Misplaced Pages

#238761

28-505: Diospyros chinensis Blume ( nom. nud. ) Diospyros kaki L.f. Diospyros kaki , the Oriental persimmon , Chinese persimmon , Japanese persimmon or kaki persimmon , is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Diospyros . Although its first botanical description was not published until 1780, D. kaki cultivation in China dates back more than 2000 years. Whether

56-454: A cucurbitane core, although in practice they are biosynthesised from either lanosterol (animals and fungi) or cycloartenol (plants) via the cyclization of squalene . Steroids have two principal biological functions, being either key components of cell membranes or signaling molecules that activate steroid hormone receptors . Important sub-classes include sterols and cucurbitacins . Triterpenoid saponins are triterpenes which belong to

84-551: A pair of C15 components into a C30 product. Squalene serves as precursor for the formation of many triterpenoids, including bacterial hopanoids and eukaryotic sterols . By definition triterpenoids are triterpenes that possess heteroatoms , usually oxygen. The terms triterpene and triterpenoid often are used interchangeably. Triterpenoids possess a rich chemistry and pharmacology (e.g. cholesterol ) with several pentacyclic motifs. Lupane , oleanane and ursane show particular promise as anti-cancer agents. Steroids feature

112-450: A pink tint and tend to appear in clusters of three. Diospyros kaki is typically a dioecious species, which means that trees are either male or female, but some cultivated varieties are monoecious. In that case both male and female, and even perfect (male+female), flowers can be found on the same tree. The flowers have four crown-shaped sepals and four petals that form a large calyx. All varieties (parthenocarpic) will produce seedless fruit in

140-498: A soft jelly-like consistency. The Japanese 'Hachiya' is a widely grown astringent cultivar. Other cultivars, such as 'Fuyu', do not contain tannins when firm. Those can be eaten like an apple or can be allowed to go to any stage of ripeness, including to the jelly-like stage. These non-astringent varieties are, however, considered to have a less complex flavor. In the United States most diospyros kaki production takes place in

168-502: Is a trade name for the "Triumph" variety grown in the fertile Plain of Sharon in Israel. It is a PCA variety which is always treated with carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas to remove astringency before it is marketed. This kaki has a rather squarish shape and it has one of the highest sugar contents of all varieties. Unlike most other varieties, it has a very firm skin which gives it good keeping qualities and good resistance to handling. In Spain,

196-459: Is marketed as Spanish Persimon (with one 'm'). Because of this treatment, the "Rojo brillante" kaki has become an easily edible fruit highly appreciated internationally, with increased production. In Italy the most widely grown variety is "Tipo" (PCA) and some other varieties in smaller quantities. Italy used to be the largest kaki exporting country in Europe, but export diminished significantly as

224-413: Is not necessary for fruit set, but it may help reduce fruit drop after averse climatic conditions or drought periods. The persimmon is an edible sweet, slightly tangy fruit with a soft to occasionally fibrous texture. This species, native to China, is deciduous , with broad, stiff leaves. It was first cultivated in China more than 2000 years ago, and introduced to Japan in the 7th century and to Korea in

252-417: Is said to lower blood pressure and the fruit stem to relieve a cough. To reinforce these effects, the fruit is peeled before use, exposed to the sunlight during the day and to the dew at night, until a white powdery coating forms. A vase adorned with a kaki cake, a pine branch and an orange is a symbol of the desire for "great happiness in 100 affairs." The leaves are commonly removed before serving. Though

280-651: The Dutch East Indies and in the Netherlands, where he was Director of the Rijksherbarium (state herbarium ) at Leiden. His name is sometimes given in the Dutch language form Karel Lodewijk Blume , but the original German spelling is the one most widely used in botanical texts: even then there is confusion, as he is sometimes referred to as K.L. Blume (from Karl). He carried out extensive studies of

308-550: The Upper Thracian Plain and on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast . In astringent cultivars (cultivated varieties), the fruit has a high proanthocyanidin -type tannin content which makes the immature fruit astringent and bitter. The tannin levels are reduced as the fruit matures. The fruit of those cultivars is not edible in its crisp, firm state; they're edible when soft ripe. The ripe fruit has

SECTION 10

#1732772632239

336-426: The kaki tree reaches a size of up to 10 metres (33 ft). Its deciduous leaves are medium to dark green, broadly lanceolate, stiff and equally wide as long. Blooming from May to June, the trees are typically either male or female, but some produce both types of flowers. Furthermore, the sexual expression of a tree may vary from year to year. Unusually, the kaki fruits ripen when the leaves have mostly fallen off

364-635: The 14th century. It was later introduced to California and southern Europe in the 19th century, to Brazil in the 1890s. Numerous cultivars have been selected, and one variety is Diospyros kaki var. sylvestris Makino . When ripe, the fruit comprises thick pulpy jelly encased in a waxy thin-skinned shell. The spherical to oval fruit, bearing the indented stem and four sepals, can weigh up to 500 grams (18 oz). The smooth, shiny, thin shell ranges in shade from yellow to red-orange. The slightly lighter fleshed fruits can contain up to eight seeds and may have an astringent taste. With increasing maturity,

392-503: The PCA type fruit. Apart from tannins, triterpenoid compounds such as α- amyrin , uvaol , ursolic acid , 19α-hydroxy ursolic acid and 19 α,24-dihydroxy ursolic acid can be isolated from the leaves of D. kaki . The high content of the carotenoids beta-cryptoxanthin , beta-carotene , and zeaxanthin , along with some lutein and alpha-carotene makes the kaki fruit nutritionally valuable. Kaki are grown worldwide, with 90 percent of

420-727: The Spanish kaki succeeded. This drop in export is entirely due to the fact that until now Italian kakis are not CO₂ treated and thus can only be eaten after they have turned soft. Italy has recently developed a CO₂ treatment procedure that can be used on the Tipo variety but it is not commonly used yet. Kaki is also produced in Albania, mainly in the Elbasan region. Since 1935–40, it is also grown in small quantities in Bulgaria, particularly in

448-528: The absence of pollination , but their pollinated flowers will produce more fruit riddled with seeds. Kaki typically suffers very important fruit drop. The first flush of fruit drop happens shortly after flowering, when +/- 50% of the fruit will drop. The second flush happens in August when again many fruits will drop. After this, the rest of the fruit will usually stay on the tree and mature. Fruit drop depends on climatic conditions and water availability. Pollination

476-678: The flora of southern Asia, particularly in Java, then a colony of the Netherlands. From 1823 to 1826 Blume was Deputy Director of Agriculture at the Bogor Botanical Gardens in Java. In 1827 he became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands . In 1855, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . He planned, together with Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866),

504-626: The foundation of the "Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot aanmoediging van den Tuinbouw". (Royal Dutch Society for the Advancement of Horticulture). This was carried to fruition in 1842. The botanical journal Blumea is named after him. He was also an entomologist . Triterpene Triterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of six isoprene units with the molecular formula C 30 H 48 ; they may also be thought of as consisting of three terpene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene ,

532-471: The fruit softens, similar to a kiwifruit . The high content of tannin in the still-immature kaki provides a bitter component reminiscent of a raw unpeeled chestnut , which weakens with progressive maturation. The furry taste, caused by the tannins, is reduced and finally completely disappears during the ripening process. The astringent flavour can be removed by treatment with carbon dioxide. Kaki varieties are classified into four basic types, depending on

560-461: The most important kaki variety is "Rojo Brillante". This PCA variety is mostly grown in the Valencia region in a protected region of origin (DOP) called the "Ribera del Xuquer". During the last decade a CO₂ treatment procedure has been perfected by which nearly all Rojo Brillante kakis are treated to remove astringency while still retaining their firmness and keeping qualities. This treated kaki fruit

588-421: The precursor to all steroids . Triterpenes exist in a great variety of structures. Nearly 200 different skeletons have been identified. These skeletons may be broadly divided according to the number of rings present. In general pentacyclic structures (5 rings) tend to dominate. Squalene is biosynthesized through the head-to-head condensation of two farnesyl pyrophosphate units. This coupling converts

SECTION 20

#1732772632239

616-441: The skin is often removed, it may be eaten, especially when the fruit has ripened and the tannins have significantly broken down, reducing the astringency. They can also be dried ; two fruits are attached to a string which is then hung over a pole. In Korea, it is usually eaten as a dessert or when there are guests at home. The persimmon is cut into sections and the skin and core is usually removed. Persimmons are eaten dry during

644-536: The solubility of their tannin and the presence of seeds. Soluble tannin means that the fruit will have an acrid taste. Insoluble tannin means that there is no acrid taste. In some cases, the presence of seeds will turn the tannin insoluble in the whole of the fruit and in other cases only just around the seeds. this results in the following classification: Practically and commercially, only the first two kaki types are important. The other two types are considered astringent kakis for practical reasons and are handled just like

672-891: The species was first described by Carl Peter Thunberg or Carl Linnaeus the Younger is disputed. The scientific name Diospyros kaki L. f. may be used erroneously for this plant. However, Diospyros kaki L. f., published in 1781, is a later homonym of Diospyros kaki Thunb., published in 1780. So the name Diospyros kaki L. f. is taxonomically illegitimate and not accepted. It is called shi (柿) in Chinese, kaki (柿) in Japanese, gam (감) in Korean, kesemek in Indonesia and haluwabed (हलुवाबेद) in Nepali. Similar in shape to an apple tree,

700-586: The states of Florida and California . The first commercial orchards in Florida were planted in the 1870s. Most persimmon orchards in the US are small scale (70% less than 1 acre and 90% less than 5 acres). Throughout Asia, healing properties are attributed to the kaki . They are said to be helpful against stomach ailments and diarrhea. Immature fruits are said to be a treatment for fever, if they ripen in containers until they are sweet as honey. The juice of unripe fruit

728-731: The total in China, Japan and Korea. In East Asia the main harvest time for kaki is in the months of October and November. The trees lose their leaves by harvest time. Occasionally, the brightly colored fruit is left unharvested on the tree as a decorative effect. Cultivation of this species at first spread through East Asia . Since the 19th century, kaki partially replaced date-plum ( Diospyros lotus , also known as Caucasian persimmon) in some countries in South Europe and West Asia, because kaki have bigger fruits than date-plum; cultivation in California began at that time. The "Sharon"

756-520: The tree, typically in October and November. (Northern Hemisphere) Pestalotiopsis fungal spp. causes leaf spot on Japanese persimmon. Kaki trees typically do not bear until they are 3 to 6 years old. The flowers are 2.0 to 2.5 cm (0.8 to 1.0 in) wide and appear in late spring or early summer, depending on variety and growing area. The tubular flowers have a creamy white color. Female flowers grow singly, while male flowers sometimes may have

784-568: The winter, and they are very popular amongst children. In autumn, families and farmers from the rural areas collect persimmons and hang them to dry. Powdered sugar is sometimes added to enhance the sweetness. Persimmon leaves used to wrap sushi is a regional speciality of Nara Prefecture , Japan. Persimmon vinegar may be made from Oriental persimmons. Carl Ludwig Blume He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life working in

#238761