The revolutions of 1848 . In the period following the revolutions of 1848 substantial changes took place in the region. The Slavonian Syrmia County de facto became part of the self-declared Serbian Vojvodina in 1848; the eastern half of Syrmia officially became part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar crown land in 1849. Međimurje , Fiume and the Littoral became part of Croatia. Croatia and Slavonia were formally

3450-450: The 1518 battle of Jajce , but was ultimately killed in an Ottoman ambush at the battle of Plješevica in 1520. After Berislavić's death, king Louis II failed to appoint new ban for Croatia, while Venetian diplomats on Budim court even heard him saying that "Croatia means nothing to him". Croatian nobility informed of this started negotiating with the Ottomans about becoming their vassal and paying tribute. Finally, as Belgrade fell to

3588-565: The 1830s with the Illyrian movement. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia was Latin until 1847 when it became Croatian. By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By

3726-455: The 19th century. There are several different variations about the exact length of the war. According to one group of historians, the war began with the Battle of Krbava Field in 1493, and ended with the Battle of Sisak in 1593. According to the other group of historians, the war lasted from the second half of the 15th century and into the entire 16th century. A third group of historians mark

3864-497: The Austrian Empire was conducted in 1857 and recorded the religion of the population. The population of the Military Frontier numbered 1,062,072 inhabitants, while the religious structure of the Military Frontier was: Population data by divisions: Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier (Total 675,817) Banat Military Frontier (Total 386,255) Many Serbs emigrated to the north toward the southern regions of Hungary during

4002-993: The Austrians from the Ottoman Empire was formed in 1745 as the Kingdom of Slavonia , subordinate to the Croatian Kingdom. In 1804 the Habsburg monarchy became the Austrian Empire which annexed the Venetian Republic in 1814 and established the Kingdom of Dalmatia . After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (by which the Austrian Empire became the Austro-Hungarian Empire ) and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement ( Nagodba ) of 1868,

4140-542: The Austrians in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd . Despite this contribution, Croatia was later subject to Baron Alexander von Bach's absolutism as well as Hungarian hegemony under Ban Levin Rauch when the Austrian Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. From 1848 to 1850 Croatia

4278-637: The Bosnian Ottoman army, with Hasan Pasha being killed in action and almost all of his army being wiped out. The battle of Sisak is considered the main catalyst for the start of the Long War which raged between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans from 1593 to 1606. Even though the Ottoman defeat near Sisak in June triggered the start of Long Turkish War , by the end of it, the Habsburgs managed to achieve

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4416-733: The Croatian General Command headquartered in Zagreb . The Serbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees who had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire. The Corps would fight for the liberation of Serbia and for unification under Habsburg rule. Several freikorps operated along the Habsburg-Ottoman frontier. The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and in early 1788. Serbia

4554-479: The Croatian armed force. These armies lacked the mobility as members of the noble families were tied to their often scattered holdings, which were vulnerable to akinji attacks. The Croatian nobles raised their troops at the request of their counts or the head of the county ( župan ). Such a mobilization system was slow and unable to react in time to prevent an incursion from the fast Ottoman light cavalry. Although incursions of Ottoman akinjis were usually successful,

4692-576: The Croatian nobility, Ferdinand Habsburg named one of his seasoned commanders Johann Katzianer as supreme royal captain "of our Slavonian kingdom" on joint Croatian-Slavonian parliament held in Križevci in spring of 1537. This Croatian-Slavonian parliament proclaimed the general insurrection . Bishop of Zagreb Simon Erdody was charge for the logistics of the upcoming campaign. The same parliament, however, refused to confirm Katzianer as supreme commander, which left this important matter unresolved before launch of

4830-642: The Frontier after the Turkish wars subsided. The demilitarization began in 1869 and on 8 August 1873, under Franz Joseph , the Banat Frontier was abolished and incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary , while part of the Croatian Frontier (Križevci and Đurđevac regiments) was already incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia on 1 August 1871. The decree in which the rest of the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers were incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia

4968-541: The Habsburg military. It would have complete civilian and military authority over it until abolition of the Military Frontiers. In November 1630, Emperor Ferdinand II proclaimed the so-called Statuta Valachorum ("Vlach Statute"), which regulated the status of so-called Vlach settlers (which included Croats , Serbs and Vlachs ) from the Ottoman Empire with regard to military command, their obligations, and rights to internal self-administration. Over time,

5106-570: The Hungarian Crown. According to the data he collected and processed, 526,550 people lived in the Kingdom of Croatia, out of which 519,426 (98.64%) were Croats , 3,000 (0.56%) Germans , 2,900 (0.55%) Serbs and 1,037 (0.19%) Jews . Population data by counties: Primorje County Varaždin County Zagreb County Križevci County The first modern population census was conducted in 1857 and it recorded religion of

5244-541: The Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Slavonia were joined to create the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Hungarian part of the empire, while the Kingdom of Dalmatia remained a crown land in the Austrian part of the empire. The change of leadership was far from a solution to the war with the Ottomans, in fact, the Ottoman Empire gradually expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia , western Bosnia and Lika . Croatian territory under Habsburg rule

5382-670: The Kingdom of Croatia received autonomy in administrative, educational, religious and judicial affairs. However, the governor (ban) was still appointed by Hungary, 55% percent of all tax money went to Budapest , and Hungary had authority over the biggest sea port of Rijeka (something that was reportedly not part of the Settlement actually agreed upon). The Kingdom of Croatia was divided into counties (Croatian: županije ; German : Comitate (modern spelling Komitate ) or Gespanschaften ; Hungarian : vármegyék ; Latin (also in other languages): comitatus ). For most of

5520-463: The Magnificent started his sixth raid of Hungary in 1565 with 100,000 troops. They successfully progressed northwards until 1566 when they took a small detour to capture the outpost of Siget ( Szigetvár ) which they failed to capture ten years previously. The small fort was defended by Count Nikola IV Zrinski and 2,300–3,000 men. They were able to hold their ground for a month, and decimated

5658-667: The Military Frontier also included the Habsburg-controlled northern parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the mid-18th century the Frontier was once again reorganized and modelled after the Imperial army and its regular regiments. In 1737 the Vlach Statute was formally abolished. All previous captaincies and voivodships were discarded, and the area was instead subdivided into general-commands, regiments and companies: After 1767, every twelfth inhabitant of

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5796-598: The Military Frontier was a soldier – in contrast to every 62nd inhabitant in the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. The Frontier soldiers became a professional military, ready to move to all European battlefields. Due to further immigration of refugees from the Ottoman domain, and to the expansion of the territory to places previously controlled by the Ottomans, the population of the Frontier became even more mixed. There were still many autochthonous Serbs and Croats in Slavonia and in parts of present-day Vojvodina (in Syrmia, Bačka and Banat). However, at this time they became outnumbered by

5934-449: The Napoleonic wars in 1815 this territory was returned to Austria but initially formed part of the Kingdom of Illyria (as the Karlstädter Kreis and part of the Fiumaner Kreis ); it was returned to Zagreb County and the Littoral in 1822. As of 1842 the Littoral included (in addition to Fiume) the settlements of Bakar (Buccari), Kraljevica (Porto-Rè) and Novi Vinodolski (Novi). The counties remained more-or-less unchanged until

6072-420: The Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina was established in 1470. The military of the Croatian Kingdom was based on a banderial system , involving soldiers on the ban's payroll and those of the magnates and the nobles. Due to the maintenance costs and the mountainous terrain of Croatia, the infantry significantly outnumbered the cavalry. Units of the middle and lower nobility presented the most numerous component of

6210-445: The Ottoman Empire started bolstering its defences along the borderline with Croatian lands thus taking a more defensive posture. Although the Croatian Kingdom suffered major defeats in battles, it remained in existence, keeping its identity, religion, and culture under the Habsburg monarchy . Croatian struggle against the Ottomans did not remain unnoticed in the political circles of European states. Copious amounts of information from

6348-406: The Ottoman Empire to engage more troops in their Balkan campaigns. Bosnia was conquered by Sultan Mehmed II in May 1463, after the capture of Bobovac and the execution of Stephen Tomašević , the last Bosnian king. Ottoman forces then raided the neighbouring Croatia and Venetian Dalmatia . The valleys of the Sana and Una rivers were successfully defended by Croatian Ban Pavao Špirančić during

6486-473: The Ottoman Empire were called in sources as "Vlachs schismatics" and Vlachs or Uskoks , other names which are mentioned are "Valachi seu Rasciani" "Valachi seu Serviani", "Valachi seu Graeci", Vlachs or Morlachs , "Illirica gens graeci ritus" and "homines Ritus Ruthenici seu Graeci". During the 17th and first half of the 18th century Catholic natives and Catholics immigrated from Bosnia and Kingdom of Croatia also converted to Orthodoxy. Most documents state that

6624-410: The Ottoman Vlachs and the Habsburg Vlachs. After the Croatian Parliament elected the Austrian Habsburgs as kings of Croatia in 1526, Ferdinand I promised the Croatian Parliament that he would give them 200 cavalrymen and 200 infantrymen, and that he would pay for another 800 cavalrymen who would be commanded by the Croatians. Soon the Habsburg monarchy founded another captaincy in Bihać . In

6762-460: The Ottoman army before being wiped out themselves. This siege, now known as the Battle of Szigetvár , bought enough time to allow Austrian troops to regroup before the Ottomans could reach Vienna . By orders of the king in 1553 and 1578, large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire were carved out into the Military Frontier ( Vojna krajina or Vojna granica ) and ruled directly from Vienna's military headquarters. Due to

6900-404: The Ottoman army in an open battle, although Croatian nobles unsuccessfully insisted that making an ambush in the mountains would be a better option. On 9 September, the Croatian army clashed with the Ottoman forces near Udbina in Lika and suffered a huge defeat in the battle of Krbava Field . Ottoman strategy and tactics employed in this battle proved superior to that of the Croatian side. While

7038-434: The Ottoman cavalry had overrun Lika and Krbava, making them a staging ground for further attacks on Croatia and Carniola two years later. Jajce fell in 1528, Požega in 1536, Klis fell in 1537, Nadin and Vrana in 1538, moving the Croatian-Ottoman border to the line, roughly, Požega- Bihać - Velebit - Zrmanja - Cetina . In 1537, after prevailing over Zapolya in Civil War and as a result of continuous pressure from

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7176-401: The Ottoman conquests, so in period of 1539–40, there were no major territorial losses in Slavonia. By the end of 1540, the Ottoman Empire occupied the Croatian possessions between Skradin and Karin , eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory in Dalmatia . By 1573, the remainder of the Dalmatian hinterland, now largely controlled by the Venetian cities,

7314-421: The Ottoman incursions.There were also high observation posts manned with guards, between the aforementioned smaller forts. In case of the enemy attack, the guard on the observation post would alert friendly troops about the approaching enemies by either firing from a gun or by igniting fire. Such organized service enabled swift mobilization in case of the Ottoman incursion. In January 1539, King Ferdinand deployed

7452-409: The Ottoman military system, they were mostly Christians and some were Muslims. The new military expenditures became a considerable concern, and the Congress of Inner Austrian lands in Bruck an der Mur in 1578 defined the obligations of each land in covering the military expenses and defined the priorities in improving the defensive strategy. It was determined that the Duchy of Styria will finance

7590-415: The Ottoman raiding party in Battle of Una near Novi Grad . A seven-year peace treaty between Bayezid and Corvinus was signed later in the year. By that time, the constant warfare left many villages deserted, and almost completely stopped the major trade route between Senj and Zagreb and inward towards Hungary. Corvinus died in 1490 and was succeeded by Vladislaus II . As the peace treaty came to an end,

7728-431: The Ottomans in 1521, king Louis appointed Ivan Karlović ban of Croatia. Karlović previously served as Venetian Condottiero since by defending his possessions in Croatia, he also defended Venetian lands from the Ottoman incursions. He therefore financed defense of Croatia with Venetian money. Since he had no use of Hungarian king, Karlović also established contacts with Ferdinand Habsburg who provided some troops for

7866-478: The Ottomans especially during the 16th century. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was stopped in the Battle of Sisak 1593. Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire held control over parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century, when most of the territories were regained in the Great Turkish War , except for lands known as Turkish Croatia (roughly corresponding to modern day western Bosnia and Herzegovina ) which remained in Ottoman hands until

8004-401: The Ottomans in the 15th century had a similar military tradition which Habsburgs begin to use on their side of the border. They were joined by some Vlachs from Bosnia and thus under the Habsburgs a special system of land ownership and military organization was created ie Military Frontier. This military border was an area of some major war campaigns, but mostly consisted of eternal clashes between

8142-551: The Ottomans successfully captured the fort of Ripač. In 1592, Ottomans resumed their offensives against Croatia and managed to besiege and capture town of Bihać in June 1592. One month later, further warfare led to Battle of Brest which also ended in decisive Ottoman victory. The Christian defeat near Brest, however, raised an alarm through much of the Habsburg Monarchy so Christian armies started flowing in to Croatia from all over Europe. The decisive battle took place in June 1593 when Hasan Pasha attempted to capture Sisak fort for

8280-442: The Ottomans. Karlović resigned from position of Croatian ban in 1524 because permanent state of war against the Ottomans caused all of his possessions to get ravaged, which impoverished him severely. At the same time weak king of Hungary (which Croatia was formally part of) provided to him no help whatsoever. In 1526, Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent decisively defeated Hungarian army led by King Louis II at

8418-408: The Serb, Croat and Vlach refugees/immigrants. Some Germans , Poles , Magyars and Slovaks also came to the Frontier, mostly as administrative personnel, and a number of other settlers and military personnel arrived from other parts of the Habsburg Empire – Czechs , Poles , Slovaks , Ukrainians , Rusyns and others. In 1783 the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers came under the unified control of

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8556-489: The Slavonian and Hungarian Frontiers, and the Duchy of Carniola will finance the Croatian Frontier. The Duchy of Carinthia put their finances at the disposal of Styria and Carniola, to direct the money where needed. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, there were around 20,000 troops stationed in Hungarian and Croatian border forts. By the end of the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs, other Vlachs and Serbs flee from Ottoman territory to Military Frontier and Dalmatia . At

8694-442: The Vlachs arriving "from Turkey" or "from Bosnia", ie the Bosnia Eyalet . When in 1699 and 1718 the lands of Croatia and Hungary returned, which was previously occupied by the Ottomans, the vast majority of that area became the Military Frontier. Throughout the entire region of this frontier various ethnic groups were settled including Croats, Serbs, Albanians and others which were also all together called Vlachs. From 1718 to 1739

8832-587: The West . In the aftermath of Third battle of Sisak in 1593, pope Clement VIII commended both Andreas von Auersperg and Croatian ban Erdődy for their roles in the battle. Spanish king Phillip II named Erdődy knight of Order of San Salvador and sent him golden pearled chain with coat of arms of the order. Military Frontier Timeline The Military Frontier ( German : Militärgrenze ; Serbo-Croatian : Војна крајина , Vojna krajina , Војна граница , Vojna granica ; Hungarian : Katonai határőrvidék ; Romanian : Graniță militară )

8970-503: The ability to centrally control the area and to draft cheap and numerous army units. After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, the Seressaner troops were established with both military and police duties. They were not paid, but were exempted from taxes. Over the following century, each regiment had one section of Seressaners that organized border patrols towards Bosnia, particularly on difficult terrain, and stopped incursions of bandits. Orthodox Christians who settled Military Frontier from

9108-429: The abolition of serfdom in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians started emigrating to the New World countries in this period, a trend that would continue throughout the next hundred years and create a large Croatian diaspora . The Illyrian movement

9246-457: The area and served as the bulwark for the monarchy against Ottoman incursions. Germans had been recruited by Hungary in the late 18th century to resettle and develop the Danube River Valley, and became known as Donauschwaben . The military regiments formed by the settlers had a vested reason to stand and fight and were familiar with local terrain and conditions. They soon gained a formidable military reputation. The Ottoman wars in Europe caused

9384-416: The area of Žumberak . In return they would serve in the Imperial army. The remaining local population was also encouraged to remain by receiving the status of free peasants (rather than serfs ) and other privileges. These new units were organized into ten or more voivodeships per each captaincy. In 1627, the Military Frontier was removed from the control of the Croatian Sabor and put under direct rule of

9522-525: The army of 3000-4000 Spanish mercenaries to Slavonia to man the fortifications, while Nikola Jurišić was named supreme royal captain in Slavonia in the aftermath of Katzianer's downfall. He also invited nobility of Croatian-Slavonian parliament to properly supply this newly arrived Spanish army with food and salaries. Croatian-Slavonian parliament also decided to recruit 300 strong haramija force in order to counter frequent Ottoman martolos raids. The arrival of Spanish army in Slavonia temporairly halted

9660-411: The army of the Bosnian pasha Hasan Pasha Predojević in 1592, only small parts of Croatia remained unconquered. The remaining 16,800 km (6,500 sq mi) where around 400,000 inhabitants lived were referred to as the " remnants of remnants of the once great and renowned Kingdom of Croatia " ( Latin : reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae ). By 1699, the Ottoman Empire

9798-446: The banates of Jajce and Srebrenik, which formed the centre of his new defense system. While it faced difficulties with coordination and finances, the system provided protection for northern Croatia, Slavonia, and southern Hungary from Ottoman raids, but the Adriatic coast and southern Croatia were still exposed. The fortresses of Knin, Klis, and Skradin formed the main line of defense in Croatia, while Krupa, Bihać, Otočac, and Senj formed

9936-470: The border of the Kingdom of Hungary  – and subsequently that of the Habsburg monarchy  – to shift towards the northwest. Much of the old Croatian territory either became Ottoman land or bordered the new Ottoman domain. In 1435, in an attempt to strengthen the defences against the Ottomans and Venice, King Sigismund founded the so-called tabor , a military encampment, each in Croatia, Slavonia and Usora . In 1463 King Matthias Corvinus founded

10074-648: The borderlands towards the Ottoman Empire and send actual troops to man them. They usually argued that by defending Croatia, Ferdinand actually defends the Holy Roman Empire from the Ottoman incursions. At one point Croatians even pointed to the possibility of switching sides and actually allowing Ottoman armies freely pass through Croatia in order to attack the Holy Roman Empire. Ferdinand, however, who firstly invested most of his forces in civil war against Zapolya, could only offer limited help before

10212-428: The citizens. Population by religion in the counties of Kingdom of Croatia: In 1848 the Kingdom of Croatia adopted a new official flag and coat of arms. The new flag was the Croatian tricolor of red, white, and blue, and it was to remain the symbol of Croatia up to the present day. The coat of arms adopted in 1848 was an amalgam of three coats of arms, one for Croatia, another for the Kingdom of Dalmatia , and another for

10350-545: The civil war with Zapolya was resolved. As the civil war for the Hungarian crown between Ferdinand Habsburg and John Zapolya raged, the Ottomans used the instabilities to further capture Croatian forts in Obrovac , Udbina , Komić and Mrsinj and by which they asserted their control over entire Krbava county and made ground for further advances to Lika. By April 1529, ban of Croatia Ivan Karlović wrote in his letters that

10488-648: The coat of arms. Between 1852 and 1861 the Kingdom of Croatia used the red and white flag, and its old chequy coat of arms. The tricolor was used again after 1861 ( October Diploma and February Patent ) and became official after 1868. Hundred Years%27 Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman War Indecisive From 1527: [REDACTED]   Habsburg Monarchy From 1527: [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire XVI Century XVII Century XVIII Century Mediterranean The Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (Croatian: Stogodišnji hrvatsko-turski rat , Stogodišnji rat protiv Turaka , Stogodišnji rat s Osmanlijama )

10626-552: The commander of the Military Frontier. He pressed for the unification of Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, and the Croatian-Slavonian Frontier. Although he did not have the power to abolish it, he secured approval for reforms and in 1848 the Military Frontier sent representatives to the Croatian Sabor, however, this was revoked in the 1850s. From 1850 the Frontier, Croatia and Slavonia formally constituted

10764-409: The commanders. The defensive system also had to be permanently and systematically well financed. This led to creation of a Military Frontier. This buffer zone, back in the 16th century was divided into smaller capitancies. Several similar capitancies formed a Frontier, so for example in the area adjacent to Ottoman Slavonia, there was Slavonian Frontier. Slavonian Frontier was further stretching to form

10902-520: The conflict with Croatian Ban Emerik Derenčin resulting in Siege of Sokolac . As this was taking place, news of another Ottoman raiding party returning through Croatia towards Bosnia in August, forced them to quickly conclude truce and quit the siege. Derenčin, gathered an army consisting of a number of Croatian nobles and their units and attempted to block the Ottoman path back to Bosnia. He decided to face

11040-489: The dangerous proximity to the Ottoman armies, the area became rather deserted, so Austria encouraged the settlement of Serbs , Germans , Hungarians , Czechs , Slovaks and Rusyns / Ukrainians and other Slavs in the Military Frontier, creating an ethnic patchwork. The negative effects of feudalism escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia rebelled against their feudal lords over various injustices such as unreasonable taxation or abuse of women in

11178-399: The defense of Croatia. His support was limited, as inner-Austrian duchies opposed the permanent stationing of their troops outside the borders of the Holy Roman Empire . Ferdinand nonetheless managed to extend his influence in Croatia. In May 1522, after two previous attempts in 1513 and 1514, Bosnian sanjak-bey Gazi Husrev-beg besieged Knin , the old capital of Croatia. Although Karlović

11316-823: The direct control of the Austrian Imperial Government in Vienna. From 1854 to 1861 the Imperial-Royal Croatian-Slavonian Lieutenancy (presided by the ban) in Zagreb (Croatian: Carsko-kraljevsko namjesništvo za Hrvatsku i Slavoniju ), under the Austrian Ministry of Interior, was the main governing body of the Croatian-Slavonian crown land ( Kronland ). After the fall of Bach's absolutism (the October Diploma of 1860 and

11454-489: The eastern Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces , but won back to the Austrian crown by 1815. In the 19th century Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization . The Croatian national revival began in

11592-546: The empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several reforms in the administrative control of the Military Frontier, the feudal and tax system. In 1767 she founded the Croatian Royal Council ( Croatian : Hrvatsko kraljevinsko vijeće ) as royal government of Croatia and Slavonia, with its seat in Varaždin, later in Zagreb, presided by the ban , but it was abolished in 1779 when Croatia

11730-587: The end of the 1560s, the new border system consisted of around 100–120 forts and extended from the Adriatic Sea to Transylvania . It was organized into six Border Fortress Captain Generalcies ( Grenzgeneralat ): In addition, there were four District Captain Generalcies ( Kreisgeneralat ). From the 1530s, immigration to the Military Frontier began to include a large number of Martolos , Vlach military colonists and other irregulars who were part of

11868-410: The enemy attack such as at Battle of Una in 1483 . The captives captured in these raids, were usually sold as slaves on the Ottoman slave markets . According to Croatian historian Ivan Jurković, danger zones affected by possible akinji raids could be graded in three levels: In the aftermath of fall of medieval Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottomans in 1463, Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus established

12006-652: The fall of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács , in 1527 the Croatian and Hungarian nobles needed to decide on a new king. The bulk of the Croatian nobility convened the Croatian Parliament in Cetin and chose to join the Habsburg monarchy under the Austrian king Ferdinand I of Habsburg . Some nobles dissented and supported John Zápolya , but the Habsburg option fully prevailed in 1540, when John Zápolya died. Territory recovered by

12144-474: The first phases of war, when they were still able to apply the counterattacking or the offensive tactics. Even though akinji raiding parties attempted to evade hostile military formations, the armies did sometimes clash. Sometimes the local armies intercepted or pursued the raiders on their return. At that point the presence of captives which akinjis would capture as well as the heavy booty which they carried back made their return more slow and therefore vulnerable to

12282-591: The forces of the Croatian ban and local nobles sometimes intercepted these raiding groups on their way back to Ottoman-held territory. In 1475 and 1478, the counts of the Zrinski family ambushed Ottoman troops returning from a raid and defeated them in the Una Valley. In 1476, for the sake of better military organization, the office of the Ban of Croatia was merged with that of the Ban of Slavonia, which contributed to

12420-442: The fort, so they retreated back to Gradiška on August 11. Army of Slavonian Frontier and Croatian ban responded by besieging Moslavina fort and forced its garrison to surrender. In autumn same year, Hasan Pasha responded by sending a raiding party of some 5000 horsemen on a plundering raid to Slavonian military Frontier, but his raiding party was intercepted and partially destroyed by local Christian captains. On 6 November 1591,

12558-503: The governor of Bosnia, in order to organize the defense. In 1464, Mehmed gathered an army to recapture the lost territories. He arrived to Bosnia in June and began a month-long siege of Jajce , but the garrison withheld the attack. Corvinus led an offensive into northeastern Bosnia and along the Drina River, and captured Srebrenik . The usual Ottoman tactic consisted of persistent loot and scorching raids usually conducted by

12696-571: The hostilities renewed. In 1491, Croatian forces defeated another Ottoman raiding group returning from Carniola in the battle of Vrpile Gulch in Lika. This defeat forced the Ottomans to halt their attacks during the following year. As Frankopans attempted to regain control over the town of Senj in July 1493, which was taken from them earlier by the king Matthias Corvinus in order to create Senj Captaincy (part of his defensive system) their efforts led to

12834-550: The irregular light cavalry called the akinjis . The aim of these raids, (somewhat similar to the chevauchées conducted during the Hundred Years War ) was to intimidate and demoralize the local civil inhabitants , to exhaust the economic opportunities and disable the normal economic life on the frontier areas, which would soften up the enemy defense. The tactic was also known as the "little war" ( German : Kleinkrieg ). The regions of Krbava and Lika were initially

12972-519: The main targets of Ottoman raids, regularly led by local sanjak-beys. The mountains and forests of medieval Croatia provided cover for Ottoman raiding parties, enabling them to remain longer on Croatian territory. Later, the duchies of Carniola, Styria, and Carinthia, the County of Gorizia, and Venetian-held territories were targeted by these raids as well. On the other side, Croatian and allied Christian forces implemented counterattacks, especially in

13110-518: The mid 14th century, the Ottoman Empire established a foothold in Europe around the town of Gallipoli . From there, they expanded into the Bulgarian Empire and encircled Byzantine capital Constantinople . In 1361, the Ottomans captured Adrianople and proclaimed it their capital. Most of Moravian Serbia fell under Ottoman control following the battle of Kosovo in 1389, while Bulgaria

13248-453: The military units defending the empire against Ottomans. The majority of immigrants were Serbs, and some were ethnic Croats, mainly from Bosnia. A large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević . The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary, and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees who were peasants. The 17th century

13386-407: The most important forts on the border with the Ottoman Empire. In the 1540s and following the Ottoman campaign of 1552, several conferences were held in which a new defense strategy was adopted. Separate defense zones were to be established in parts of Hungary and Croatia around the border forts. Austrian and Bohemian provinces were obligated to help finance this new system, beginning in the 1550s. At

13524-512: The name (Krajina) for their unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina . The occupied territory was virtually identical to the Military Frontier's territory, however also including some territories that were never a part of former Military Frontier, such as northern Dalmatia with town of Knin . Other territories that had constituted the Military Frontier remained under control of Republic of Croatia . Croatian forces regained control over Serb occupied territories after Operation Storm in 1995 (see

13662-464: The new Rijeka (Fiume) County. Križevci County was dissolved in 1854 and partitioned between Zagreb and Varaždin counties. Croatian and Slavonian counties 1850–54: Croatian and Slavonian counties from 1854: The Zagreb, Varaždin and Rijeka counties constituted Croatia, while Požega and Osijek counties constituted Slavonia. In 1860 the pre-1848 status quo was largely restored and the counties reverted to their pre-1848 state. However, Rijeka County

13800-403: The offensive. An army of 24 000 men assembled near Koprivnica and marched off to Slavonia in order to chase away the Ottomans, with their main objective being town of Osijek . As Habsburg army reached Virovitica , the conflicts between different commanders inflamed, and the army ran out of food. The autumn rains also caused maladies among soldiers, which decimated the army. As Osijek garrison

13938-468: The outcome of the battle was not immediately felt, it accelerated the decline of the power of the nobility, particularly the lower and the middle nobles. In 1503, Hungarian king Vladislaus II concluded a seven-year peace treaty with Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman Empire kept the strategically important fortified towns of Kamengrad and Ključ , which separated the Banate of Jajce from Croatia. The treaty

14076-550: The period of Habsburg rule the Kingdom of Croatia was divided into three counties: These were direct continuations of the medieval counties of Croatia. (The remainder had fallen to the Ottomans , and when conquered by the Habsburgs had become part of either the Military Frontier or the Kingdom of Slavonia .) In the late 18th century a fourth – Severin County – existed, carved out of the part of Zagreb County west of

14214-547: The period when the territory of Serbia was largely under Ottoman rule. In order to attract Serbs into Hungary, emperor Leopold I decreed that they would be allowed to elect their own ruler, or Vojvoda, from which the name Vojvodina derives. In 1690, about 30,000 to 70,000 Serbs settled eastern Slavonia, Bačka and Banat in what became known as the Great Serbian Migrations . Later the Habsburgs did not allow Serbs to elect their own vojvoda; they incorporated

14352-455: The population of the Frontier (as it was then) became mixed between the autochthonous Croats and Croatian serfs who had fled the Ottoman territories, and the numerous minority of the Serb and Vlach (who were later assimilated into Croats and Serbs ) refugees who strove to expand their rights as a major contributor in the defense of the land. By creating the new military class in the Frontier,

14490-492: The process of political integration between Croatia and Slavonia. Despite everything mentioned earlier, the Ottoman danger did not stop internal conflicts between Croatian and Slavonian nobility, which further undermined an efficient defense. Incursions continued under Sultan Bayezid II , but with less intensity than in the 1470s. The Ottomans captured Herceg Novi in 1482, completing the conquest of Kosača's realm. In 1483, an army led by Croatian Ban Matthias Geréb destroyed

14628-565: The rear line. Later in 1469, the Captaincy of Senj was formed as a military and administrative unit within the defense system. In 1467, Ottoman akinjis plundered the surroundings of Zadar and Šibenik . This happened again in 1468 and 1469, along with raids around Senj and across the Kupa River into the Duchy of Carniola . Another raid to southern Croatia followed up in June 1469, when several thousand people were taken captive. Estates of

14766-611: The region into the military frontiers of eastern Slavonia and the Banat. However, the strong Serb presence in the region resulted in Vojvodina serving as the cradle of the Serbian renaissance during the 19th century. From October 1990, eight months before Croatia declared independence (June 25, 1991) from Yugoslavia , the Serbs who lived in the region of the former Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina) started an insurrection and adopted

14904-479: The relaxation of the Ottoman threat. During the 17th century territory of the Military Frontier was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia in the west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . The area was settled primarily with Croatian, Serbian and German colonists (known as grenzer and graničari ) who, in return for land grants, served in

15042-468: The royal order of January 11, 1843, originating from the chancellor Metternich , the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. Springtime of Nations - 1848 In the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire , the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić cooperated with

15180-730: The same time the Croatian Military Frontier became known as the Karlovac generalate , and from the 1630s the Upper Slavonian Military Frontier was known as the Varaždin generalat . During the 16th and 17th centuries, the military administration of the Frontier was moved away from the Croatian ban and the Sabor (Parliament) and instead instated in the high command of Archduke Charles and

15318-400: The short term, all this was ineffective, as in 1529 the Ottomans swept through the area, captured Buda and besieged Vienna , wreaking havoc throughout the Croatian border areas. The Habsburgs aimed at holding the Ottoman forces on Hungarian and Croatian territory before they could reach Austria, but did not have a clear defense plan. In the 1530s, significant reinforcements were sent only to

15456-460: The summer of 1463. The Ottomans then directed their incursions to the south, on the Croatian region of Krbava and around the coastal town of Senj . Špirančić was captured in battle in September and died in captivity. King Matthias Corvinus waited until most of the Ottoman troops left the region. In the fall of 1463, Corvinus led an army and captured parts of northern Bosnia and towns along

15594-406: The territory of the Frontier eventually became fully detached from the Croatian Parliament and the ban . As freedom of faith was granted to them, they preserved their Orthodox faith in spite of their living in a Catholic country. Eventually, the whole male population of the Military Frontier became professional soldiers who served the Empire on several fronts and through many European wars, even after

15732-466: The third time and it ended in decisive Christian victory. Hasan Pasha himself got killed in the battle. Soon after, much of the Christian reinforcements returned home. Meanwhile, as news of Ottoman defeat near Sisak reached Constantinople , sultan Murad III got angered by hearing the news. He therefore decided to declare war on Habsburgs, launching a Long Turkish War . On 15 June 1593, Sisak

15870-597: The war on Ottoman western borders. Koca Sinan Pasha therefore urged newly appointed governor of Bosnian Eyalet Telil Hasan Pasha , to start provocations on Croatian border in order to provoke Croatian response and thereby convince his Emperor to go to war in Europe. Same year in spring, Ottomans constructed pontoon bridges over Sava river near Gradiška and started amassing troops in Banja Luka . In 1591 Croatian Sabor in Zagreb intelligence report came that Hasan Pasha mobilised troops from all sanjaks under his authority and

16008-618: The war was written in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Codex diplomaticus partium Regno Hungariae adnexarum from 1903 (over 600 documents). Croatian 1493 defeat in Battle of Krbava Field was recorded by Czech traveller Jan Hasištejnský z Lobkovic during his stay in Zadar . Hašištensky described the sorrow and misery among the Croats in the aftermath of the battle. The news of the Croatian defeat on Krbava also reached

16146-585: The west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . During this period, the defence system was also changed, from a conventional garrison model to one of 'soldier-settler' communities. The inhabitants of the area were known as the Grenzer (or frontiersmen). They were mostly Serbian, Croatian, German, Vlach and other colonists. In exchange for land-grants, religious freedom and favorable tax rates, they colonized

16284-574: The western exclave of Požega County ( Kutina ) went to Zagreb (Agram) and western parts of Osijek County (the area around Virovitica) went to Požega County. In 1850 Varaždin (Varasdin) County absorbed Međimurje ( die Murinsel ), except for the area around Legrad , which went to Križevci (Kreutz) County. Fiume (Rijeka), the Hungarian/Croatian Littoral and western parts of Zagreb (the Processus Montanus ) became

16422-482: Was 25 years later reduced to about 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi). In 1558, the parliaments of Croatia and Slavonia were united after many centuries into one. The centre of the Croatian state moved northward from coastal Dalmatia, as these lands were conquered by the Ottomans. The town of Zagreb gained importance, as did nearby Varaždin . Taking advantage of the growing conflict between King Sigismund II of Poland and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor , Suleiman

16560-577: Was a borderland of the Habsburg monarchy and later the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire . It acted as the cordon sanitaire against incursions from the Ottoman Empire . The establishment of the new defense system in Hungary and Croatia took place in the 16th century, following the election of Ferdinand I as king. Six districts under special military administration were established in Hungary and Croatia. The Croatian Military Frontier and

16698-617: Was a relatively peaceful period, during which only smaller raids were made from the Province of Bosnia . After the Ottoman army was repelled at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Great Turkish War ended with much of the former Croatian lands under Habsburg control. Despite this, the Frontier system was retained, and expanded onto former Ottoman territories in Lika , Kordun , Banija , lower Slavonia , Syrmia , Bačka , Banat , Pomorišje , and Transylvania . The Habsburg Empire valued

16836-466: Was a sequence of conflicts, mostly of relatively low intensity ("Small War", Croatian : Mali rat ), between the Ottoman Empire and the medieval Kingdom of Croatia (ruled by the Jagiellon and Zápolya dynasties), and the later Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia . Besides periods of small-scale borderland warfare, the conflict also saw episodes of major conquest campaigns of Croatian land undertaken by

16974-406: Was captured in 1396. The Serbian Despotate became an Ottoman vassal. These conquests opened the way further west and allowed the Ottomans to reach the Kingdom of Bosnia , as well as the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary . Croatia and Hungary were since 1102 in a personal union , with the territory of Croatia governed by a royal dignitary ( ban ). The medieval Kingdom of Slavonia

17112-557: Was driven out of Ottoman Hungary and Croatia, throughout the course of Great Turkish War , and Austria brought the territory back under central control. Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles VI 's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48 and the Croatian Parliament signed their own Pragmatic Sanction of 1712 . Subsequently,

17250-620: Was even further reduced by Ottoman advances. In 1580, the Ottoman Empire formed Bosnia Eyalet (pashaluk) by uniting Bosnian, Herzegovina, Lika, Pakrac, Zvornik and Požega sanjaks while also adding it Prizren and Vučitrn sanjak. They therefore created a large province under control of Bosnian pasha which also incorporated conquered Croatian lands. In 1590, Ottoman Empire concluded a peace treaty with Safavid Persian Empire . Although, sultan Murad III himself favoured retaining peace and even signed new eight-year-long peace with Habsburgs in 1591, his grand vizier Koca Sinan Pasha preferred continuing

17388-530: Was financed by ban of Croatia and was therefore called Ban's Frontier (Banska krajina), subsequently called "Banovina" or "Banija". Unlike the rest of the Military Frontier whose defense was a responsibility of Habsburg Military Authorities, the defense of Ban's Frontier fell under responsibility of Croatia. Besides the regular garrisons in forts of Military Frontier, troops were also deployed in smaller square shaped wooden palisades with four defensive towers on its corners designed to protect local villagers during

17526-494: Was governed by a separate ban, and was not a part of the royal title. Sigismund , the king of Hungary and Croatia, led the crusade of Nicopolis against the Ottoman Empire in 1396, which resulted in the rout of the Christian army. He then turned to the strengthening of border areas in his realm. Sigismund's rule was marked with dynastic struggles. Venice took advantage of this and between 1409 and 1420 established control over Dalmatia. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 enabled

17664-535: Was governed by the Ban's Council ( Croatian : Bansko vijeće ) appointed by the Ban and the Parliament or the Croatian-Slavonian Diet (Croatian: Sabor ; in 1848 first Diet with the elected representatives was summoned). In 1850 the Ban's Council was transformed into Ban's Government (Croatian: Banska vlada ) which, after the introduction of the absolutism (31 December 1851), was under

17802-484: Was introduced, which mirrored the structure introduced to the re-established Kreise in other crown lands. The city of Zagreb/Agram was also made directly subordinate to the kingdom and several other cities were directly subordinate to their counties (rather than a Bezirk ). In 1850 the Slavonian Virovitica County became Osijek (Essek) County and it absorbed the rump of Syrmia. In 1854

17940-638: Was once again besieged by the Bosnian Pasha and his Gazis . The Sisak garrison was commanded by Blaž Đurak and Matija Fintić, both Croatian priests from the Diocese of Zagreb . A Habsburg relief army under the supreme command of the Styrian general Ruprecht von Eggenberg , was quickly assembled to break the siege. The Croatian troops were led by the Ban of Croatia , Tamás Erdődy , while major forces from

18078-585: Was preparing a relief force, the commander of the Knin garrison Mihajlo Vojković surrendered the fortress. A few days later, Skradin surrendered as well. The loss of Knin gave more momentum to the Ottoman advance, while leading role of Croatia's defenses south of the Sava River fell to Bihać . Following the fall of Knin and Skradin, Habsburg supreme military commander Nicholas, Count of Salm arrived to Croatia to consult with Karlović about further defense from

18216-579: Was proclaimed on 15 July 1881, while incorporation began on 1 August 1881, when Ban of Croatia Ladislav Pejačević took over from the Zagreb General Command. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the frontier was divided into several districts: In 1828 the population included: An Austrian statistical yearbook for 1846 notes that 1,226,408 residents lived in the Military Frontier: The first modern population census in

18354-399: Was rather broad in scope, both nationalist and pan-Slavist . It would eventually develop into two major causes: The loss of Croatian domestic autonomy was rectified a year after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , when in 1868 the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement was negotiated, which combined Croatia and Slavonia into the autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . With this agreement,

18492-448: Was reinforced by Mehmed-beg Jahjapašić and thus became too strong to besiege it regularly, Katzianer ordered a withdrawal. His army was intercepted by Turks and eventually ended up near Gorjani. Top commanders such as Katzianer and bishop Erdodoy escaped a night before the battle, while what remained of Katzianer's army was completely destroyed by the Ottomans in Battle of Gorjani on 9 October 1537. The fiasco of Katzianer's Campaign made

18630-578: Was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary (the Royal Hungarian Council of Lieutenancy, also known as the Hungarian Vice-regency Council, headed by the palatine ), held by the ban of Croatia. The empress also gave the independent port of Rijeka to Croatia in 1776. However, she also ignored the Croatian Parliament. With the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, its possessions in

18768-469: Was renewed in 1511, but with the accession of new sultan Selim I on the Ottoman throne in 1512, all peace treaties were annulled. The Banate of Srebrenik was captured by the Ottomans in the autumn of the same year. Meanwhile, in Croatia, ban Petar Berislavić continued defending the country against the Ottomans. In 1513, he scored a major victory at the battle of Dubica on the Una river. He also took part in

18906-419: Was retained until the restructuring of the counties of Croatia-Slavonia in 1886, despite the restoration of the city itself to Hungary. According to the 1802 data, the population of the Kingdom of Croatia included 400,000 (98.8%) Roman Catholics , 4,800 (1.2%) Eastern Orthodox Christians and 40 Protestants . In 1840, a Hungarian statistician Fenyes Elek analyzed the ethnicity in the countries belonging to

19044-524: Was subsequently liberated, and organized into a Habsburg protectorate . On 8 October 1789 Ernst Gideon von Laudon took over Belgrade . Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organizational and military skills. By 1791, however, the Austrians were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serb families who feared Ottoman persecution. The Treaty of Sistova (1791) ended

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