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50-513: The fifteen Hadjarai ethnic groups include the Dajus , Kengas , Junkun , Dangaleats , Mogoums , Sokoros , Sabas , Barains , Bidios , Yalnas , Bolgos , Koffas and Djongors . Most of these are small farmers. Over 90% of Hadjarai women have undergone female genital cutting . The Hadjarai groups speak diverse languages mostly belonging to the East Chadic B group, with some belonging to

100-422: A Fur marriage, the groom's father goes to the bride's father and asks for his son's permission to marry. The bride's father does not give an answer immediately, but then asks the village for its opinion. If everyone approves, the bride's father accepts. The whole village gathers for the announcement of the marriage, and preparations are made. Then the marriage starts in the groom's house. The Imam recites words from

150-539: A couple pages of this text. The Quran is studied with the help of a hand-held board shaped object known as the lohh and a wooden stylus called a kalam. The Fur tribesman's knowledge of the Quran determines their position on the tribe's hierarchy ladder. For example, a tribesman must know almost the whole book to attain position as chieftain. The Fur people also have their own crafts for entertainment. These include dance-games like "ALLE" (all-eh) and toys like Burajei. Burajei

200-536: A leader among the Fur, established the Sudan Liberation Movement and Army. Another leader of the Fur, as of 2007 , is Ahmed Abdelshafi (Toba). The traditional heartland of the Fur is the mountainous region around Jebel Sî and Jebel Marra Wadi Salih and Zaligi; today, however, most of them live in the lower country west and southwest of that area, between 11–14 N and 23–26 E. Some Fur live across

250-623: A result of their defeat at the hands of the Tunjur and then dominance by the Fur, the Daju were displaced from much of their territory and now exist in several distinct pockets in the Sudan and Chad. The remaining Daju people exist in the following distinct groups: There are also two groups located in the Nuba Mountains and due to their sharp linguistic differential from each other as well as

300-444: A salad and shata, a red-hot spice mixture served in small dishes. After the meal, dessert is served, then tea. On special occasions incense may be lit. The ritual of hospitality is important in Sudan. The Fur people have many types of families. Porundia, or nuclear families, are a very common type. They normally have 2 or more children. In a typical Fur family the parents of the groom and wife will be taken care of until they die. In

350-478: A sponge); birish , which is a carpet for sitting; and gada , which is a wood plate or bowl used for important occasions. Among the Fur people, stories are told to keep children safe from the outside world. These stories are designed to keep children close to home. In some stories children are told that if they go out in the morning they will die from the heat of the sun, and in the night they are told if they go out an animal called nyama will eat them. Fur music

400-404: Is a constant need to repair buildings. Therefore, the mud architecture is no longer practical because of its fragility, as well as cultural changes and foreign influences. Clothes among the Fur people are similar to what is worn in Sudan. They wear casual Sudanese clothes like a jalabiya . The jalabiya is a white garment that covers the wearer from head to toe. A long time ago, when the Fur tribe

450-627: Is a small doll-like toy made from a camel's back . It is bound by rope and sewn by thorns. When greeting each other, a woman and a man have different forms of respect. The woman must kneel down before the man and the man must slow his pace. Different sexes can also dance together but are forbidden to touch or live with each other unless they are family. Men and women usually get married in their late teens to their early twenties. The groom and wife will meet each other and get to know about them, their accomplishments and other important attributes. If everything goes well they will proceed to wed. The men bear

500-481: Is chosen from one of the clans and his advisors are drawn from other clans. The Sultanship primarily serves the role of religious leader. The Dar Daju Daju and the Dar Sila Daju are predominantly Muslim but they still practice many of their traditional religious customs including the building of straw shrines to their high god Kalge whom they equate with Allah of Islam . From this name derived ″Par-Kalge,″

550-472: Is disrespectful to look an adult in the eyes. Sudan is well known for its Guhwah coffee served from a jebena , a special Sudanese pot. The coffee beans are roasted in this pot over charcoal, then ground with cloves and other spices. The grounds are steeped in hot water and the coffee is served in tiny cups after straining it through a grass sieve . Tea or chai is also very popular and served in small glasses without milk. Some beverages enjoyed in

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600-574: Is king Githar at the time of the Daju prophet Saleh who died and buried at the bank of Wadi Saleh in the southwestern corner of Marrah Mountains. The Daju appear to be the dominant group in Darfur from earliest times vying for control with their northern Marrah Mountain later rivals, the agricultural Fur people . The original settlement of the Daju people was in the Yellow Nile River [now called Wadi Howar]. They also left ruins at Jebel Meidob,

650-575: Is prohibited to Muslims. Wheat and dura sorghum are the staple starches. Breads include the Arabian khubz, and kisra, an omelet-like pancake which is part of the Sudanese dinner. Maschi, a beef and tomato dish, is also typical. Fruits are peeled for dessert and a favorite treat is creme caramel. In the south, dinner is served on a low, bare table. There may be five or six dishes to dip into with large pieces of flatbread. These dishes are accompanied by

700-494: Is very popular in their culture. The main instruments are drums. The music is played with a heavy drumbeat that accompanies their celebrations. Some popular Fur musicians are; Abdalla Kioka, Marium Amo and Tour Baréé'ng Kwee. A common type of architecture in homes and buildings is called mud architecture. They dig the clay from the ground, break it up, mix it with water, work thoroughly, and also mix other substances like straw. The clay will then pile up while still wet, pressed on to

750-557: The Baqqara (Baggara) Arabs . Culturally, those cattle-herding Fur are now considered to be Baqqara. The Fur are nominally Sunni Muslims following the Maliki school of Islamic law . They are a Western Sudanese people who practice sedentary herding and agriculture, mainly the cultivation of millet . Their society is a traditional one governed by village elders. They speak Fur , a Nilo-Saharan language , and are Muslims , having adopted

800-656: The Central African Republic and Chad to the northwest of Sudan, where they settled in Darfur. They had 36 sultanates. The Fur were also one of the first people from other ethnic groups in the country who were picked to build the wall covering and mosque surrounding the Kaaba . Moreover, they managed to send conveys informs of aid every year to Makkah. Until 1916, the Fur were ruled by an independent sultanate and were oriented politically to peoples in Chad. Though

850-575: The E1b1b paternal haplogroup. Of these, 68.4% bear the V32 subclade. Approximately 6.3% also belong to the haplogroup J1 . This points to significant patrilineal gene flow from neighboring Afro-Asiatic -speaking populations. The remaining Fur individuals are primarily carriers of the A3b2 lineage (31.3%), which is instead common among Nilotes . Maternally, the Fur entirely belong to African-based derivatives of

900-552: The Fur language , which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family . The Fur are the largest ethnic group in the Darfur region of western Sudan . They are also sometimes referred to by the names Fora, Fordunga, Furawi, Konjara, or Kungara. They are an active agricultural people and may also herd cattle. Some Fur families who have accumulated a substantial cattle herd developed a more nomadic lifestyle like that of their herding neighbors,

950-617: The MOSANAT rebel movement, and members of the group were arrested and even killed en masse . 840 of those arrested appear to have been immediately killed. The Hadjarai became important supporters of Idriss Déby 's rebellion against the President and contributed to Habré's downfall in 1990. A crisis among Déby and the Hadjarai leadership flared in 1991 after an alleged coup attempt. Countless Hadjarai were incarcerated as fighting spread to

1000-702: The Messiria pushing down from the north and were forced south into Abyei where they were defeated and again dispersed by the Ngok Dinka . One group was driven westward (possibly the ancestors of the Njalgulgule people) and the other group, consisting of Dar Fur Daju, were driven east into the Nuba Hills settling near Lagowa where they developed their own distinct dialect of the Nyala language . Over time,

1050-531: The Quran . Classes begin at 6–7 years and they continue learning the Quran (though not entirely in school) for the rest of their lives. Normal schooling is also practiced in these schools. The main occupation here is farming. The Fur people are excellent farmers. They grow and harvest wheat, herbs, spices, etc. Wealth is not really important for the Fur people. Only his knowledge of the Quran determines his altitude. The Fur people came from Central Africa, specifically

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1100-502: The Quran . The groom and bride hold hands during this time. After the wedding, the family and guests have lunch, then they start a lively dance called firalubia. Then the bride and groom are taken to the bride's house and given food during which everyone says congratulations ( mabrouk in Arabic). Islam is the major religion among the Fur people, although some still practice their own religion. The schools called (Kalwa) in this region teach

1150-654: The Temein tribes, and the Kadugli tribes. The migration of the Hill Nubian tribes in the Nuba Hills is generally seen as coming after the main Daju migration. The Nuba Mountains have generally been an area of "retreat" for persecuted groups seeking security hence the significant linguistic diversity. The Daju are primarily grain farmers (mainly millet, sorghum, and corn). Secondarily, they hunt as well as gather (mainly honey, berries and wild fruits). Women perform much of

1200-399: The ethnic fighting as Mahria  [ ar ] and Terjem tribes divided up land they conquered from the Fur, according to a 3 September 2007 New York Times account citing United Nations officials and Fur survivors. The Fur speak the Fur language , which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family. They also speak Arabic as a lingua franca. There is no written or symbolic script for

1250-528: The 14th century who moved from the west via the kingdoms of Bornu and Wadai . The Daju were scattered with their king escaping westward with some of his people and establishing a small new kingdom in the Dar Sila Area in Chad, becoming the Dar Sila Daju people. Other Daju moved eastward eventually settling in what is now South Kurdufan province near Muglad just north of Abyei and west of

1300-750: The Daju are the Daju Hills in the southern portion of the Marrah Mountains located in the Darfur province of Sudan . As the Marrah Mountains are the only area in Darfur that has a temperate climate and thus could support large populations, a Daju state arose perhaps as early as the 12th century BC. Very little is known of this kingdom except for a list of kings and several mentions in Egyptian texts. The most ancient mention of king's names

1350-412: The Fur language. They recently have been using Arabic or Latin characters to put the language in written form. Most Fur people speak Fur fluently as their mother tongue. Common greetings include: Heavy drums are often used while making speeches and other public addresses. The Fur people make their own handmade art and utensils. These include talak , which is used for cleaning pots ( talak looks like

1400-653: The Great Oases and Darb el-Arbayyn trade route to Egypt. The Daju, who known to Henri Barth as "Pharaoh's Folk", had migrated originally from the Nile valley in the aftermath of the invasion of Kingdom of Meroe by Izana, king of Axum around the middle of the fourth century A.D. Accounts refer their origins to Shendi , which means in their own language "ewe." First they settled in Wadi al-Malik , Wadi Howar and Jebel Midob in B.C. 3000 then migrated, due to climate change, to

1450-520: The Hadjarai territory, despite efforts by Déby to reassure the local population of Guéra. Daju people The Daju people are a group of seven distinct ethnicities speaking related languages (see Daju languages ) living on both sides of the Chad - Sudan border and in the Nuba Mountains . Separated by distance and speaking different languages, at present, they generally have little cultural affinity to each other. The traditional area identified with

1500-527: The Nile valley and Egypt where they ruled under the name of Libyan Pharaohs. An Iraqi King expelled them southwards where they returned to their capital Nepta. Then they have been driven southwards again to Meroe until Izana drove them westwards to Wadi Howar and Kordofan in western Sudan and there they established their capital towns around Jebel Qadir in the Nuba Mountains and many other towns now in Darfur and Chad. After several generations, they annexed

1550-488: The Nuba Mountains and as far west as Chad . The Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi , writing about 1400, described "Taju" as being a fairly powerful kingdom lying between Kanem and the Nile kingdoms. The Daju people are said to have settled in a long belt stretching from South Kurdufan westward through Darfur and into Chad . According to tradition, the Daju dynasty was conquered by the Sokoro -speaking Tunjur people in

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1600-536: The Nuba Mountains. Records indicate that they consisted of two distinct Daju groups although it is uncertain if this migration displaced pre-existing non-Daju peoples or if one of the Daju groups was already indigenous to the area. There is one source that indicates that both the Ngok Dinka to the South and the Messiria to the North admit that the Daju were the indigenous people of Muglad. They were eventually displaced by

1650-575: The Sudanese military. Analysis of classic genetic markers and DNA polymorphisms by Tay and Saha (1988) found that the Fur are most closely related to the Hawazma of Sudan. Both populations have gene frequencies intermediate between those of the Afro-Asiatic -speaking Beja , Gaalin and Gulf Arab populations and those of the local Nilo-Saharan -speaking Nuba and Nilotes . According to Hassan et al. (2008), around 59.4% of Fur are carriers of

1700-441: The Tunjur introduced Islam to the region (which had previously been pagan) and gradually adopted Arabic as their administrative language. In 1596, control of Darfur passed into the hands of the hybrid Keira dynasty through intermarriage between the last sultan of the ruling Tunjur dynasty, Ahmad al-Maqur and its more populous vassals the Fur people . The resulting Fur-dominated Darfur Sultanate continued on until 1898. As

1750-455: The border in Chad , many of them refugees . The Furs' lifestyle has led to conflict with the nomadic Baggara , cattle-herders of the region, concerning access to water and grazing land, particularly in Darfur's central Jebel Marra mountains where the best agricultural land is to be found. This has been the source of ethnic tensions for many years, culminating in the Darfur conflict which began in 2003. Many Fur villagers were massacred in

1800-528: The daily work. They plant and sow the crops, ground the grain, and cook the meals. They are also the primary house-builders. The typical Daju home is round with a cone roof although in the towns, houses are often rectangular. Community chores are shared. Traditionally, Daju women tattoo their eyelids, gums, and lips with acacia thorns. Fighters tattoo their left-hand peaks with sacred black and red ink. The Dar Sila Daju in Chad are arranged by male-led clans. Each clan has its own separate role in society. The Sultan

1850-456: The family name. They work to bring money to the family and are responsible for all important decisions related to the family, such as finances and marriages. The women get water, prepare the food and ensure the cleanliness of the home. Daughters normally help their mothers, milk the cows and stay at home. Sons rear and herd cattle along with the domesticated cows. If either of these two misbehave they are similarly punished by their elders. Also, it

1900-471: The hills to the plains. They were among the staunchest supporters of the rebels during the Chadian Civil War . Although the Hadjarai played a crucial role in bringing to power Hissène Habré in 1982, they grew alienated from him after the death of their spokesman Idriss Miskine . They suffered heavily in 1987, after Habré launched a campaign of terror against them in response to the formation of

1950-592: The land now called Dar Fur and beyond. Historians attribute this later expansion to the war between the Daju kingdom and the Kingdom of Dongola in 1100 AD which led King Ahmed al-Daj to relocate his headquarters to Meri in Jebel Marra massif. Meanwhile, Semia, one of Daju capitals, was completely destroyed by the Amir from Dongola. The Daju empire is said to have spread its control as far east as Kurdufan , west of

2000-412: The non-Islamic areas are Aragi, a clear strong spirit made from dates, merissa, a type of beer and tedj, or wines, made from dates or honey. Sudanese cuisine is as varied as its cultures, especially in the south, but it has certain unique characteristics. Millet porridge and fool medamas, a savory dish of mashed fava beans, are popular breakfast foods in the north. Lamb and chicken are often eaten, but pork

2050-493: The northern Arab war prosecuted in the south against Southern ethnic groups who wanted to secede from the Sudan. War has been the primary factor in the last few decades of the Darfur area. A civil war lasted about 20 years until the end of the 20th Century. A new conflict arose in 2003, involving local Arab militia called Janjaweed attacking the African peoples village by village in a campaign of terror, reportedly supported by

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2100-579: The other Daju languages, it is generally agreed that they come from a very early migration (perhaps 2,000 years ago) out of the Daju Urheimat in the Marrah Mountains . There they carved out their own small territory in the midst of the original inhabitants of the eastern Nuba Mountains, the Kordofanian tribes, as well as amongst later migrating tribal/linguistic groupings: the Nyimang tribes,

2150-544: The promotion of Christian missions. Though never united in the past, the Hadjarai people share a strong spirit of independence, forged in pre-colonial Chad by their repeated clashes with slave-raiding razzias in their territory, and supported in particular by the Ouaddai Kingdom . This tradition of independence has led to frequent clashes with the central government after Chad gained independence in 1960, at first largely because of attempts to force them to move from

2200-626: The religion following the region's conquest by the Kanem-Bornu Empire during the Middle Ages . Some of them have come to speak Arabic in recent years. The name of Darfur comes from the name of this ethnic group and means "the home of the Fur". Most of the well known governors of Darfur such as Deriage and Tegani Seisei are members of the Fur. The Fur established the historical Sultanate of Darfur which governed Darfur until 1916 (see History of Darfur ). Abdul Wahid al Nur ,

2250-652: The ruling dynasty before that time, as well as the common people, had long been Muslims, they have not been Arabized . They are now incorporated into the Sudan political system. The Fur had been basically independent from the 17th century. After British reconquest in 1899, the British approved the re-establishment of the Fur Sultanate, assumed by Ali Dinar when the Mahdist movement crumbled. Mahdist revolts continued to break out in Sudan until 1916. The fall of Darfur

2300-434: The sacred mountain located near Napta. The Dar Fur Daju maintain their old and original religion. Islam became the religion of most Daju by the 15th century but it's likey that Islam spread significantly before this date. Fur people The Fur ( Fur : fòòrà , Arabic : فور Fūr ) are an ethnic group predominantly inhabiting Darfur , the western part of Sudan , where they are the largest ethnic group. They speak

2350-473: The scaffolds made out of wood, or cast in molds of various sizes into bricks. When the mud dries up in the molded shape, the process is complete. This technique is applied to most architecture in Western Sudan such as farmhouses, barns, outer walls, palaces, and even mosques. Mud is good at absorbing heat, which is advantageous for cold nights. However, because of its low resistance to wind and rain, there

2400-462: The unrelated Adamawa and Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi groups. However, they also share many cultural traits, the most prevalent of which is a common belief in margais , i.e., invisible spirits that control the natural elements. This belief has survived the rapid conversion of most Hadjarai to Islam during the colonial period , despite attempts by the French colonial authorities to avoid Islamization through

2450-418: Was Arabised , Fur women used to poke their lower lip many times until the lip starts to swell. These dents were considered a sign of beauty. In the social structure of the Fur people, they do not have so much regard for their wealth. A poor leader and a rich leader can become a chief. The experience of a man is based primarily on his knowledge of the Quran . A man cannot even get married if he does not know

2500-591: Was decided when Ali Dinar declared loyalty to the Ottoman Empire in World War I . The British abolished the Fur Sultanate in 1916 after Dinar died in battle. In World War I Darfur made a bid for independence by allying with Turkey against the British. The British conquered Darfur in 1916, and since then it has been part of Sudan. Since the 1970s, the Darfur area has suffered some of the effects of

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