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82-666: The Habr Yunis Sultanate ( Somali : Saldanadda Habar Yoonis , Arabic : سلطنة هبر يونس ) was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th century. It spanned the territories of the Habr Yunis clan which is part of the wider Isaaq in modern day Somaliland and Ethiopia . The sultanate was governed by the Rer Ainanshe branch of the Habr Yunis clan. The Habr Yunis Sultanate finds its roots in

164-747: A Latin orthography as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use. Concurrently, the Italian -language daily newspaper Stella d'Ottobre ("The October Star") was nationalized, renamed to Xiddigta Oktoobar , and began publishing in Somali. The state-run Radio Mogadishu has also broadcast in Somali since 1951. Additionally, other state-run public networks like Somaliland National TV , regional public networks such as Puntland TV and Radio and, as well as Eastern Television Network and Horn Cable Television , among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali. Somali

246-455: A palisade in memory of his great merits. Hersi is remembered for his successful conquests and expansion of Garhajis territory in the Haud . His reign was abruptly ended when he was killed in a battle against the kindred Baha Sugulleh. In the year 1873, Swiss explorer H.G Haggenmacher met Hersi during his travels through Somaliland and describes him as such: I received a visit from Hersi Aman,

328-493: A prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary. Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns. These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work. In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic. The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from

410-521: A string of poems, the Guba poetic chain, one of the most well-known series in Somali history. Swiss Explorer Haggenmacher met Hersi Aman in 1873 and also wrote of a successful Habr Yunis battle in the Hawd that occurred during his visit The Habr Yunis had many wounded, but were also extremely rich in loot, the estimated number of loot was at least 10,000 camels. At the battle of Haro Dhiig ( Lake of Blood ) in

492-602: A young Mullah and nephew of Hersi Aman. Nur was initially uneasy and preferred his life as a Mullah rather than being the Sultan designate. The Habr Yunis were not interrupted by the British Somaliland protectorate which had been established in 1884 and was still largely relegated to the coast and its capital of Berbera . The two Sultans engaged in a lengthy war and divided the Sultanate's territory, where Awad ruled

574-524: Is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the Gulf of Aden littoral. Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and

656-448: Is a tonal language, whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a pitch system. The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and

738-632: Is already cut short The longed for peace be only found, when no more do I exist I am as useless as the Jill tree if upon its mount (steed) my father's revenge is not sought Following Hersi's death the Rer Sugule gathered and the issue of compensation for the Sultan's death was a pressing issue. The conflict originally starting because no compensation had been paid to Guled Haji for his son. They decided that none would be paid and they would try to put this conflict to rest. Maxamed Bulxan's poem touches on

820-597: Is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished. Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya , Borama and Kaddare alphabets , which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid , Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare , respectively. Several digital collections of texts in the Somali language have been developed in recent decades. These corpora include Kaydka Af Soomaaliga (KAF), Bangiga Af Soomaaliga,

902-481: Is rarely pronounced as a velar fricative, Partially the reason why is that it is mostly found in Arabic loanwords. It is pronounced as the phoneme χ when it is an allophone for the letter ⟨q⟩ in syllabic codas. As in A kh ri from A q ri meaning (read). Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a pitch accent , or it is a tonal language . Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali

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984-584: Is recognized as an official working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Although it is not an official language of Djibouti , it constitutes a major national language there. Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts, with the government-operated Radio Djibouti transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards. The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts in the Somali language in its Iftin FM Programmes. The language

1066-467: Is similar to the stem alternation that typifies Cairene Arabic . Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns. The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. adiga , "you"). This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word. For example, adna meaning "and you..." (from adi - na ). Clitic pronouns are attached to

1148-718: Is spoken in the Somali territories within North Eastern Kenya , namely Wajir County , Garissa County and Mandera County . The Somali language is regulated by the Regional Somali Language Academy , an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in Djibouti City by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia. It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language. As of October 2022, Somali and Oromo are

1230-626: The Borama script are informally used. Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family, specifically, Lowland East Cushitic in addition to Afar and Saho . Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century. The Somali language is spoken in Somali inhabited areas of Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya , Yemen and by members of

1312-819: The Cushitic branch. It is spoken primarily in Greater Somalia , and by the Somali diaspora as a mother tongue. Somali is an official language in both Somalia and Ethiopia , and serves as a national language in Djibouti , it is also a recognised minority language in Kenya . The Somali language is officially written with the Latin alphabet although the Arabic script and several Somali scripts like Osmanya , Kaddare and

1394-888: The Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their own Sultanate led by Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Chieftain, Ainanshe Hersi . The Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near

1476-455: The Near East and South Asia (e.g. khiyaar "cucumber" from Persian : خيار khiyār ). Other loan words have also displaced their native synonyms in some dialects (e.g. jabaati "a type of flat bread" from Hindi: चपाती chapāti displacing sabaayad). Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic. As part of a broader governmental effort of linguistic purism in

1558-553: The Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, scientist Johann Maria Hildebrandt noted upon visiting the area that "we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised[...] I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters[...] These have hitherto not been deciphered." According to the 1974 report for Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents

1640-486: The Somali diaspora . It is also spoken as an adoptive language by a few ethnic minority groups and individuals in Somali majority regions. Somali is the most widely spoken Cushitic language in the region followed by Oromo and Afar . As of 2021, there are approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in Greater Somalia of which around 17 million reside in Somalia. The language is spoken by an estimated 95% of

1722-610: The Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) declared it the Somali Democratic Republic 's primary language of administration and education. Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in forms 1 through 4 , following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee. It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979. In 1972, the SRC adopted

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1804-662: The Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis. From Till Amongst the Habr Yunis the traditional institution and leadership of the clan survived the British Somaliland period into present times. The Rer Ainashe Sultans although no longer ruling vast territory and with separate Habr Yunis subclans having their own Sultans still remain status

1886-736: The British in the interior against the Dervish the once defacto independent interior clans were brought under British administration and the Habr Yunis Sultanate would end. The Habr Yunis Sultanate had strong economy and controlled two routes to the major port of Berbera leading from the Jerato and Sheikh mountain passes into the Hawd and Ogaden country. The key city of Burao was the Trade

1968-641: The Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. Amharic ). However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective. This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Somali uses three focus markers: baa , ayaa and waxa(a) , which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis. Baa and ayaa require

2050-440: The Habr Yunis subclans would come to make this decision on the successor. Sultans would receive a yearly tribute or saado of livestock imposed on the rest of the Habr Yunis. Sultan Osman Ali states that the Sultan distributed the livestock amongst the Habr Yunis to the less fortunate and needy as a form of welfare. The Habr Yunis Sultanate had eight rulers throughout its duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with

2132-471: The Hawd, the victorious Habr Yunis had captured the Sultan of the Rer Haroun Ogaden with many lives lost on both sides. The captured Sultan sent a message to Hersi saying as a notable he should be spared. In response, Hersi replied with Laba Gob Kii Beer Jilicsan Baa Jaba meaning, amongst two counterparts the soft-hearted shall perish and the captive Sultan was subsequently executed. Despite

2214-771: The Latin nor Osmanya scripts accommodate this numerical switching. *the commas in the Osmanya number chart are added for clarity Hersi Aman Hersi Aman belonged to the Bah Makahil section of the Deria Sugulle dynasty. He succeeded his grandfather, Sultan Deria Sugulleh , and ruled from the mid 1850s to 1879. Hersi's father Aman Deria was an important Habr Yunis chieftain. Vesme Baudi travelling through Habr Je'lo country east of Burao in 1889 gives an account of Aman's tomb. At nine o'clock we arrived at Baiadowal, on

2296-585: The Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas). Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central Indian Ocean seaboard, including Mogadishu . It forms a relatively smaller group. The dialect is fairly mutually intelligible with Northern Somali. The language has five basic vowels . Somali has 22 consonant phonemes . The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some Somali Bantu speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as

2378-498: The Mute' due to his inaudible voice a grandson of Sultan Deria Sugule who was from a different house. Warsame would have also killed him if his men didn't pleaded with him urging Warsame to sparr the last son for the poor mother . With a contempt Warsame spared young Ammume who was held in another camp with Warsame with belittling the teenager said "let the mother I rendered childless use this to beg for offals" . That insult deeply wounded

2460-545: The Reer Sugule (fall) was delivered through a head wound of a young boy There it was in the region of lower Looyaane was the land overrun Their blood rests upon Xirsi the scattered dead from Dubar (battle) If he sought the domain of a king, now he lost it The Reer Diiriye tethered down from their lofty heights Nothing was the son of Amaan compensations worth at the end settled whatever sin he gained its up to our lasting God .[to judge] May he be merciful to him in

2542-588: The Semitic Himyarite and Sabaean languages that were largely spoken in what is modern day Yemen —"there is an extensive and ancient relationship between the people and cultures of both sides of the Red Sea coast" Mire posits. Yet, while many more such ancient inscriptions are yet to be found or analyzed, many have been "bulldozed by developers, as the Ministry of Tourism could not buy the land or stop

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2624-722: The Sheikh pass and tax and administer the affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Following Sultan Deria's death in the 1850s his grandson Hersi Aman would come to succeed him and usher in an era of conquest. Hersi Aman belonged to the Bah Makahil section of the Sugulle dynasty. In 1870 he would launch the Rayyad Wars against the Darood of Hawd and Dollo which would continue intermittently from 1870 to 1940 and give birth to

2706-668: The Somali Web Corpus (soWaC), a Somali read-speech corpus, Asaas (Beginning in Somali) and a Web-Based Somali Language Model and text Corpus called Wargeys (Newspaper in Somali). For all numbers between 11 kow iyo toban and 99 sagaashal iyo sagaal , it is equally correct to switch the placement of the numbers, although larger numbers is some dialects prefer to place the 10s numeral first. For example 25 may both be written as labaatan iyo shan and shan iyo labaatan (lit. Twenty and Five & Five and Twenty). Although neither

2788-525: The Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or neologisms . To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms. Archaeological excavations and research in Somalia uncovered ancient inscriptions in a distinct writing system . In an 1878 report to

2870-530: The Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula. Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. aamiin for "faith in God"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. kubbad-da , "ball"). Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985,

2952-469: The Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic. Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet , officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and recognised as official orthography of

3034-463: The Sultanate from his chosen capital of Burao and Nur from the Tuuyo plains and Oodweyne . Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing the political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans It appeared the great Habr Gerhajis tribe

3116-583: The Thug Dehr, a charming site, where the trees form a small forest, in which the most delightful coolness is enjoyed. A few hundred meters away there is a tomb surrounded by a palisade of tree trunks made with care. There rests a chieftain of the Habr Junis, by name Ohman-Dhirrin [Aman Deria]..his tribe had intermingled with the Habr Gialeh, and when that chief had died, they had made him that tomb with

3198-515: The architect of disturbances at Berbera and was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children. According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis . Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that

3280-516: The battlefield despite the wound leaving Hersi and the Rer Ammaan victorious having killing one & capturing another man named Hashi. Hersi now answered the previous gabay and mocked his opponent Hashi having been challenged by the Sultan spoke Hersi being moved by these words spared Hashi from the usual deadly fate of a captive instead giving him a fine horse and sent medicines & gifts with Hashi to deliver to Kirh. Kirh would return

3362-522: The caravan route in order to have a firm grip on trade and also ensure a steady stream of taxes from passing traders. New information would be passed along these trade routes and the Sultans would be well informed of occurrences as the Somalis have a penchant for being informed about things. Explorer Ricahrd Burton in his 1854 journey to Harar heard from local Somalis who told him the latest reports from

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3444-491: The clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899. Madar was soon propagated as the legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars. Sultan Nur continued and would be heavily involved as a key figure of the Dervish movement and the main signatory of the Treaty of Illig in 1905 that granted them large tracts of today's Nugaal and

3526-543: The colonial period. Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and Italian and are used to describe modern concepts (e.g. telefishen-ka , "the television"; raadia-ha , "the radio"). There are 300 loan words from Italian, such as garawati for "tie" (from Italian cravatta ), dimuqraadi from democratico (democratic), mikroskoob from microscopio , and so on. Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from Persian , Urdu and Hindi that were acquired through historical trade with communities in

3608-507: The country between them. Awad was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually choose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi , as their successor following Nur's death. Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle

3690-705: The country's inhabitants, and also by a majority of the population in Djibouti. Following the start of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe. Constitutionally, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages of Somalia . Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when

3772-502: The darkness of the grave sparing him from hell Oh men, brotherhood among kin is a shelter, heed what life's worth Ismail Mire in his famous poem Ragow Kibirka Waa Lagu Kufaa (Pride Comes Before a Fall) comments on Hersi's conquests, pride and desire to rule Kaysaha adduun Ina Ammaan koos dhan buu helaye Ragba keeno geli buu is-yidhi waad u korraysaaye Isba kii arsaa’ilay ma filin kamana yaabayne Ragow kibirka waa lagu kufaa kaa ha la ogaado With worldly pride Ina Ammaan gained

3854-489: The death of Geid my husband (your father) I often wake up in the middle of the night and feel his bed The good trick hit your father, who was as tall as a bouquet Warsame's strong arms have disheveled vultures Muhammad with the white shield rolled over like a wheel in the dust They threw the slender Muhammad into the thicket where the Spitz antelopes live They really did cut off Hersi's head (overthrew him); We have lost

3936-437: The death of Geid my husband (your father) I often wake up in the middle of the night and feel his bed The good trick hit your father, who was as tall as a bouquet Warsame's strong arms have disheveled vultures Muhammad with the white shield rolled over like a wheel in the dust They threw the slender Muhammad into the thicket where the Spitz antelopes live They really did cut off Hersi's head (overthrew him); We have lost

4018-651: The decades following his death. Salaan Carrabey in his poem Tolnimo Wa Dugsiye (Kinship is a Shelter) captures the conflict and how Hersi's ambition was the cause of so much devastation, Reer Sugulle dakhar wiilyar baw sidey daliishiiye Dabar qaaday Reer Diiriyihi, damaca waallaaye Waatii degmada laysu furay Dabadi Looyaane Dummaddii Xirsuu saaran yahay Dubur raggii yiile Dawlaabadii boqor hadduu damacsanaa waaye Duudsuu ku dhacay ina Ammaan dib u heshiintiiye Denbi hadduu kasbaday Eebbeheen daayinaa jirae Dullaamkii Qabriga hawga tudho dabaqi naareede Nimanyahow tolnimo waa dugsiye, dunida jeedaashe The catalyst of

4100-493: The decades prior. One such story was the battle between Sultan Hersi & the famed warrior Kirh of the Rer Samatar subclan. Sultan Hersi's powerful section of Rer Ammaan had been raided by Kirh and his Rer Samatar. Given the fierce reputation of their target, Kirh's companions were uneasy and fled after the raid, leaving Kirh for dead. His wife began to mourn alongside his kinsmen but to everyone's surprise, Kirh had survived

4182-534: The destruction". Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing . According to Bogumił Andrzejewski , this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems ( qasidas ), recitations and chants. Among these texts are

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4264-482: The dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue the senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899. Sultan Nur had been

4346-402: The earliest written attestation of Somali. Much more recently, Somali archaeologist Sada Mire has published ancient inscriptions found throughout Somaliland . As much for much of Somali linguistic history the language was not widely used for literature, Dr. Mire's publications however prove that writing as a technology was not foreign nor scarce in the region. These piece of writing are from

4428-437: The edge of the open place put down the young ones They don't meet in an open place in good times After the death of Sultan Hersi Aman , the Baha Deria and Baha Makahil sections of the Sugulle dynasty vied for the Sultanship, which divided the Habr Yunis clan into two factions, the Baha Deria faction led by Guled Haji crowned Awad Deria a surviving son of the Sultan Deria Sugulleh . The Bah Makahil crowned Nur Ahmed Aman

4510-430: The favour finally reconciling the feud. Hersi Aman's increasing grip and autocratic rule over the Habr Yunis had fermented some resentment amongst his direct subclan (Rer Sugule) and some stood to challenge him. The wise Guled Haji another prominent member and elder of the Rer Sugule had a fallout with Sultan Hersi and his son was killed by one of Hersis' sons. Hersi's son approached his father and implored him to pay

4592-441: The flap [ɽ] . Some speakers produce /ħ/ with epiglottal trilling as / ʜ / in retrospect. /q/ is often epiglottalized . The letter ⟨dh⟩ is a retroflex flap when it is pronounced intervocalically, hence becoming the phoneme ( ɽ ): for example, Qu r aanjo (Ant) from Qu dh aanjo; But however, more often than not is the pronunciation of ɽ to the unretained-retroflex ɾ . The letter ⟨kh⟩

4674-400: The focused element to occur preverbally, while waxa(a) may be used following the verb. Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian). Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary. This is a legacy of

4756-471: The fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted. Somali is an agglutinative language, and also shows properties of inflection . Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case. Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation. This general pattern

4838-422: The great successes of Hersi Aman and new territory acquired, the other branches of the Rer Sugule grew wary of his increasing power as a ruler and stood to challenge him, fearing his unchecked leadership. The wise Guled Haji , another prominent member and elder of the Rer Sugule, had a fallout with Sultan Hersi, and his son was killed by one of Hersis' sons. Hersi's son approached his father and implored him to pay

4920-1100: The journal. Col aloosan Xamarow haddii xalay la ugaanshay Heensaha hadddaan kugu itibay goor aleyl dhexe ah Indhaalaha haddaan kuu xidh-xidhay suuman la adkeeyay Isha bari hadii loo kiciyo awrtii reer Sugule Kuwii lays aqoon jiray haddii lagu ogaan duulay Abaanduule Guuleed (Guled Haji) hadii ubaxa loo gooyay Waa boqor agtiisa'e hadday "ililidii" yeedh'dhay Usha Daba-xidh ooddiyo haddii laysu wada giijay Eebada haddii laysku riday ilig-jartii hooto Abdikayba intii hore hadaan dabo adeegaayay Kolku ina qolyaeedkii sidii aarka nagu qayshay Anigoo aqoon jirin haddii lay ogeysiiyay Onkad baxay la moodyow kolkan amarka qaadsiiyay Doc aroorka uguma tago orodka saydhshaaye Oogada hadduu igala maray agabarkuu joogo Anna Awlaxaan siday haddaan oofta midig gooyay Kol haddaan Warsame aayiroon Baho agoonteeyay Kol haddaan ugaaskii ka dilay u ololiyeynaayay Kol hadaan ka oon baxay afku aramigu jiifay Alxamdu lilaa Eebaw haddaan umalkii qaar reebay The Sultan Hersi himself would be killed in battle soon after and

5002-548: The larger ports such as Berbera and Zeila. Maydh was the preeminent export point for large hides the town had dialogue with Berbera with a large amount of cross trade occurring usually by dhow. As well alongside other northern Somalis and Isaaqs in particular, the Habr Yunis were significant traders in Yemen with Frederick Hunter giving an 1877 account of their trade. Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in

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5084-612: The leaders Following Hersi's death, the Rer Sugule gathered and the issue of compensation for the Sultan's death was a pressing issue. The conflict originally starting because no compensation had been paid to Guled Haji for his son. They decided that none would be paid and they would try to put this conflict to rest. Maxamed Bulxan's poem touches on the unique nature of the meeting Beenowdey Habar Yoonistii bu'aha waallayde Reer Sugulle gooddiga bankuu baarcaddii dhigaye Iyana baarax uma soo shiraan beri samaagiiye The Habr Yunis who became false with their fighting talk The Rer Sugule at

5166-437: The leaders One of the sons of the Sultan recited these lines looking to avenge their father Jidhkii ina Amaan iyo la waa jalanqayaashiiye Jirid nimaan lahayn baa baqee taydu ii jarane Hadii nabada jeelkeeda la helo waa anoon jirine Jillow baan ahay haddi aabahay joogi lagu raadin Gone is the flesh of elephant bulls and the great son of Amaan (Hersi) A man with no deep roots (great lineage) might suffer fear, but mine

5248-427: The most powerful chieftain of the Habar Yunis... Hersi Aman is a stout man, with piercing eyes, firm language and quick movements. He is a relative of Hersi Sultan and through personal courage has attained his current power German explorer Felix Rosen who visited British Somaliland and Ethiopian Empire in 1907 met and discussed with northern Somalis and was told about Hersi and other legendary figures who had died in

5330-516: The ongoing Crimean War . The capitals of Wadhan and Burao served as important watering places for both merchants and nomads alike and access to them was crucial for orderly trade from the Hawd and Ogaden regions to Berbera . According to the current Sultan Osman Ali , the oldest son of a Sultan is the rightful heir, but if he does not fill the requirements another son can be selected. A Sultan has to be religious, an eloquent speaker, courageous, and has to be fertile. A guurti of 40 leading elders from

5412-444: The only Cushitic languages available on Google Translate . The Somali languages are broadly divided into three main groups: Northern Somali , Benadir and Maay . Northern Somali forms the basis for Standard Somali. It is spoken by the majority of the Somali population with its speech area stretching from Djibouti , and the Somali Region of Ethiopia to the Northern Frontier District . This widespread modern distribution

5494-453: The plural of the masculine noun dibi ("bull") is formed by converting it into feminine dibi . Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo. Somali is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language. It is largely head final , with postpositions and with obliques preceding verbs. These are common features of

5576-416: The port of Eyl from the Italians to use. Following Sultan Nur's death in 1907 he was entombmed in Taleh the headquarters of the movement and his son Dolal Nur was crowned by the Dervish Habr Yunis clans while Sultan Madar Hersi the more established and powerful of the two eventually would become the uncontested Sultan as Dolal died prematurely in 1917 and left no heirs. With the widespread involvement of

5658-409: The recognized leaders of the Habr Yunis. The current Sultan is Osman Ali Madar who is active in social issues in modern day Somaliland . Somali language Somali ( / s ə ˈ m ɑː l i , s oʊ -/ sə- MAH -lee, soh- ; Latin script: Af Soomaali ; Wadaad : اف صومالِ ‎; Osmanya : 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 [af soːmaːli] ) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to

5740-443: The season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house. Sultans of the Habr Yunis exercised power both indirectly and directly through allied Akils and leaders of the various subclans of the wider clan and by leading the Habr Yunis in battle against rivals. The seat of Habr Yunis Sultans was deliberately chosen in Wadhan and later Burao along

5822-455: The sister of Warsame lamented for the loss of Hersi, Warsame and other relatives in this poem Calow gaydha waxa iigu wacan geeridaan qabo'e Caawaba gelin dhexaadkaan hadba gogosha taabtaaye Gamas baa ku dhacay aabahaa goraygii dheeraaye Gacmo jeedlaow Warsamaey gudurii siiyeene Gaashaan-cade Muxumed bay giringirsheen meele Mohammed Golaxley dhigeen geedkii Lebi-Cawle Xirsigi madaxa ahaa waa gawraceen gacal ha waayaane O Ali, I lament

5904-417: The soft spoken Amume and he would admit it In his poetry later. How long it took Jama Ammume to prepare to face the tirelessly Warsame oral history does mention. During the next clash Jama would mortally wound Warsame and recited this poem victoriously. In it he praises his horse 'Hamar' that performed well that day and speaks about Warsame. These poems were recorded by Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti in 1885 in

5986-557: The state. The script was developed by a number of leading scholars of Somali, including Musa Haji Ismail Galal , B. W. Andrzejewski and Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for transcribing the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p , v and z . There are no diacritics or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the glottal stop , which does not occur word-initially. There are three consonant digraphs : DH, KH and SH. Tone

6068-540: The traditional mag compensation to Guled for the loss of his child. Hersi arrogantly rebuffed his son and all out conflict would break out between Ba Awal (Hersi's branch) and that of Guled the Baho Sugule branches of the Rer Sugule. Fighting would continue and the commander of Guled's clans Warsame had slain 3 brothers of the Ba Awal and his fighters captured the young Jama Amume a 17 years old also known as 'Jama

6150-894: The traditional mag compensation to Guled for the loss of his child. Hersi arrogantly rebuffed his son and all-out conflict would break out between Ba Awal (Hersi's branch) and Baho Sugule branches of the Rer Sugule. The Sultan Hersi himself would be killed in battle after some early clashes and later his commander Warsame would also fall. Warsame's sister lamented to her son Ali for the loss of Hersi, her husband Geid and other relatives in this poem recorded separately by both Phillip Paulitschke and Robecchi Brichetti . Calow gaydha waxa iigu wacan geeridaan qabo'e Caawaba gelin dhexaadkaan hadba gogosha taabtaaye Gamas baa ku dhacay aabahaa goraygii dheeraaye Gacmo jeedlaow Warsamaey gudurii siiyeene Gaashaan-cade Muxumed bay giringirsheen meele Maxamed Golaxley dhigeen geedkii Lebi-Cawle Xirsigi madaxa ahaa waa gawraceen gacal ha waayaane O Ali, I lament

6232-450: The uncontested Sultan. During the period of division, the rival sultans would split Habr Yunis territory in two and the lucrative caravan routes to tax. Sultan Nur held the Jerato pass and Tuuyo plains and his rival Sultan Awad Deria secured Burao as his base until his death, with Sultan Nur ultimately taking it. Hersi Aman's was well remembered in tales about the powerful Sultan's downfall captured by both contemporary poets and some in

6314-658: The unique nature of the meeting Beenowdey Habar Yoonistii bu’aha waallayde Reer Sugulle gooddiga bankuu baarcaddii dhigaye Iyana baarax uma soo shiraan beri samaagiiye The Habar Yoonis who became false with their fighting talk The Reer Sugulle at the edge of the open place put down the young ones They don’t meet in an open place in good times Despite this 2 year conflict culminating in Hersi's death it would not entirely end. Both Awad Deria and Nur Ahmed Aman were proclaimed Sultan by their respective branches (Baho Sugule) and (Ba Awal) with Sultan Nur eventually triumphing as

6396-408: The verb and do not take nominal morphology. Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as Rendille and Dhaasanac. As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali is characterized by polarity of gender , whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender agreement of their singular forms. For example,

6478-537: The wilderness and emerged with 100 camels he had captured. This feat impressed Hersi and there was no attempt to recover the lost stock. Kirh recited a boastful gabay When fighting would eventually resume, Hersi called out inquiring where Kirh was in the heat of battle. In response, a spear flew and grazed the Sultan's head. Hersi grabbed the spear which Kirh had thrown and returned the favour piercing through Kirh's famed horse and embedding deep in Kirh. He would escape

6560-456: Was divided into two rival factions, the one owning allegiance to Sultan Owd, the other to his cousin, Sultan Noor. Between these two the country was about evenly divided, and the border-line was an everlasting scene of wars and rumours of wars, cattle raids, and attempted murders. The Haber-Gerhajis tribe had formerly been under one Sultan and were very powerful, making frequent raids into Ogadayn, but on his death, two cousins, Awad and Nur, divided

6642-455: Was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from the Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan . Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of

6724-405: Was significant and bolstered during the period that a Habr Yunis man Sharmarke Ali Saleh had established himself as Emir of Berbera and Zeila . The eastern sections of the Habr Yunis had coastal access and several ports of their own. They attained a lot of frankincense in the mountains south of Maydh and Harshaw. Arab and Banyan merchants would visit Maydh for commerce before continuing on to

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