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47-517: The border starts in the south-west at Gulf at Aqaba, and then consists of nine straight lines that proceed broadly north-eastwards to the Iraqi tripoint. The abruptly concave section of the boundary in the north is apocryphally named " Winston's Hiccup ", also referred to as " Churchill's Sneeze " ( Arabic : حازوقة وينستون). At the start of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire controlled what

94-610: A function, determined by its second derivative See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Concave Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Concave . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concave&oldid=1106204892 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Mathematics disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

141-480: A high civilisation." They criticised charged customs and trade competition, and warned for Zionists dominating the market. They protested against the buying up of lands, they criticized as costly; less than necessary projects to employ Jewish immigrants at double salaries, though doing less works, at a cost to public education. "...the highest posts with fat salaries are given to the Jews", the delegates complained, "while

188-484: A memorandum, which sounded a strong protest against British policies in Palestine. They complained that Great Britain "under the financial stress of the war, had sold their country to Zionists". They added that England, "disregarding the feelings of the inhabitants, has appointed a Jew as High Commissioner", despite "the fact that the predominating majority of the people he governs are not of his own race or faith". "To

235-523: A series of meetings with Feisal in London prior to the conference. Most of the decisions about the future of Iraq had been already taken in London; Feisal should become king of a new Kingdom of Iraq, to be approved by a plebiscite of the local population. Once installed, the King would sign a friendship treaty or Alliance with Great Britain. In a major policy change, with Lawrence arguing strongly in favour, it

282-503: A short outlet on the Gulf of Aqaba. The border was later confirmed by the 1927 Treaty of Jeddah . In the early 1960s, discussions were held which resulted in a treaty on 9 August 1965; thus creating the current boundary alignment of nine lines, as well as granting Jordan a slightly increased coast (by 18 km) along the Gulf of Aqaba. The urban myth of the 'Winston Hiccup' arose based on an account of Winston Churchill (then serving as

329-587: A stroke of his pen on a Sunday afternoon in 1921. As already indicated, [Emir] Abdullah in that year had already established himself in Amman by his own initiative, when the British agreed to grant him a six-month option to demonstrate his ability to govern the Transjordanian territory as part of their Palestinian mandate. There are currently three official border crossings: concave From Misplaced Pages,

376-461: A union with the territory promised to his brother (Iraq). Churchill rejected both demands. Responding to Abdullah's fear for a Jewish kingdom west of the Jordan, Churchill decreed it was not only not contemplated "that hundreds and thousands of Jews were going to pour into the country in a very short time and dominate the existing population", but even was quite impossible. "Jewish immigration would be

423-630: A very slow process and the rights of the existing non-Jewish population would be strictly preserved." "Trans-Jordania would not be included in the present administrative system of Palestine, and therefore the Zionist clauses of the mandate would not apply. Hebrew would not be made an official language in Trans-Jordania, and the local Government would not be expected to adopt any measures to promote Jewish immigration and colonisation." About British policy in Palestine, Herbert Samuel added that "There

470-505: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cairo Conference (1921) The 1921 Cairo Conference , described in the official minutes as Middle East Conference held in Cairo and Jerusalem, March 12 to 30, 1921 , was a series of meetings by British officials for examining and discussing Middle Eastern problems, and to frame a common policy. The secret conference of British experts created

517-520: Is good for the whole world, and not only for the Jewish people, but that it will also bring with it prosperity and contentment and advancement to the Arab population of this country". He believed "that you were animated by the very highest spirit of justice and idealism, and that your work would in fact confer blessings upon the whole country". Zionists should be forewarned to anticipate adverse criticism from

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564-699: Is now Jordan, with the interior regions further south consisting of loosely organised Arab groupings, occasionally forming emirates, most prominent of which was the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa ruled by the al-Saud family. During the First World War an Arab Revolt , supported by Britain, succeeded in removing the Ottomans from most of the Middle East. In the period following this, Ibn Saud managed to expand his kingdom considerably, eventually proclaiming

611-806: The Balfour Declaration (1917). Winston Churchill , the newly appointed Colonial Secretary , called all the British Military Leaders and civil administrators in the Middle East to a conference at the Semiramis hotel in Cairo to discuss these issues. It was an experimental conference organized by the Colonial Office , with the purpose to solve problems more efficiently, with improved communications, without protracted correspondence. The conference's most significant outcome

658-656: The First World War , The World Crisis . The agenda consisted of three sections: Iraq, Palestine (including Transjordan), Aden and the Persian Gulf . The Judiciary, Finance, the size of the British Army garrison and the proposed Legislative Council were all on the agenda. An Arab delegation from Palestine met Churchill in Cairo briefly on 22 March, at which he refused to discuss anything political but agreed to meet them in Jerusalem. The issue of Trans-Jordania

705-596: The House of Commons on 14 June 1921. It drew little comment from the press and the conference is barely mentioned in the published letters and autobiographies of the main participants. On 24 March 1921, the Palestine Mission continued its work in Jerusalem. In Gaza, Churchill's train was met by a large demonstration against the British Mandate of Palestine. He met the mayor of Gaza and other leaders and

752-515: The Secretary of State for the Colonies ) boasting in his later years that he had created the British protectorate of Transjordan in 1921 "with the stroke of a pen, one Sunday afternoon in Cairo "; some stories purport that this drawing of the boundary took place following a "particularly liquid lunch". According to Warren Dockter , it likely stems from “a misquote from Churchill's speech in

799-747: The 1921 Cairo Conference. In July 1922, Ibn Saud's Wahabi forces took Jauf , and in September Abdullah's forces took Kaf . The hiccup was first sketched out in October 1922 by the Colonial Office during Abdullah's visit to London. The first formal definition of the boundary between Transjordan and Nejd was the result of negotiations between the British Government and the Sultan of Nejd starting in 1922, negotiated further at

846-669: The Allied Powers, it was an established fact. The National Home for the Jews would be "good for the world, good for the Jews and good for the British Empire ... good for the Arabs who dwell in Palestine". He emphasized that Balfour spoke of "the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jews", and did not say he would make Palestine the National Home for the Jews". It "does not mean that it will cease to be

893-434: The Arab lands, we do not deprive them of their legitimate rights". They lauded the results of the Jewish colonisation in the past forty years. They asked for charging the Jewish people with the development of State lands and non-private uncultivated lands, and the development of the natural resources of the country. The Imperial Cabinet was "perfectly convinced that the cause of Zionism is one which carries with it much that

940-658: The British press were calling for the ending of British control. T.E. Lawrence , whose wartime activities were beginning to capture the public imagination and who had strong attachments to the Husain dynasty based in the Hejaz , was lobbying the British Government on behalf of Emir Feisal . The Emir's attempt to establish a kingdom with Damascus as its capital had been thwarted by the French army. In November 1920 Feisal's older brother Abdullah appeared with several hundred followers in

987-691: The House of Commons on 24 March 1936 when Churchill declared, 'The Emir Abdullah is in TransJordania where I put him one Sunday afternoon at Jerusalem.'” Churchill was in Jerusalem for the Cairo Conference between Friday 25 March and Wednesday 30 March 1921; he was to have his first meeting with Abdullah on Monday 28 March. The borders between Transjordan and the Sultanate of Nejd (the predecessor of Saudi Arabia) were not, in fact, discussed at

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1034-415: The Jewish race and Great Britain: the inhabitants of Palestine would greatly depend on its auditors, the Jews of Palestine. By taking the right steps Palestine would transform into a paradise as foretold in the scriptures, "a land flowing with milk and honey, in which sufferers of all races and religions will find a rest from their sufferings". T. E. Lawrence concluded that Churchill had "made straight all

1081-613: The Kingdom of Hejaz was to take de facto control after Faisal's administration was defeated by the French. After the 1924–25 Saudi conquest of Hejaz , Hussein's army fled to the Ma'an region (which was then formally announced as annexed by Abdullah's Transjordan). In 1925 Britain and Ibn Saud signed the Treaty of Hadda, which created a border between Jordan and Saudi territory consisting of six straight lines. Crucially, this border gave Transjordan

1128-604: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. As a result of the secret 1916 Anglo-French Sykes–Picot Agreement , Britain gained control of the southern half of the Ottoman Syria Vilayet , with the north going to France (as the Mandate of Syria ). The southern half of the vilayet (roughly equivalent to modern western Jordan) was contested between Britain, the newly formed Arab Kingdom of Syria , the Kingdom of Hejaz , and

1175-626: The National Home of other people, or that a Jewish Government will be set up to dominate the Arab people." The British Government "cherish a strong friendship and desire for co-operation with the Arab race as a whole. That is what you would expect from the British Empire, which is the greatest of all the Muslem States in the world ..." Churchill continued his speech by explaining the appointment of Samuel as High Commissioner. He

1222-545: The Palestinian Jews, presented a memorandum to Winston Churchill. They expressed their gratitude towards Britain for supporting "the rebuilding of the Jewish National Home" and trusted that the realisation of it would "be made possible by giving Palestine its historical frontiers". They declared that "by our efforts to rebuild the Jewish National Home, which is but a small area in comparison with all

1269-582: The Zionists in the Mandatory Palestine , resulting in a confused period in which the region was essentially an ungoverned space . Eventually, in 1921, Britain declared a mandate over the region, creating the Emirate of Transjordan , under the semi-autonomous rule of Emir (and future King) Abdullah I . The southern border between Transjordan and Arabia was considered strategic for Transjordan to avoid being landlocked , with intended access to

1316-654: The blueprint for British control in both Iraq and Transjordan . By offering nominal leadership of those two regions to the sons of the Sharif of the Mecca, Churchill felt that the spirit if not the actual letter of Britain's wartime promises to the Arabs were fulfilled. Particular concerns of the conference were to resolve the conflicting policies defined in the McMahon letters (1915), the Sykes-Picot agreement (1916) and

1363-528: The end, Abdullah agreed to halting his advance towards the French and to administer the territory east of the Jordan River for a six-month trial period during which he would be given a British subsidy of £5,000 per month. After the conversations with the Emir, Churchill met a delegation of the 1920 Haifa Congress , representing Palestinian Muslims and Christians, and led by Musa al-Husayni . They handed over

1410-665: The failed 1923-24 Kuwait Conference, and concluded with the Al Hadda Agreement on November 2, 1925. Sir Gilbert Clayton conducted the talks with the sultan as British representative; Churchill had no involvement in the Al Hadda Agreement during which time he was the British Chancellor of the Exchequer . The “hiccup” resulted from giving the strategic Wadi Sirhan region, and its then primary settlement of Kaf, which had previously been occupied by Abdullah at

1457-491: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up concave  or concavity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Concave or concavity may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Concave lens Concave mirror Mathematics [ edit ] Concave function , the negative of a convex function Concave polygon , a polygon which is not convex Concave set The concavity of

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1504-548: The majority population. The Colonial Secretary concluded that he had read the memorandum "with great interest and sympathy". On 29 March 1921, Churchill made a speech at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He unveiled that his heart was full of sympathy for Zionism for twelve years ago, since he had met the Manchester Jews. Once more reiterating the blessings of a Jewish National Home for the whole world,

1551-706: The mandate over Palestine west of the Jordan River and continue to support the establishment of a Jewish Homeland there, Husain , the Sharif of Mecca, was to be recognized as King of the Hejaz and Abdul Aziz ibn Saud left in control of the Nejd in the heart of the Arabian Desert. During 1920 a popular uprising had broken out in Mesopotamia, which had been occupied by the British since World War I. The British army had suffered hundreds of casualties. and sections of

1598-443: The most important post of justice in Palestine, namely that of Legal Secretary, or Minister of Justice, a Jew has been appointed. And what is worse, this official is an out and out Zionist." The delegation contested the legal validity of the Balfour Declaration , which had staked the historical claims of the Jews, according to the logic of which "the Arabs should claim Spain since once upon a time they conquered it and there developed

1645-473: The native official, who is more conversant with local needs, is relegated to a third-class position, with a salary too little for his needs and out of all proportion with his work". The delegation objected to the draft Mandate for Palestine , which added nothing to Arab rights already derived from existing law, but gave the British her right of handing over to the Jews Crown lands which are not her own. "On

1692-475: The other hand, the Jews have been granted a true advantage, namely, that of becoming our rulers". They called for the rescinding of the Balfour Declaration and the establishment of an elected Parliament and a suspension of Jewish immigration. In reply to the statement, Churchill called the paper partisan and one-sided, with a great many untrue statements. As the Balfour Declaration was ratified by

1739-723: The sea via the Port of Aqaba . The southern region of Ma'an - Aqaba , a large area with a population of only 10,000, was administered by OETA East (later the Arab Kingdom of Syria, and then Mandatory Transjordan) and claimed by the Kingdom of Hejaz . In OETA East, Faisal had appointed a kaymakam (sub-governor) at Ma'an; the kaymakam at Aqaba, who "disregarded both Husein in Mecca and Feisal in Damascus with impunity", had been instructed by Hussein to extend his authority to Ma'an. This technical dispute did not become an open struggle, and

1786-505: The town of Ma'an and announced his intention of attacking the French occupation in modern-day Syria and Lebanon and restoring his brother to power there. Churchill's task as the new Colonial Secretary with special responsibility for the Middle East, was to find a solution to the unrest in Iraq and satisfy the aspirations of the Husains. He appointed Lawrence as his special advisor. They held

1833-527: The urging of the British, to the Sultanate of Nejd. The 1925 treaty did not create the sharp triangular point in the "hiccup" but instead a short north–south segment of 9.3 km along the 37th meridian east . Kamal Salibi commented about Churchill's pen stroke in The Modern History of Jordan , Contrary to Winston Churchill's frequently quoted boast, the country was not really created by

1880-508: Was appointed because of his training and experience. Because he was a Jew, "in holding the balance even and securing fair tradement for all he could not be reproached for being hostile to his own people, and he was believed by them when he said that he was only doing what was just and fair;". Samuel then spoke of the great advantages the Jewish immigration brought to Palestine as a whole. He refused to promise any changes to British policy. The Jewish National Council of Palestine , representing

1927-409: Was complicated by the arrival of Abdullah's army in Amman, with an influx of rebels and refugees from Syria and the fact that the Zionists regarded Transjordan as part of the promised Jewish Homeland. Churchill held a series of meetings with Abdullah in Jerusalem on his way back to London. The only public announcement on the decisions made during the conference, was a report made by Winston Churchill to

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1974-556: Was convened at the Semiramis Hotel in Cairo and was attended by all the senior military and civil figures from Palestine and Mesopotamia. The two Arabs present were members of the Mesopotamian Mandate administration. Churchill described the gathering, which lasted two weeks, as one of "Forty Thieves" and spent his leisure time practising his new hobby of oil painting and working on the manuscript of his history of

2021-471: Was decided that security in the area should be transferred from the army to the Royal Air Force . By the time the conference started the British army had managed to crush the revolt in Mesopotamia, at a cost of £40–50 million, with over 400 British soldiers and over 10,000 Iraqis killed. It was anticipated that the new policy would make significant financial savings. On 12 March 1921, the conference

2068-580: Was no question of setting up a Jewish Government there ... No land would be taken from any Arab, nor would the Moslem religion be touched in any way." The British representatives suggested that if Abdullah were able to control the anti-French actions of the Syrian Nationalists it would reduce French opposition to his brother's candidature for Mesopotamia, and might even lead to the appointment of Abdullah himself as Emir of Syria in Damascus. In

2115-658: Was presented with a list of demands which had been put forward by the Muslim-Christian Associations in Haifa. Winston Churchill and Herbert Samuel , supposing they were welcomed by the inhabitants, waved to the protesting crowds, who were chanting anti-Jewish slogans. On 28 March, Secretary of State for the Colonies Winston Churchill had several meetings with Emir Abdullah . Abdullah had already established himself in Amman and

2162-539: Was the decision to implement the Sharifian Solution : Abdullah bin Hussein was to administer the territory east of the Jordan River, Transjordan, and his brother Faisal was to become king of a newly created Kingdom of Iraq; both were to continue to receive direction and financial support from Great Britain. It was also agreed that Lebanon and Syria should remain under French control, Britain should maintain

2209-563: Was threatening to proceed further northwards. Churchill proposed to constitute Transjordan as an Arab province under an Arab Governor, who would recognise British control over his Administration and be responsible to the High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan . Abdullah argued that he should be given control of the entire area of Mandate Palestine responsible to the High Commissioner. Alternatively he advocated

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