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29-465: Hadda may refer to: Hadda, Afghanistan Hadda, Pakistan Hadda, Sana'a , Yemen Abdeljalil Hadda Rib-Hadda Hadda Brooks Yapa-Hadda Hadda bettle - Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata See also [ edit ] Hada (disambiguation) Haida (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

58-538: A fossilized form - would have given rise to a Haḍḍ in the subsequent vernaculars of northern India (and in the Old Indic loans in modern Pashto). The latter would have given rise to the form Haḍḍa naturally and would well reflect the belief that Hadda housed a bone-relic of Buddha. The term haḍḍa is found as a loan in Pashto haḍḍ, n., id. and may reflect the linguistic influence of the original pre-Islamic population of

87-579: A mid-late 5th century date for the stupa. Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB Kharosthi script ( Gāndhārī : 𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨮𐨿𐨛𐨁𐨌𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁 , romanized:  kharoṣṭhī lipi ), also known as the Gandhari script ( 𐨒𐨌𐨣𐨿𐨢𐨌𐨪𐨁𐨌𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁 , gāndhārī lipi ), was an ancient Indic script used by various peoples from the north-western outskirts of the Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan ) to Central Asia via Afghanistan . An abugida , it

116-462: A set of numerals that are reminiscent of Roman numerals and Psalter Pahlavi Numerals. The system is based on an additive and a multiplicative principle, but does not have the subtractive feature used in the Roman numeral system. The numerals, like the letters, are written from right to left. There is no zero and no separate signs for the digits 5–9. Numbers are written additively, so, for example,

145-806: A technical refinement indicative of artists fully conversant with all the aspects of Greek sculpture, it has been suggested that Greek communities were directly involved in these realizations, and that "the area might be the cradle of incipient Buddhist sculpture in Indo-Greek style". The style of many of the works at Hadda is highly Hellenistic, and can be compared to sculptures found at the Temple of Apollo in Bassae, Greece . The toponym Hadda has its origins in Sanskrit haḍḍa n. m., "a bone", or, an unrecorded *haḍḍaka, adj., "(place) of bones". The former - if not

174-709: Is dated to the 4th-5th century CE. It is built around the Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa , a small limestone stupa . Most of the remains of the stupa were gathered in 1928 by the archeological mission of Frenchman Jules Barthoux of the French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan , and have been preserved and reconstituted through a collaboration with the Tokyo National Museum . They are today on display at

203-639: Is mostly written right to left. Some variations in both the number and order of syllables occur in extant texts. The Kharosthi alphabet is also known as the arapacana alphabet, and follows the order. This alphabet was used in Gandharan Buddhism as a mnemonic for the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , a series of verses on the nature of phenomena. A bar above a consonant ⟨ 𐨸 ⟩ can be used to indicate various modified pronunciations depending on

232-468: Is said to have been almost entirely destroyed in the fighting during the civil war in Afghanistan. Some 23,000 Greco-Buddhist sculptures, both clay and plaster, were excavated in Hadda during the 1930s and the 1970s. The findings combine elements of Buddhism and Hellenism in an almost perfect Hellenistic style. Although the style of the artifacts is typical of the late Hellenistic 2nd or 1st century BCE,

261-597: Is that Herakles holds the thunderbolt of Vajrapani rather than his usual club. According to Tarzi , Tapa Shotor, with clay sculptures dated to the 2nd century CE, represents the "missing link" between the Hellenistic art of Bactria , and the later stucco sculptures found at Hadda, usually dated to the 3rd-4th century CE. The scultptures of Tapa Shortor are also contemporary with many of the early Buddhist sculptures found in Gandhara . The Chakhil-i-Ghoundi monastery

290-449: Is used for initial vowels in words. Other initial vowels use the a character modified by diacritics. Each syllable includes the short /a/ sound by default , with other vowels being indicated by diacritic marks. Long vowels are marked with the diacritic ⟨ 𐨌 ⟩ . An anusvara ⟨ 𐨎 ⟩ indicates nasalization of the vowel or a nasal segment following the vowel. A visarga ⟨ 𐨏 ⟩ indicates

319-705: The Aramaic alphabet but with extensive modifications. Kharosthi seems to be derived from a form of Aramaic used in administrative work during the reign of Darius the Great , rather than the monumental cuneiform used for public inscriptions. One theory suggests that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by

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348-853: The Indo-Greek Kingdom (obverse in Greek, reverse in Pali , using the Kharosthi script). This in turn led to the reading of the Edicts of Ashoka , some of which were written in the Kharosthi script (the Major Rock Edicts at Mansehra and Shahbazgarhi ). The study of the Kharosthi script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the Gandhāran Buddhist texts , a set of birch bark manuscripts written in Kharosthi, discovered near

377-513: The Musée Guimet in Paris . It is usually dated to the 2nd-3rd century CE. The decoration of the stupa provides an interesting case of Greco-Buddhist art, combining Hellenistic and Indian artistic elements. The reconstitution consists of several parts, the decorated stupa base, the canopy, and various decorative elements. The Tapa Kalan monastery is dated to the 4th-5th century CE. It

406-783: The Sarvastivadin Sect that dominated Gandhara and was instrumental in Buddhism's spread into central and east Asia via the Silk Road . The manuscripts are now in the possession of the British Library . Tapa Shotor was a large Sarvastivadin Buddhist monastery. According to archaeologist Raymond Allchin , the site of Tapa Shotor suggests that the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara descended directly from

435-575: The 19th century. The Kharosthi script was deciphered separately almost concomitantly by James Prinsep (in 1835, published in the Journal of the Asiatic society of Bengal , India) and by Carl Ludwig Grotefend (in 1836, published in Blätter für Münzkunde , Germany), with Grotefend "evidently not aware" of Prinsep's article, followed by Christian Lassen (1838). They all used the bilingual coins of

464-588: The 3rd century BCE where it appears in some of the Edicts of Ashoka. However, no intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coin inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and standard form. An inscription in Aramaic dating back to the 4th century BCE was found in Sirkap , testifying to the presence of the Aramaic script in present-day Pakistan. According to Sir John Marshall , this seems to confirm that Kharoshthi

493-529: The 4th-5th century CE. The coins included Sasanian issues of Varhran IV (388–399 CE), Yazdagird II (438–457 CE) and Peroz I (457/9–84 CE). There were also five Roman gold solidi : Theodosius II (408–50 CE), Marcianus (450–457 CE) and Leo I (457–474 CE). Many coins were also Hunnic imitations of Sasanian coins with the addition of the Alkhon tamgha , and 14 Alkhon coins with rulers showing of their characteristic elongated skulls. All these coins point to

522-580: The Afghan city of Hadda just west of the Khyber Pass in Pakistan . The manuscripts were donated to the British Library in 1994. The entire set of British Library manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE, although other collections from different institutions contain Kharosthi manuscripts from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE, making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered. Kharosthi

551-414: The Hadda sculptures are usually dated (although with some uncertainty), to the 1st century CE or later (i.e. one or two centuries afterward). This discrepancy might be explained by a preservation of late Hellenistic styles for a few centuries in this part of the world. However it is possible that the artifacts actually were produced in the late Hellenistic period. Given the antiquity of these sculptures and

580-467: The Hebrew kharosheth , a Semitic word for writing, or from Old Iranian *xšaθra-pištra , which means "royal writing". The script was earlier also known as Indo-Bactrian script , Kabul script and Arian-Pali . Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharosthi script evolved gradually, or was the deliberate work of a single inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on

609-453: The area. It is believed the oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts-indeed the oldest surviving Indian manuscripts of any kind-were recovered around Hadda. Probably dating from around the 1st century CE, they were written on bark in Gandhari using the Kharoṣṭhī script, and were unearthed in a clay pot bearing an inscription in the same language and script. They are part of the long-lost canon of

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638-539: The art of Hellenistic Bactria , as seen in Ai-Khanoum . The earliest structures at Tapa Shotor (labelled "Tapa Shotor I" by archaeologists) date to the Indo-Scythian king Azes II (35-12 BCE). A sculptural group excavated at the Hadda site of Tapa-i-Shotor represents Buddha surrounded by perfectly Hellenistic Herakles and Tyche holding a cornucopia . The only adaptation of the Greek iconography

667-454: The consonant, such as nasalization or aspiration. It is used with k, ṣ, g, c, j, n, m, ś, ṣ, s, and h. The cauda ⟨ 𐨹 ⟩ changes how consonants are pronounced in various ways, particularly fricativization . It is used with g, j, ḍ, t, d, p, y, v, ś, and s. The dot below ⟨ 𐨺 ⟩ is used with m and h, but its precise phonetic function is unknown. Kharosthi includes only one standalone vowel character, which

696-491: The title Hadda . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadda&oldid=733556290 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hadda, Afghanistan Hadda

725-491: The unvoiced syllable-final /h/. It can also be used as a vowel length marker. A further diacritic, the double ring below ⟨ 𐨍 ⟩ appears with vowels -a and -u in some Central Asian documents, but its precise phonetic function is unknown. Salomon has established that the vowel order is /a e i o u/, akin to Semitic scripts, rather than the usual vowel order for Indic scripts /a i u e o/. Nine Kharosthi punctuation marks have been identified: Kharosthi included

754-581: Was excavated by Jules Barthoux . One of its most famous artifact is an attendant to the Buddha who display manifest Hellenistic styles, the "Genie au Fleur", today in Paris at the Guimet Museum . The Bagh-Gai monastery is generally dated to the 3rd-4th century CE. Bagh-Gai has many small stupas with decorated niches. The Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery is generally dated to the 3rd-4th century CE. It

783-508: Was excavated in 1926–27 by an expedition led by Jules Barthoux as part of the French Archaeological Delegation to Afghanistan. This large stupa is about 200 meters to the northeast of the modern city of Hadda. Masson called it "Tope Kalān" (Hadda 10), Barthoux "Borj-i Kafarihā", and it is now designated as "Tapa Tope Kalān". The stupa at Tope Kalan contained deposits of over 200 mainly silver coins, dating to

812-658: Was introduced by the middle of the 3rd century BCE, possibly during the 4th century BCE, and remained in use until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use in Bactria , the Kushan Empire , Sogdia , and along the Silk Road . There is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century in Khotan and Niya , both cities in East Turkestan . The name Kharosthi may derive from

841-549: Was later developed from Aramaic. While the Brahmi script remained in use for centuries, Kharosthi seems to have been abandoned after the 2nd–3rd century AD. Because of the substantial differences between the Semitic-derived Kharosthi script and its successors, knowledge of Kharosthi may have declined rapidly once the script was supplanted by Brahmi-derived scripts, until its re-discovery by Western scholars in

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