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60-517: Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion , from Lithuania and Latvia . By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams . Hadera was founded on 24 January 1891, in the early days of modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin , known as

120-567: A few months, the Histadrut became the single largest employer in the Yishuv. The Histadrut succeeded in improving worker's rights as e.g. the right to strike was recognised, employers had to motivate dismissal and workers got a place to turn to with their complaints. In the first year of its existence, the Histadrut lacked central leadership, and many initiatives were taken at the local level. This changed after David Ben-Gurion became appointed in

180-582: A group of ten Hovevei Zion enthusiasts from Kharkiv , headed by Zalman David Levontin and including noted philanthropists Isaac Leib Goldberg and Reuven Yudalevich , founded Rishon LeZion , the first Zionist settlement founded in the Land of Israel by the New Yishuv . This was done despite obstacles posed by the Turkish government, which hindered the purchase of land. Later, Bilu pioneers strengthened

240-540: A mainstay of the Labour Zionist movement and, aside from being a trade union, its state-building role made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories. Until Israel began moving away from a socialist economy, the Histadrut, along with the government, owned most of the economy. It was the second largest employer in the country next to the government itself via its many cooperative enterprises. Through its economic arm, Hevrat HaOvdim ("Society of Workers"),

300-750: A matriculation certificate. The Democratic School of Hadera , which opened in 1987, was the first of its kind in Israel. The Technoda, an educational center for science and technology equipped with a state-of-the-art telescope and planetarium, is located in Hadera's Givat Olga neighborhood. Hadera is served by the Hillel Yaffe Medical Center . Neighborhoods of Hadera include Givat Olga, Beit Eliezer, Kfar Brandeis , Haotzar, Hephzibah, Neve Haim, Nissan, Ephraim, Bilu, Klarin, Nahaliel, Shimshon, Shlomo, Pe'er, Bialik, Beitar and The Park. Hadera

360-633: A salaried worker was ILS 5,135, a real change of 8.0% throughout 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 6,607 (a real change of 9.0%) compared with ILS 3,598 for females (a real change of 3.1%). The mean income for the self-employed was 6,584. A total of 1,752 people received unemployment benefits and 6,753 received income supplements. In 2019, the total population was 97,334, of which 91.8% were Jewish and 0.9% were Arab. In 2001, 15,622 students were studying at 42 schools (24 elementary schools with 7,933 students, and 21 high schools with 7,689 students). A total of 57.5% of 12th graders were entitled to

420-406: A terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop. A massacre of six civilians at a Bat Mitzvah occurred in early 2002. A suicide bomber blew himself up at a falafel stand on October 26, 2005, killing seven civilians and injuring 55, five in severe condition. During the second Lebanon War , on August 4, 2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles (80 km) south of

480-576: A trade union. The most severe blow came when Israel's National Health Insurance Law came into effect in 1995, instituting a national universal health care framework and reorganizing the Israeli healthcare system . Under the law, Clalit Health Services' tie to the Histadrut was severed and Israelis were given a choice in membership between Clalit and the three other Israeli health insurance funds, which were now prohibited from discriminating against applicants for age and medical reasons. Once an affiliation with

540-457: A unified workers organisation. In 1920, Third Aliyah immigrants founded Gdud HaAvoda and demanded a unified organization for all Jewish workers, which led to the establishment of the Histadrut. At the end of 1921 David Ben-Gurion was elected as Secretary. Membership grew from 4,400 in 1920 and to 8,394 members in 1922. In 1926 the Histadrut supported an art studio in Tel Aviv . By 1927,

600-541: A variety of proto-Zionist organizations founded in 1881 in response to the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire and were officially constituted as a group at a conference led by Leon Pinsker in 1884. The organizations are now considered the forerunners and foundation-builders of modern Zionism . Many of the first groups were established in Eastern European countries in the early 1880s with

660-633: Is also represented in the Israeli Beach Soccer League . Its team, Hapoel Hadera, won the championship (under its previous name, Hadera's Princes) in 2008. In Basketball , Maccabi Hadera's women's basketball team plays in second-tier Liga Leumit, while the club's Maccabi Hadera men's basketball team plays in third tier Liga Artzit . Hadera is twinned with: Hovevei Zion The Lovers of Zion , also Hovevei Zion ( Hebrew : חובבי ציון ) or Hibbat Zion ( Hebrew : חיבת ציון , lit.   ' Love of Zion ' ), were

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720-623: Is envisaged as a future vacation destination due to its closeness to the Galilee , beaches, and access to major highways. Hadera is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastal plain , 45 km (28 mi) north of Tel Aviv . The city's jurisdiction covers 53,000 dunams (53.0 km; 20.5 sq mi), making it the fourth largest city in the country. Nahal Hadera Park, a eucalyptus forest covering 1,300 dunams (1.3 km; 0.5 sq mi) and Hasharon Park are located on

780-627: Is home to three current football clubs: Hapoel Hadera , which currently plays in Israeli Premier League after being promoted at the end of 2017/18 season. Beitar Hadera (playing in Liga Gimel Shomron) and the women's football club Maccabi Kishronot Hadera (playing in Ligat Nashim Rishona ). In the past, the city was also home to Maccabi Hadera , Hapoel Nahliel and Hapoel Beit Eliezer . The city

840-541: The Russian Empire , waves of pogroms of 1881–1884 (some allegedly state-sponsored), as well as the anti-Semitic May Laws of 1882 introduced by Tsar Alexander III of Russia , deeply affected Jewish communities. More than 2 million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920. The vast majority of them emigrated to the United States , but some decided to form an aliyah to Ottoman-ruled Palestine. In 1882,

900-718: The Sultan to protect the Jews of Palestine from conflicts with the Ottomans. In 1850, according to the Ottoman census provincial yearbook, Palestine had 63,659 recorded households. Roughly 85% were Muslim, 11% were Christian and 4% Jewish. The Jewish population was recorded at about 14,730, and increased to 24,000 by 1882. In 1854, Judah Touro bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Sir Moses Montefiore

960-700: The Zionist Organization , most of the Hovevei Zion societies joined it. Histadrut Histadrut , fully the New General Workers' Federation ( Hebrew : הסתדרות העובדים הכללית החדשה ) and until 1994 the General Federation of Labour in the Land of Israel (Hebrew: ההסתדרות הכללית של העובדים בארץ ישראל , HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel HaOvdim B'Eretz Yisrael ), is Israel 's national trade union center and represents

1020-417: The 1920 founding of Histadrut began to change their views. Within three years some labor leaders had reversed their positions, calling for moral and financial support for Histadrut. The garment unions Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and International Ladies Garment Workers Union extended their support to Histadrut. The Histadrut became one of the most powerful institutions in the state of Israel ,

1080-637: The 1950s. Hadera Paper, established in 1953, continues to be a major employer in the city. The world's largest desalination plant of its type, was inaugurated in December 2009. Hadera is the location of the Orot Rabin Power Plant, Israel's largest power station. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , as of October 2013, Hadera had a population of 91,634 which is growing at an annual rate of 1.2%. As of 2003,

1140-515: The General Secretariat. Ben-Gurion wanted to transform the Histadrut into a national instrument for the realisation of Zionism. According to Zeev Sternhell Ben-Gurion's exclusive commitment to this goal is illustrated by a December 1922 quote: [...] Our central problem is immigration ... and not adapting our lives to this or that doctrine. [...] How can we run our Zionist movement in such a way that [... we] will be able to carry out

1200-544: The Histadrut had around 22,000 members, accounting for 68% of the Jewish workforce in Mandatory Palestine. In 1939, its membership stood at about 100,000, or about 75% of the Jewish workforce. More important than the 1917 American Federation of Labor (AFL) resolution recognizing "the legitimate claims of the Jewish people for the establishment of a national homeland in Palestine on the basis of self-government",

1260-493: The Histadrut had become "the executive arm of the Zionist movement—but an arm acting on its own". It had become a "state in the making". According to Tzahor, while the Histadrut focused on constructive action, its leaders did not "abandon fundamental ideological principles". However, according to Ze'ev Sternhell in his book The Founding Myths of Israel , the labor leaders had already abandoned socialist principles by 1920 and only used them as "mobilizing myths". The chairman of

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1320-447: The Histadrut in a few months. He set up a well-defined hierarchy and reduced the competencies of local workers' councils. He also centralised the collection of membership dues, most of which were formerly used up by local branches. Absorption of immigration was seen as a very important task of the Histadrut. Providing immigrants with work was often seen as more important than the financial soundness of its operations. The labor leaders saw

1380-559: The Histadrut owned and operated numerous enterprises, including the country's largest industrial conglomerates , the country's largest bank , Bank Hapoalim , and the country's largest shipping company, ZIM Integrated Shipping Services . The Israeli services sector was completely dominated by the Histadrut and government, and the Histadrut also largely dominated public transport, agriculture, and insurance industries. In addition, it owned Clalit Health Services , Israel's largest Kupat Holim, or health insurance and medical services fund. Clalit

1440-410: The Histadrut today is Arnon Bar-David . The Histadrut has been criticized by European trade unions and international human rights groups over its failure to represent migrant workers, considered to be the most maltreated employees in Israel. In 2009, the Histadrut began accepting memberships of migrant workers. Another criticism of the Histadrut is that it appears to protect powerful interest groups in

1500-469: The Histadrut was no longer a prerequisite for membership in Clalit, many of its insured dropped their labor union membership, while others switched to other health funds now that age or pre-existing conditions no longer precluded them from joining. This resulted in one of the largest declines in union membership in labor history. The Histadrut's membership plunged almost instantly from 1.8 million (almost 80% of

1560-487: The Histadrut was the employer of approximately 280,000 workers. The Histadrut managed to recover from its low point in membership and gradually grow in membership. In 2005, it had about 650,000 members. The Histadrut still remains a powerful force in Israeli society and the economy. In 2017 it had 570,000 members and a total of 700,000 workers being employed under collective agreements it had negotiated with employers in

1620-415: The Histadrut was to take responsibility for all spheres of activity of the worker's movement: settlement, defense, trade unions, education, housing construction, health, banking, cooperative ventures, welfare and even culture. The Histadrut took over economic firms operated by the parties, which operated by subcontracting, and their Office of Information, which was expanded into a Labor Exchange. Already after

1680-579: The Israeli government nationalized it along with other major banks. A notable shift in power took place in 1994 when the Labor Party lost its leadership and governing role in the Histadrut, and a new party named RAM, composed of individuals who had left the Labor Party due to internal power struggles, took charge and began to sell off or eliminate its non-union-related assets and activities, proclaiming that from then on, it would function solely as

1740-488: The Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah. In the 2000s, the city center was rejuvenated, a high-tech business park was constructed, and the world's largest desalination plant was built. New neighborhoods are under construction in the underdeveloped northeastern part of the city, and plans are under way for a large park, shopping malls and hotels with a total of 1,800 rooms. The city

1800-641: The Redeemer of the Valley. The land was purchased from a Christian effendi , Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling papyrus reeds. The village was named after Wadi al-Khudeira ( Arabic : وادي الخضيرة , lit.   'the valley of verdure'), as

1860-552: The aim to promote Jewish immigration to Palestine , and advance Jewish settlement there, particularly agricultural. Most of them stayed away from politics. 19th century Palestine was inhabited by Muslims, Armenians, Christians, and Jews. As early as 1840 Moses Montefiore advocated for the Jews in the Ottoman Empire , which controlled the areas of Palestine, meeting with British consul Lord Palmerston to get Mehemet Ali and

Hadera - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-488: The city had a population density of 1,516.6 per km. Of the city's population of 2013 of 91,634, approximately 23,407 were immigrants, many from Ethiopia . According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities , Hadera had a population of 540 inhabitants, consisting of 450 Jews, 89 Muslims and 1 Christian. Hadera has grown steadily since 1948, when the city had a population of 11,800. In 1955,

1980-463: The coast south of Giv'at Olga . Others say that the ancient Gadera should be identified with Umm Qais or with al-Judeira . The first Jewish settlers lived in a building known as the Khan near Hadera's main synagogue. The population consisted of ten families and four guards. In 1896 Baron Rothschild paid for "hundreds of black labourers" from Egypt "to dig the broad and deep trenches" needed to drain

2040-451: The conquest of the land by the Jewish worker, and which will find the resources to organise the massive immigration and settlement of workers through their own capabilities? The creation of a new Zionist movement, a Zionist movement of workers, is the first prerequisite for the fulfillment of Zionism. [...] Without [such] a new Zionist movement that is entirely at our disposal, there is no future or hope for our activities Ben-Gurion transformed

2100-420: The country. Following its support of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests , on February 8, 2012, Histadrut called a general strike in support of lower-paid subcontracted, and unorganized workers, negotiating with both the government and private employers on their behalf, demanding that the subcontracted workers be hired directly and be offered the pay and benefits granted to regular employees. A settlement

2160-495: The failure to absorb immigrants as a moral bankruptcy that was much worse than financial bankruptcy. In 1924 the Histadrut's Office for Public Works collapsed and went bankrupt, and in 1927 the same happened to its successor, the privatised Solel Boneh . In both cases, the Zionist Executive bailed them out and recognised the deficit in the category of "expenses for immigration absorption". The Zionist Executive, sharing

2220-456: The goal of stimulating immigration with the Histadrut, had to do this because besides the Histadrut there was no other organisation in Palestine with the ability to absorb immigrants. By 1930 the Histadrut had become the central organisation of the Yishuv. It did what the Zionist Executive wanted, but was unable to do: absorb immigrants and organise the agricultural settlement, defense and expansion into new areas of production. According to Tzahor

2280-408: The increasing liberalization and deregulation of the Israeli economy since the 1980s, the role and size of Histadrut declined. Hyperinflation saddled its business empire with enormous debts, and slow economic growth exposed its inefficiencies. Due to debts, the Histadrut began giving up its business holdings. It lost control of Bank Hapoalim in the aftermath of the 1983 Israel bank stock crisis , when

2340-650: The major donors was the famous tea merchant, Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky , who founded the largest tea company in Russia, Wissotzky Tea . Wissotzky financed agricultural colonies in Palestine and visited the country in 1884–1885. He later published a book about his visit. In 1897, before the First Zionist Congress , the Odessa Committee counted over 4,000 members. Once the Congress established

2400-641: The majority of Israel's trade unionists . Established in December 1920 in Mandatory Palestine , it soon became one of the most powerful institutions in the Yishuv (the body of Jewish residents in the region prior to the establishment of the state). Today, it has 800,000 members. The Histadrut was founded in December 1920 in Haifa to look out for the interests of Jewish workers. Until 1920, Ahdut HaAvoda and Hapoel Hatzair had been unable to set up

2460-463: The mill was designed to meet all of Israel's paper needs. New neighborhoods were built, among them Givat Olga on the coast, and Beit Eliezer in the east of the city. In 1964, Hadera was declared a city. In the 1990s, large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants settled in Hadera. Hadera, considered a safe place by its inhabitants, was jolted by several acts of terrorism during the second intifada. On October 28, 2001, four civilians were killed when

Hadera - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-569: The nearby section of Hadera Stream was known. Earlier, the whole Hadera Stream had been known as Nahr Akhdar ( Arabic : نهر الأخضر , lit.   'green river'). The Crusaders called the location Lictera – a corruption of the Arabic name, el-Khudeira . From the outset, attempts were made to pick instead a Hebrew name for the new settlement. About half a year after it was founded, rabbi Ya'akov Goldman reported on an event in "the moshav of Hadere , that is, Hatzor ". The name Liktera

2580-478: The nowadays freight-only Eastern Line . The city's railway station is located in the west of the city and is on the Tel Aviv suburban line which runs between Binyamina and Ashkelon . The city center of Hadera is located near Israel's two main north–south highways; Highway 2 , linking Tel Aviv to Haifa, and Highway 4 . This made Hadera an important junction for all coastal bus transportation after 1948 and into

2640-538: The outskirts of Hadera. Hot water gushing from the Hadera power plant draws schools of hundreds of sandbar and dusky shark every winter. Scientists are researching the rare phenomenon, which is unknown in the vicinity. It is speculated that the water, which is ten degrees warmer than the rest of the sea, could be the attraction. Hadera lies along two main Israel Railways lines: the Coastal Line and

2700-817: The payment of land registration fees". Selim al-Khoury, a Christian merchant from Haifa, purchased Kh. al-Khudeira, together with 3000 hectares of land, and established an agricultural estate among the ruins. In 1890, al-Khoury sold al-Khudeira to Yehoshua Hankin (1864–1945). Baron Edmond James de Rothschild 's surveyor, Yitzhak Goldhar, claimed that Hadera was founded on the site of the former town called Gedera of Caesarea ( Hebrew : גדרה של קיסרין ), as mentioned in Tosefta Shevi'it , ch. 7. Benjamin Mazar preferred to locate ancient Gador , formerly known as Gedera by Caesaria , at Tell Ahḍar ("green hill"), later known as Tell esh Sheikh Ziraq and currently as Tel Gador, on

2760-522: The population almost doubled to 22,500. In 1961 it rose to 25,600, in 1972 to 32,200, and in 1983, to 38,700. The median age in Hadera is 32.8, with 23,200 people 19 years of age or younger, 12.1% between 20 and 29, 14,100 between 30 and 44, 17,600 from 45 to 64, and 9,700, 65 or older. As of 2007, there were 37,500 males and 39,200 females. In 2003, the ethnic makeup was 93.2% Jewish, 0.8% Arab and 6.0% other. In 2000, there were 27,920 salaried workers and 1,819 self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for

2820-423: The regional economic center. In 1913, the settlement included forty households, as well as fields and vineyards, stretching over 30,000 dunams. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Hadera had a total population of 540; 89 Muslims, 1 Christian and 450 Jews. Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, and the population had grown to 2,002 in 1931. Free schooling

2880-538: The settlement and enlarged it. For many years, textbooks gave Bilu the credit for the establishment of Rishon LeZion, but in the last decades—after a campaign by the veterans of Rishon and their descendants— Hovevei Zion were given the credit as the founders of the city. The Hovevei Zion tract Aruchas bas-ami was authored by Isaac Rülf in 1883, and in 1884, 34 delegates met in Kattowitz , Germany (today Katowice , Poland ). Rabbi Samuel Mohilever

2940-486: The swamps. They "died in scores". Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540, 210 died of malaria. Therefore, a Bible verse from the Psalms (Tehillim) was inscribed in the city's logo: "Those who sow in tears, will reap with songs of joy." (Ps 126:5) Hashomer guards kept watch over the fields to prevent incursions by the neighboring Bedouin . By the early twentieth century, Hadera had become

3000-536: The workforce at the time) to about 200,000 members. The loss of revenue generated from Clalit's health insurance premiums and union dues caused an enormous decline in the Histadrut's resources, and it was forced to sell off valuable real estate assets to survive. Membership in 1983 was 1,600,000 (including dependents), accounting for more than one-third of the total population of Israel and about 85% of all wage earners. About 170,000 Histadrut members were Arabs (who were admitted to membership starting in 1959). In 1989,

3060-614: Was announced on Sunday, February 12, which provided for some gains by the subcontractors, but also for a 3-year moratorium on further strikes over subcontractor issues. In 2016, 27% of the workforce was a member of this union. During the 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests the Chairperson of the Histadrut, Anon Bar-David, declared a unionwide strike following the announcement of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 's intention to dismiss Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant . The strike

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3120-493: Was appointed executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects, including building the first Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside of the old walled city of Jerusalem in 1860, which is known today as Mishkenot Sha'ananim quarter. Laurence Oliphant failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882). In

3180-562: Was approved by the Russian government as "The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Eretz Israel," which came to be known as The Odessa Committee . It was dedicated to the practical aspects in establishing agricultural settlements and its projects in 1890–1891 included help in the founding of Rehovot and Hadera and rehabilitation of Mishmar HaYarden . One of

3240-488: Was called off on the same day after Netanyahu announced he will be entering negotiations with the opposition regarding the judicial reform and halt the legislation. Several days later, a report by journalist Michael Shemesh alleged that the strike was coordinated with the Prime Minister's office in order for Netanyahu to be able to apply pressure on his coalition members to halt the legislation. The initial aim of

3300-483: Was elected the president and Leon Pinsker the chairman of the organization they named Hovevei Zion . Pinsker was aided by Shaul Pinchas Rabbinowicz . The group tried to secure financial help from Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and other philanthropists to aid Jewish settlements in Palestine and to organize educational courses. In June 1887, another conference was held in Druskininkai . The Warsaw chapter

3360-545: Was founded by L. L. Zamenhof , who was working on the first grammar textbook of Yiddish ever written, published under the pseudonym "Dr. X" only in 1909, in Lebn un visnshaft , in the article "Vegn a yidisher gramatik un reform in der yidisher shprakh". In order to attain legal recognition by the authorities, the Russian branch of Hovevei Zion had to meet a demand to be registered as a charity . Early in 1890 its establishment

3420-747: Was in preferential use by the British military during World War I . In the end of the nineteenth century, the region of Hadera was populated by three immigrant groups – Circassians, Bosnians and Russian Jews. These transnational colonists joined what was, in Roy Marom's words, "a sparsely populated coastal plain inhabited by Arabic-speaking highland peasants and nomads of Turkmen, Nubian, Egyptian and of Arabian-Peninsular descent". Marom further notes that in 1871 Ottoman authorities inspected Khirbet al-Khudeira, and found it 'empty of inhabitants and lacking resident peasants who are eligible to purchase it in return for

3480-634: Was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school. After the 1948 War , the north-western part of Hadera (including "Newe Chayyim") expanded on the land which had belonged to the depopulated Palestinian village of Arab al-Fuqara . Hadera's population increased dramatically in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country. Most of the newcomers were from Europe, though 40 Yemenite families settled there, too. In 1953, Israel's first paper mill opened in Hadera. Financed by investors from Israel, United States, Brazil and Australia,

3540-558: Was the grassroots campaign to finance Histadrut land purchases, infrastructure development and the establishment of farm cooperatives . Jewish garment workers in the US in the early 20th century looked more to local improvements than the promises of Labor Zionism. The symbolic AFL endorsement of the Balfour Declaration failed to advance Zionist goals on the ground and many Jewish labor leaders were opposed to Zionist endeavors until

3600-417: Was the only health fund in the country to accept members without discriminating based on their age or medical situation, but with the condition that they must also be members of the Histadrut labor union, which was exclusively Jewish. As such, many Israelis were dependent on Histadrut membership for their health insurance. In the mid-1980s, an estimated 70% of the Israeli population was insured by Clalit. With

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