53-700: Hadhrami or Hadrami may refer to: Hadharem , people inhabiting the Hadhramaut region in Yemen People [ edit ] Ahmed Al-Hadrami (born 1988), Saudi footballer Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami , 7th century Muslim emissary Salit bin 'Amr 'Ala bin Hadrami , 7th-century Muslim emissary to Bahrain Al-Imam al-Hadrami , 11th century Muslim jurist Places [ edit ] Hadhrami Sheikhdom , one of
106-532: A companion of Muhammad , was reportedly from Hadhramaut. Several prophets before them are believed to have dwelt here, including Hud of ʿĀd . He is thought to be buried at Qabr Hud , which is also called Shiʿb Hud , but this is not universally accepted. In the 16th century, the Portuguese arrived in Hadhramaut and established several settlements along the southern coast. However, their influence
159-414: A large proportion of the land, they employ labourers to cultivate it. As compared with the other classes they are well educated and are strict tn their observance of religious duties, and owing to the respect due to their descent they exercise a strong influence both in temporal and spiritual affairs. The Mashayikh ( Hadrami Arabic : المشايخ ) is another highly regarded group that is second in prestige to
212-619: A narrow, arid coastal plain bounded by the steep escarpment of a broad plateau locally known as the Jowl ( Hadrami Arabic : ٱلْجَوْل , romanized: al-Jawl , averaging 1,370 m (4,490 ft)). The undefined northern edge of Hadhramaut slopes down to the desert of the Empty Quarter, where the Hadhramaut Plateau or Highlands ( Arabic : هَضْبَة حَضْرَمَوْت , romanized : Haḍbat Ḥaḍramawt ) meets
265-484: A petrochemicals industry. Hadramout produces approximately 258.8 thousand barrels per day. One of the prominent oil fields is the Masila Basin Sector (14), discovered in 1993. The Yemeni government is committed to developing its oil fields to increase oil production, aiming to enhance national wealth in response to the country's economic and social development needs. Oil contributes between 30% and 40% of
318-627: A treaty in 1937, appointing the British government as "advisors" in Hadhramaut. The British exiled him to Aden in 1945, but the Protectorate lasted until 1967. In 1967, the former British Colony of Aden and the former Aden Protectorate including Hadramaut became an independent Communist state, the People's Republic of Southern Yemen , later the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. South Yemen
371-519: Is as yet no definitive chronology of their reigns. Their capital was Shabwa in the northwest corner of the kingdom, along the Incense trade route. Eratosthenes called it a metropolis . It was an important cult centre as well. At first, the religion was South Arabian polytheism , distinguished by the worship of the Babylonian moon god Sin . By the sixth century, the monotheistic cult of Rahmanan
424-636: Is estimated to contain the highest concentration of descendants of Muhammad anywhere in the world. The borders of Hadhramaut have varied over time to include the territory between Aden and Dhofar , but it always included the Wadi Hadhramaut, the lands between the Wadi and the coast, and the desert region of the Empty Quarter north of the Wadi. This encompasses the current governorates of Hadramaut and Mahra in their entirety as well as parts of
477-594: Is the former Prime Minister of East Timor , Mari Alkatiri (2006). The Hadharem have also settled in large numbers along the East African coast, and two former ministers in Kenya , Shariff Nasser and Najib Balala , are of Hadhrami descent. It has also been proved by genetic evidence that the Lemba people of Southern Africa bear some relation to the people of Hadramaut. Within the Hadhramaut region there has been
530-585: Is the name of a son of Joktan , who is identified with Qahtan in Islamic tradition, the purported ancestor of the South Arabian kingdoms. According to various Bible dictionaries, the name "Hazarmaveth" means "court of death," reflecting a meaning similar to the Arabic folk etymologies. The origins of the name are unknown, with several scholarly proposals. Kamal Salibi proposed that the diphthong "aw" in
583-672: The Gulf of Aden in the Arabian Sea , elevation abruptly decreases. The Hadhramaut Mountains ( Arabic : جِبَال حَضْرَمَوْت , romanized : Jibāl Ḥaḍramawt ), also known as the "Mahrat Mountains" ( Arabic : جِبَال ٱلْمَهْرَة , romanized : Jibāl Al-Mahrah ), are a mountain range in Yemen . They are contiguous with the Omani Dhofar Mountains to the northeast, and James Canton considered Aden in
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#1732764800158636-569: The Hadhramaut region in the Arabian Peninsula , which is part of modern-day Yemen . The spoken language of the Hadharem is Hadhrami Arabic . Among the two million inhabitants of Hadhramaut , there are about 1,300 distinct tribes. As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or sayyids , who trace their descent to Muhammad . These are followed by
689-623: The Hadhrami Jews now live in Israel . The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of Stamford Raffles to trade in his newly established colony of Singapore . Hadhramaut Hadhramaut ( Arabic : حَضْرَمَوْتُ , romanized : Ḥaḍramawt , /ˌhɑ.drəˈmɔ(ː)t/ ; Hadrami Arabic : حَضْرَمُوتُ , Ḥaḍramūt ) is a geographic region in southern part of Arabian Peninsula encompassing mainly of
742-705: The Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular. During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns. They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates . Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in Mozambique , Comoros , and Madagascar . The vast majority of
795-603: The Islamic Prophet Muhammad , and of townsmen of northern origin, besides a considerable class of African or mixed descent. The Sada, descendants of Husain ibn Ali , grandson of the Islamic Prophet, Form a numerous and highly respected aristocracy . They are divided into families, tho chiefs of which are known as Munsibs , who are looked on as the religious leaders of the people and are even in some cases are regarded with great respect as saints. Among
848-545: The Malacca Sultanate , Pontianak Sultanate or Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura were descents of Hadharem . In the 19th century, Hadhrami businessmen owned many of the maritime armada of barks, brigs, schooners and other ships in the Malay archipelago. In modern times, several Indonesian ministers, including former Foreign Minister Ali Alatas and former Finance Minister Mar'ie Muhammad are of Hadhrami descent, as
901-653: The Malay Archipelago , Sri Lanka , southern Philippines and Singapore. In Hyderabad and Aurangabad, the community is known as Chaush and resides mostly in the neighborhood of Barkas . There are also settlements of Hadharem in Gujarat , such as in Ahmadabad and Surat . In South India, the Nawayath community also descends from Hadrami traders. Earlier, several sultans in the Malay Archipelago such as
954-581: The Old South Arabian languages ( Ḥaḍramitic , Minaic , Qatabanic , and Sabaic ), though the second form is not found in any known Ḥaḍramitic inscriptions. In either form, the word itself can be a toponym , a tribal name, or the name of the kingdom of Ḥaḍramawt. In the late fourth or early 3rd century BC , Theophrastus gives the name Άδρραμύτα , a direct transcription of the Semitic name into Greek. The Kingdom of Hadramout existed before
1007-495: The Shabwah Governorate . The current governorate of Hadhramaut roughly incorporates the former territory of the two sultanates. The Hadharem live in densely built towns centered on traditional watering stations along the wadis. Hadharem harvest crops of wheat and millet , tend date palm and coconut groves, and grow some coffee. On the plateau, Bedouins tend sheep and goats. Society is still highly tribal, with
1060-671: The Umayyad Caliphate . In the 11th century, the Hadramout region came under the rule of the Mahdids , who were of Banu Hadhrami origin. They established the Qasimi dynasty , which ruled the region for several centuries. Early Islamic authors believed the nomadic Kinda tribe that founded a kingdom in central Arabia were originally from Hadhramaut, although distinct from the settled Hadhrami population. Miqdad ibn Aswad ,
1113-686: The governorates of Hadhramaut , Shabwa , and al-Mahra in Yemen . It sometimes includes Aden , Abyan , and Lahij governorates in Yemen, Dhofar in south-western Oman and Sharurah in southern Saudi Arabia . The name is of ancient origin, and is retained in the name of the Yemeni Governorate of Hadhramaut. The people of Hadhramaut are called the Hadharem . They formerly spoke Hadramautic , an old South Arabian language, but they now predominantly speak Hadhrami Arabic . The origin of
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#17327648001581166-458: The pre-Islamic Wadi Ḥaḍramawt, this explanation for the name is anachronistic and phonetically inconsistent (for example, the name contains pharyngeal fricatives, which are neither found nor substituted for existing sounds in Greek). Variations of the name are attested as early as the middle of the 1st millennium BC . The names ḥḍrmt (𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩) and ḥḍrmwt (𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩) are found in texts of
1219-553: The sheikhs , tribesmen, townspeople, dhu'afa (farmers, fishers and builders). At the bottom of the hierarchy are al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants") Hadhramaut was under Muslim rule and converted to the faith during the time of Prophet Muhammad . A religious leader from Iraq introduced the Hadharem to Ibadi Islam in the mid eighth century until in 951 AD when Sunnis took Hadhramaut and put it under their domain. To this day
1272-503: The Hadharem follow Sunni, specifically the Shafi' school. Hadharem women have had more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries. The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic , a dialect of Arabic , although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in. The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence
1325-505: The Himyarite Kingdom remained tense, with both sides waging wars against each other for control of the trade routes and territory in the region. The Hadhrami are referred to as Chatramotitai in ancient Greek texts. Hadhramautic texts come later than Sabaean ones, and some Sabaean texts from Hadhramaut are known. Greek, Latin , Sabaean and Hadhramautic texts preserve the names of a large number of kings of Hadhramaut, but there
1378-621: The Sada. Like the Sada, they don't bear arms. Men from this group are given the honorific surname Sheikh ( Hadrami Arabic : شيخ ) and women are given the surname Sheikha ( Hadrami Arabic : شيخة ) which is different from the term Sheikh ( Arabic : شيخ ) that is used to refer to a tribal chief or a Muslim scholar . Prominent Mashayikh families include the ‘Amudi ( Hadrami Arabic : العمودي ), Ba Wazir ( Hadrami Arabic : با وزير ), and Ba ‘Abbad ( Hadrami Arabic : با عبّاد ) families. The Qaba'il ( Hadrami Arabic : القبائل ) or tribesmen, as in
1431-508: The Yemeni Government signed an agreement that designated TotalEnergies of France to be the lead company for a project for the export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In 1997, Yemen Gas Company joined with various privately held companies to establish Yemen LNG (YLNG). In August 2005, the government gave final approval to three LNG supply agreements, enabling YLNG to award a $ 2 billion contract to an international consortium to build
1484-458: The birth of Christ, but its exact establishment date cannot be confirmed. Its capital was Shabwa and it was not far from the city of Teman (the capital of the Kingdom of Qataban ). It was a tribal federation consisting of several tribes united by their common veneration of the god Sin . Hadramout was originally the name of one of the tribes. The mention of Hadramout and its god Sin is found in
1537-568: The country's first liquefaction plant at Balhat on the Arabian Sea coast. The project is a $ 3.7 billion investment over 25 years, producing approximately 6.7 million tons of LNG annually, with shipments likely to go to the United States and South Korea. Production of LNG began in October 2009. The Yemen government expects the LNG project to add $ 350 million to its budget and enable it to develop
1590-470: The death of Dhū Nuwās (525/7). The kingdom ceased to exist by the end of the 3rd century CE , having been annexed by the Himyarite Kingdom . Hadhramaut continued to be used in the full titulature of the kings of Sabaʾ and Dhu Raydān (Himyar). In the 2nd century CE, Hadramout was known for its frankincense and myrrh trade. The incense trade route (southern incense route) that passed through
1643-595: The five sheikdoms of Upper Yafa in Southern Arabia Hadrami , Sanaa Governorate , Yemen Languages [ edit ] Hadrami language , an Old South Arabian subgroup of Semitic Hadhrami Arabic , a dialect of Arabic spoken by the Hadhrami people Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hadhrami . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
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1696-532: The gross domestic product (GDP) value and represents more than 70% of the total general budget revenues of the state. Moreover, it constitutes more than 90% of the country's export value. The people of the region are known as the Hadharem belong generally to the semitic south Arabians who claim descent from Yarub bin Qahtan . There is, however, a large number of Sada ( Hadrami Arabic : سادة , romanized: Sadah ; Singular : Sayyid ), or descendant of
1749-573: The inscription of Surwah by the Makrib Sabean writer Karib'il Watar I around 700–680 BCE. The Kingdom, led by King Shahr-al-Khuraymat, formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Ma'in and the Kingdom of Qataban and became independent from the Kingdom of Sheba around 330 BCE, during which the Himyarite dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Sheba. The relationship between the Kingdom of Hadramout and
1802-594: The interior. The family had accumulated great wealth and was in the service of the Nizam of Hyderabad in India as commander of the Arab levy composed of his tribesmen. the townsmen are the free inhabitants of the towns and villages as distinguished from the Sada and the tribesmen; they do not carry arms, but are the working members of the community, merchants, artificers , cultivators, and servants and are entirely dependent on
1855-566: The leading families are that of Sheikh Abu Bakar bin Salem ( Hadrami Arabic : الشيخ ابو بكر بن سالم ) of ʽAynat , al-Aidarus ( Hadrami Arabic : العيدروس ) of Shihr and Wadi Dawan , Bin Sumayt ( Hadrami Arabic : بن سميط ) of Shibam and the Sakkaf ( Hadrami Arabic : سقاف ) of Seiyun . They do not bear arms, nor occupy themselves in trade nor manual labour nor even agriculture; though owning
1908-1104: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhrami&oldid=1259874509 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Arabic words and phrases Hadhramaut Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Hadharem [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia [REDACTED] Oman [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Malaysia [REDACTED] Philippines [REDACTED] Singapore [REDACTED] Sudan [REDACTED] Somalia [REDACTED] Kenya [REDACTED] Tanzania ( Zanzibar ) [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] United States The Hadharem ( Arabic : حضارم , romanized : ḥaḍārim ; singular: Hadhrami, Arabic : حضرمي , romanized : ḥaḍramī ) are an Arabic -speaking ethnographic group indigenous to
1961-447: The most productive fields is Al Maseelah in the strip (14), which was discovered in 1993. The Yemeni government is keen to develop its oil fields to increase oil production to increase national wealth in response to the requirements of economic and social development in the country. Oil contributes 30–40% of the nation's GDP, over 70% of total state revenues, and more than 90% of the value of the country's exports. A Soviet discovery in
2014-411: The name is an incorrect vocalization. He notes that "-ūt" is a frequent ending for place names in the Ḥaḍramawt, and given that "Ḥaḍramūt" is the colloquial pronunciation of the name and also its ancient pronunciation, the correct reading of the name should be "place of ḥḍrm ." He proposes, then, that the name means "the green place," which is apt for its well-watered wadis whose lushness contrasts with
2067-562: The name of Ḥaḍramawt is not exactly known, and there are numerous competing hypotheses about its meaning. The most common folk etymology is that the region's name means "death has come," from Arabic: حَضَر , romanized: ḥaḍara , lit. 'he came' and Arabic: مَوْت , romanized: mawt , lit. 'death'. Ḥaḍramawt has also been identified with Biblical Hazarmaveth ( Biblical Hebrew : חֲצַרְמָוֶת , romanized: Ḥăṣarmāweṯ ; Genesis 10 :26 and 1 Chronicles 1:20). There, it
2120-514: The old Seyyid aristocracy , descended from the Islamic prophet Muhammad , traditionally educated, strict in their Islamic observance, and highly respected in religious and secular affairs. Hadhramaut is geographically divided into Inner Hadhramaut ( Hadrami Arabic : حضرموت الداخل ) which is made up of Wadi Hadhramaut, smaller tributary wadis south from the main wadi, and Coastal Hadhramaut ( Hadrami Arabic : حضرموت الساحل ) which consists of
2173-432: The rest of Arabia, are the predominant class in the population. All the adults carry arms. Some of the tribes have settled towns and villages, others live a bedouin life keeping however within the territory which is recognised as belonging to the tribe. They are divided into sections or families, each headed by a chief whilst the head of the tribe is called the muqaddam or sultan . He is the leader in peace and in war, but
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2226-735: The southern governorate of Shabwah has proven only marginally successful even when taken over by a different group. A Western consortium began exporting oil from Masila in the Hadhramaut in 1993, and production there reached 67,000 m /d (420,000 bbl/d) in 1999. There are new finds in the Jannah (formerly known as the Joint Oil Exploration Area) and east Shabwah blocks. Yemen's oil exports in 1995 earned about US$ 1 billion. Yemen's offshore oil and gas deposits are estimated to contain billions of barrels of oil and gas. Marib oil contains associated natural gas. In September 1995,
2279-600: The southern part of Hadramout helped the region flourish economically and culturally. The Kingdom of Hadramout played a significant role in connecting the cultures of Arabia , Mesopotamia , East Africa , and the Roman Empire . In the 7th century, Islam spread to Hadramout, and it was gradually integrated into the Caliphate . The region played a role in Islamic history during the Rashidun Caliphate and
2332-520: The southwest to be in the mountains' recesses. Wadi Hadhramaut ( Arabic : وادي حضرموت ) is the main wadi in the region which has 16 tributary wadis, which are: From its southern plateau: From its northern plateau: Historically, Hadhramaut was known for being a major producer of frankincense , which in the early 20th century was mainly exported to Mumbai in India. The region has also produced senna and coconut . Currently, Hadhramaut produces approximately 260,000 barrels of oil per day; one of
2385-521: The surrounding high desert plateau. A now rejected etymology was proposed by Juris Zarins , rediscoverer of the city claimed to be the ancient incense trade route trade capital Ubar in Oman, who claimed that the name may come from the Greek word ὕδρευματα hydreumata , i.e. enclosed (and often fortified) watering stations in wadis. Though it accurately describes the configuration of settlements in
2438-671: The total Hadhrami population. Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , and on the coast of the Red Sea . The money changers in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia have historically been of Hadhrami origin. The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa ( Djibouti , Ethiopia and Somalia ), and also comprise a notable part of
2491-714: The tribes and chiefs under whose protection they live. The servile class contains a large African element, brought over formerly when the slave trade nourished on this coast; as all Islamic countries they are well treated, and often rise to positions of trust. Since the early 19th century, large-scale Hadhramaut migration has established sizable Hadhrami minorities all around the Indian Ocean, in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Africa, including Mombasa , Hyderabad , Aurangabad , Maharashtrian Konkan , Mangalore , Bhatkal , Gangolli , Malabar , Sylhet , Tanzania ,
2544-518: The tribesmen are not his subjects; he can only rule with their support. Historically, the most powerful tribes in Hadhramaut was the Qu’aiti , a branch of the Yafa'a tribe. Originally invited by the Sada to protect the settled districts against the marauding tribes, they established themselves as rulers of the country, and possessed the coastal districts with the towns of Mukalla and Shihr as well as Shibam in
2597-465: Was united with North Yemen in 1990 as the Republic of Yemen. The capital and largest city of Hadhramaut is the port Mukalla . Mukalla had a 1994 population of 122,400 and a 2003 population of 174,700, while the port city of Ash Shihr has grown from 48,600 to 69,400 in the same time. One of the more historically important cities in the region is Tarim . An important locus of Islamic learning, it
2650-473: Was followed in the local temple. The political history of Hadhramaut is not easy to piece together. Numerous wars involving Hadhramaut are referenced in Sabaean texts. From their inscriptions, the Hadhrami are known to have fortified Libna (now Qalat [ ar ] ) against Himyar and to have fortified mwyt ( Ḥiṣn al-Ghurāb حِصْن ٱلْغُرَاب ) against the Kingdom of Aksum in the period following
2703-551: Was founded by Umar bin Awadh al-Qu'aiti, a Yafa'i tribesman whose wealth and influence as hereditary Jemadar of the Nizam of Hyderabad 's armed forces enabled him to establish the Qu'aiti dynasty in the latter half of the 19th century, winning British recognition of his paramount status in the region in 1882. The British Government and the traditional and scholarly sultan Ali bin Salah signed
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#17327648001582756-407: Was later overshadowed by the rise of the Sabaeans , who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami seamen to emigrate in large numbers around the Indian Ocean basin, including the Horn of Africa , the Swahili Coast , the Malabar Coast , Hyderabad in South India , Sri Lanka , and Maritime Southeast Asia . In the mid 1930s the Hadhrami Diaspora numbered at 110,000, amounting to a third of
2809-435: Was short-lived as the Yemeni Imams managed to drive them out by the 17th century. Subsequently, Hadhramaut came under Ottoman influence, and the Ottomans maintained control over the region until the early 20th century . The Qu'aiti sultans ruled the vast majority of Hadramaut, under a loose British protectorate, the Aden Protectorate, from 1882 to 1967, when the Hadhramaut was annexed by South Yemen. The Qu'aiti dynasty
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