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44-955: Becoming known as the Seventeen Provinces in 1549, they were held by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556, known as the Spanish Netherlands from that time on. In 1581, in the midst of the Dutch Revolt , the Seven United Provinces seceded from the rest of this territory to form the Dutch Republic . The remaining Spanish Southern Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands in 1714, after Austrian acquisition under

88-601: A governor ( stadtholder or landvoogd ): During the Spanish period it is assumed that the flag was the Cross of Burgundy . After a period of turmoil with the Eighty Years' War , by 1713 the Southern Netherlands were separated from Spain and attached to Austria , assuming a flag consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the colours of red , white and gold . A small cross of Burgundy

132-665: A Spanish branch. His brother Ferdinand I became suo jure monarch in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, as well as the new Holy Roman Emperor . Philip II of Spain , Charles' son, inherited the Seventeen Provinces and incorporated them into the Spanish Crown (which included also south Italy and the American possessions). King Philip II of Spain became infamous for his despotism , and Catholic persecutions sparked

176-557: A large number of people from the southern provinces emigrated north to the new republic. The centre of prosperity moved from cities in the south such as Bruges, Antwerp , Ghent , and Brussels to cities in the north, mostly in Holland, including Amsterdam , The Hague , and Rotterdam . To distinguish between the older and larger Low Countries of the Netherlands from the current country of the Netherlands, Dutch speakers usually drop

220-602: A mental breakdown following the death of her husband, he was heir to the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and Spain's overseas empire in the New World. Attaining full age in 1515, Charles went on to rule his Burgundian heritage as a native Netherlander. He acquired the lands of Overijssel and the Bishopric of Utrecht (see Guelders Wars ), purchased Friesland from Duke George of Saxony and regained Groningen and Gelderland . His Seventeen Provinces were re-organised in

264-665: A part of the Duchy of Guelders, and the Duchy of Limburg was dependent on the Duchy of Brabant. The Lordship of Drenthe is sometimes considered part of the Lordship of Overijssel. On the other hand, the French-speaking cities of Flanders were sometimes recognised as a separate province. Therefore, in some lists Zutphen and Drenthe are replaced by There were a number of fiefdoms in the Low Countries that were not part of

308-661: The Burgundian Netherlands passed to her son, Philip the Handsome , who married Joanna of Castile , daughter of Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon . Through his father Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor , Philip was a Habsburg scion , and so the period of the Habsburg Netherlands began. The period 1481–1492 saw the Flemish cities revolt and Utrecht embroiled in civil war , but by

352-689: The Burgundian Netherlands , a number of fiefs held by the House of Valois-Burgundy and inherited by the House of Habsburg in 1482, and held by Habsburg Spain from 1556. Starting in 1512, the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle . In 1581, the Seven United Provinces seceded to form the Dutch Republic . After the Habsburg emperor Charles V had re-acquired the Duchy of Guelders from Duke William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by

396-666: The Burgundian treaty of 1548 , whereby the Imperial estates represented in the Imperial Diet at Augsburg acknowledged a certain autonomy of the Netherlands. It was followed by the Emperor's Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 , which established the Seventeen Provinces as an entity held by a single prince. Following a series of abdications between 1555 and 1556, Charles V divided the House of Habsburg into an Austrian-German and

440-544: The County of Flanders , corresponding roughly with the present-day provinces of West Flanders , East Flanders and French Flanders . However, when the Dutch-speaking population of Belgium sought more rights in the 19th century, the word Flanders was reused, this time to refer to the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, which is larger and contains only part of the old county of Flanders (see Flemish Movement ). Therefore,

484-563: The Eighty Years' War , which started in 1568. The seven northern provinces gained their independence as a republic called the Seven United Provinces . They were: The southern provinces – Flanders, Brabant, Namur, Hainaut, Luxembourg and so forth – were restored to Spanish rule thanks to the military and political talent of the Duke of Parma , especially at the siege of Antwerp (1584-1585) . Hence, these Provinces became known as

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528-487: The Eighty Years' War , which started in 1568. The seven northern provinces gained their independence as a republic called the Seven United Provinces . They were: The southern provinces, Flanders, Brabant, Namur, Hainaut, Luxembourg and the others, were restored to Spanish rule due to the military and political talent of the Duke of Parma , especially at the Siege of Antwerp (1584–1585) . Hence, these provinces became known as

572-678: The Guelders Wars and united all seventeen provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders in 1543. The Burgundian treaty of 1548 shifted the seventeen provinces from the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle to the Burgundian circle, resulting in a significant territorial gain for the latter and increased tax obligation. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 determined that the Provinces should remain united in

616-815: The Holy Roman Empire created in 1512 and significantly enlarged in 1548. In addition to the Free County of Burgundy (the former administrative region of Franche-Comté ), the Burgundian Circle roughly covered the Low Countries , i.e., the areas now known as the Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg and adjacent parts in the French administrative region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais . For most of its history, its lands were coterminous with

660-591: The House of Habsburg . In 1363, the French King John II of Valois enfeoffed his youngest son Philip the Bold with the Duchy of Burgundy ( Bourgogne ). Philip in 1369 married Margaret of Dampierre , the only child of Count Louis II of Flanders (d. 1384), whose immense dowry not only included Flanders and Artois but also the Imperial County of Burgundy . He thereby became the progenitor of

704-519: The House of Valois-Burgundy , which systematically came into possession of different Imperial fiefs: his grandson Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy from 1419, purchased Namur in 1429, and inherited the duchies of Brabant and Limburg from his cousin Philip of Saint-Pol in 1430. In 1432, he forced Jacqueline of Wittelsbach to cede him the counties of Hainaut and Holland along with Zeeland , under

748-453: The Spanish Netherlands . The County of Drenthe, surrounded by the other northern provinces, became de facto part of the Seven United Provinces, but had no voting rights in the Union of Utrecht and was therefore not considered a province. The northern Seven United Provinces kept parts of Limburg, Brabant, and Flanders during the Eighty Years' War (see Generality Lands ), which ended with

792-841: The Tournaisis , Cambrai , Luxembourg, Limburg, Hainaut, Namur, Mechelen, Brabant, and Upper Guelders ) remained with the House of Habsburg until the French Revolutionary Wars . After the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line in 1700 with the death of the childless Charles II and the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–14), the southern provinces were also known as the Austrian Netherlands from 1715 onwards. The provinces were ruled on their behalf by

836-544: The Treaty of Delft , and finally occupied Luxembourg , exiling Duchess Elisabeth of Görlitz in 1443. The Burgundian State then bore a faint resemblance to the early medieval Lotharingia , but fell suddenly with the death of the ambitious Charles the Bold . In 1473, he had agreed with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor to marry his daughter Mary the Rich to the Emperor's son Archduke Maximilian I of Austria in exchange for

880-454: The Treaty of Rastatt . De facto Habsburg rule ended with the annexation by the revolutionary French First Republic in 1795. Austria, however, did not relinquish its claim over the country until 1797 in the Treaty of Campo Formio. The Habsburg Netherlands was a geo-political entity covering the whole of the Low Countries (i.e. the present-day Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , and most of

924-465: The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Artois and parts of Flanders and Hainaut ( French Flanders and French Hainaut ) were ceded to France in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. By the mid-16th century, the Margraviate of Antwerp (Duchy of Brabant) had become the economic, political, and cultural centre of the Netherlands after its capital had shifted from the nearby Lordship of Mechelen to

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968-529: The 1543 Treaty of Venlo , the Seventeen Provinces comprised: Each province had a distinct Coat of Arms. The States General of the Netherlands had itself its coat, a red shield with an armed golden lion. It was not always the same seventeen provinces represented at the Estates-General of the Netherlands . Sometimes, one delegation was included in another. In later years, the County of Zutphen became

1012-665: The 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen . The Prince-bishopric of Liège remained a part of the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle until its dissolution in 1795. The Imperial Seventeen Provinces emerged from the Burgundian Netherlands ruled in personal union by the French Dukes of Burgundy . Most of the seventeen had been fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire on the territory of Lower Lorraine , except for Flanders and Artois . In 1482, they fell to

1056-459: The 16th century are often said to belong to the Dutch School ( Nederlandse School ). Although they themselves would not have objected to that term at that time, nowadays it may wrongly create the impression that they were from the current Netherlands. In fact, they were almost exclusively from current Belgium. The same confusion exists around the word Flanders . Historically, it applied to

1100-581: The Burgundian dukes held court in Brussels . Philip's son Duke Charles the Bold (1467–1477) also acquired Guelders and Zutphen , and even hoped to gain the title of "King" from Habsburg emperor Frederick III by marrying his daughter Mary to Frederick's son Maximilian. Disappointed in this, he engaged in the disastrous Burgundian Wars and was killed in the Battle of Nancy . Upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482, her substantial possessions including

1144-546: The Dutch Revolt and the subsequent Eighty Years' War . The Spanish hold on the northern provinces was more and more tenuous. In 1579 the northern provinces established the Protestant Union of Utrecht , in which they declared themselves independent as the Seven United Provinces by the 1581 Act of Abjuration . After the secession of 1581, the southern provinces, called "'t Hof van Brabant" (of Flandria, Artois,

1188-610: The French Kingdom or of Burgundy under the Holy Roman Empire banner. The collected fiefdoms were Flanders , Artois and Mechelen , Namur , Holland , Zeeland and Hainaut , Brabant , Limburg , and Luxembourg . These realms were ruled in personal union by the Valois-Burgundy monarchs and represented in the States-General assembly. The centre of the Burgundian possessions was the Duchy of Brabant, where

1232-468: The Netherlands"). Only he and his son ever used this title. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 determined that the Provinces should remain united in the future and inherited by the same monarch. After Charles V's abdication in 1555, his realms were divided between his son, Philip II of Spain , and his brother, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor . The Seventeen Provinces went to his son, the king of Spain. Conflicts between Philip II and his Dutch subjects led to

1276-470: The Seventeen Provinces, mainly because they did not belong to the Burgundian Circle, but to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle . The largest of these were the Prince-Bishopric of Liège , including the County of Horne , and the Bishopric of Cambrai . The ethnically and culturally Dutch duchies of Cleves and Julich did not join either. In the north, there were also a few smaller entities like

1320-576: The city of Brussels . Bruges (County of Flanders) had already lost its prominent position as the economic powerhouse of northern Europe, while Holland was gradually gaining importance in the 15th and 16th centuries. However, after the revolt of the seven northern provinces (1568), the Sack of Antwerp (1576), the Fall of Antwerp (1584–1585), and the resulting closure of the Scheldt river to navigation,

1364-412: The elevation of his Imperial territories to a "Kingdom of Burgundy", co-equal to the French kingdom of his Valois cousins. The Prince-electors , however, forestalled these plans, and Duke Charles started a desperate campaign against the Duchy of Lorraine and was killed at the 1477 Battle of Nancy . To secure her heritage against King Louis XI of France , his daughter Mary nevertheless married Maximilian

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1408-474: The future and inherited by the same monarch. After Charles V's abdication in 1556, his realms became divided between his son, King Philip II of Spain , and his brother, Emperor Ferdinand I . The Seventeen Provinces went to his son Philip. Meanwhile, a common political representation was established through the States General of the Netherlands . Conflicts between Philip II and his Dutch subjects led to

1452-655: The holdings of the Spanish Habsburgs in the Empire (Franche-Comté and the Habsburg Netherlands ). The circle's territorial scope was reduced considerably in the 17th century with the secession of the Seven United Provinces in 1581 (recognized 1648 under the Treaty of Westphalia ) and the annexation of the Free County of Burgundy by France in 1678. Consequently, in the 18th century the circle

1496-508: The island of Ameland that would retain their own lords until the French Revolution . Historians came up with different variations of the list, but always with 17 members. This number could have been chosen because of its Christian connotation. The Seventeen Provinces originated from the Burgundian Netherlands . The dukes of Burgundy systematically became the lords of different provinces. Mary I of Valois, Duchess of Burgundy

1540-409: The last one being the Duchy of Guelders , in 1543. Most of these provinces were fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire . Two provinces, the County of Flanders and the County of Artois, were originally French fiefs, but sovereignty was ceded to the Empire in the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529. On 15 October, 1506, in the palace of Mechelen, the future Charles V was recognized as Heer der Nederlanden ("Lord of

1584-440: The modern French départements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais ) from 1482 to 1581. The northern Low Countries began growing from 1200 CE, with the drainage and flood control of land, which could then be cultivated. The population rose and the region of Holland became important. Before that, the development of large cities was in the south, with Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, Brussels, and Leuven, all of which were larger than any settlement in

1628-403: The north. Rivers in the Low Countries run east–west and were a political and strategic barrier to influence southern influence on the north, forming two separate political areas. Already under the Holy Roman Empire rule of the Burgundian duke Philip the Good (1419–1467), the provinces of the Netherlands began to grow together, whereas previously they were split with being either the tributary of

1672-526: The plural for the latter. They speak of Nederland in the singular for the current country and of de Nederlanden in the plural for the integral domains of Charles V. In other languages, this has not been adopted, though the larger area is sometimes known as the Low Countries in English. The fact that the term Netherlands has such different historical meanings can sometimes lead to difficulties in expressing oneself correctly. For example, composers from

1716-485: The same year. The Archduke defeated the French troops at the 1479 Battle of Guinegate and by the 1493 Treaty of Senlis annexed the Seventeen Provinces – including the French fiefs of Flanders and Artois – for the House of Habsburg . The sovereignty finally passed to the Empire in the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529. The Duchy of Burgundy proper was seized as a reverted fief by the French crown. Maximilian's grandson and successor, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor eventually won

1760-399: The territory of the County of Flanders and that of present-day Flanders do not fully match: This explains, for instance, why the province of East Flanders is not situated in the east of present-day Flanders. Burgundian Circle The Burgundian Circle ( German : Burgundischer Kreis , Dutch : Bourgondische Kreits , French : Cercle de Bourgogne ) was an Imperial Circle of

1804-481: The turn of the century both areas had been pacified by the Habsburg rulers. Philip's son Charles , born in Ghent , succeeded his father as Duke in 1506, when he was six years old. His paternal grandfather, Emperor Maximilian I, incorporated the Burgundian heritage into the Burgundian Circle , whereafter the territories in the far west of the Empire developed a certain grade of autonomy. Through his mother Joanna, who had

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1848-554: Was known as Austrian Netherlands as the Austrian Habsburgs had obtained the territory from Spain earlier in that century. The occupation and subsequent annexation of Imperial territory to the west of the Rhine river by Revolutionary France in the 1790s effectively brought an end to the circle's existence. After the 1548 Diet of Augsburg , the circle was made up of the following territories: both annexed by France under

1892-717: Was present, which in 1781 was covered by a black double-headed eagle . Seventeen Provinces The Seventeen Provinces were the Imperial states of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 16th century. They roughly covered the Low Countries , i.e., what is now the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , and most of the French departments of Nord ( French Flanders and French Hainaut ) and Pas-de-Calais ( Artois ). Also within this area were semi-independent fiefdoms, mainly ecclesiastical ones, such as Liège , Cambrai and Stavelot-Malmedy . The Seventeen Provinces arose from

1936-480: Was the last of the House of Burgundy . Mary married Archduke Maximilian in 1477, and the provinces were acquired by the House of Habsburg on her death in 1482, with the exception of the Duchy of Burgundy itself, which, with an appeal to Salic law , had been reabsorbed into France upon the death of Mary's father, Charles the Bold . Maximilian and Mary's grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain, eventually united all 17 provinces under his rule,

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