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60-578: The brotherhood's symbol is the taphos , a monogram of the Greek letters tau ( Τ ) and phi ( Φ ), for the word taphos ( τάφος , meaning "sepulchre, grave"). It can be seen on most Greek Orthodox buildings in Jerusalem. The brotherhood is seated in the Central Monastery of Saints Constantine and Helen, Jerusalem, northeast of Megali Panagia Nunnery . The Holy Sepulchre refers to

120-486: A "UT" monogram (in the same color as the Longhorns logo, burnt orange ). The New York Yankees baseball team also uses a monogram on their ball cap insignia. The Consolidated Edison logo, with a rounded "E" nested inside a "C", has been described as a "classic emblem." Many fashion companies have a monogram for a logo, including Louis Vuitton and Fendi . The connected "CC" company logo, created by Coco Chanel ,

180-735: A Bishop is meant to, but would live in Constantinople or a Metochion in affluent areas of Jerusalem apart from the indigenous people, leaving administration to a bishop called the "Patriarchal Commissioner", allowing the Greek monks and clergy to live in luxury as a higher class than the indigenous. Many of the Greek Patriarchs of the Brotherhood would only ordain their relatives. After twenty nine years, Patriarch Sophronius relinquished his position, in part due to enormous debts accumulated from disputing with Roman Catholics over

240-644: A brawl broke out due to a Greek monk being ejected from the building by a rival faction. Police were called to the scene but were also attacked by the enraged brawlers. A clash erupted between Armenian and Greek monks on Sunday 9 November 2008, during celebrations for the Feast of the Holy Cross . Gates 1. Jaffa 2. Zion 3. Dung 4. Golden 5. Lions 6. Herod 7. Damascus 8. New ( Double, Single, Tanners ' ) Al-Mawazin Monogram A monogram

300-671: A conversation between Patriarch Cyril and Archimandrite Porphyry, Patriarch Cyril admits that the Churches are lacking icons and priests are lacking proper vestments and resources, and he defends the practice of monks marrying nuns and of refusing to allow Arab translators, monks, clergy and schools. Porphyry accuses the Patriarch and states that "the kingdom of God will undoubtedly be taken away from you and given to others" and "the Orthodox Church has been corrupted because of you and

360-421: A disagreement has delayed the renovation of the edicule , where the need is now dire, but also where any change in the structure might result in a change to the status quo disagreeable to one or more of the communities. A less grave sign of this state of affairs is located on a window ledge over the church's entrance. Someone placed a wooden ladder there sometime before 1852, when the status quo defined both

420-514: A favorable firman , or decree, from the Ottoman government ; this was sometimes achieved through outright bribery, with violent clashes not uncommon. In 1757, weary of the squabbling, the Porte issued a firman that divided the church among the claimants. This was confirmed in 1852 with another firman that made the arrangement permanent, establishing a status quo of territorial division among

480-532: A number of different positions. Some personal monograms have become famous symbols in their own right and instantly recognizable to many, such as J.R.R. Tolkien 's monogram. Some companies and organizations adopt a monogram for a logo, usually with the letters of their acronym . For example, as well as having an official seal , and the Texas Longhorns logo, the University of Texas at Austin uses

540-420: A pile of stones to resist him. Paisios bribed the local authorities to make it illegal to disrespect him and filed a lawsuit against the people, at which they backed down. Paisios went further than Germanus by enacting a law such that no indigenous Orthodox could be accepted not only to the bishopric, but to any clerical or monastic order, or even as a reader or attendant in a monastery. Upon the death of Paisios,

600-703: A priest from Constantinople and performed a suspicious and potentially rigged election ceremony which ended in this same priest, Sophronius IV, as his successor. The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre from its beginning with Germanus was meant as an ethno-nationalist project to slowly remove indigenous control of Jerusalem and it's Holy Places and consolidate it under the Greeks. Immediately after being elected, Germanus traveled to Constantinople and other places to gather finances. Except for Sophronius, every Patriarch from Germanus to Cyril would never once see their flock as

660-404: Is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other graphemes to form one symbol . Monograms are often made by combining the initials of an individual or a company, used as recognizable symbols or logos . A series of uncombined initials is properly referred to as a cypher (e.g. a royal cypher ) and is not a monogram. Many of today's monograms are embroidered on items for

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720-621: Is any of a number of units of currency. The term originates from the Italian for "thin metal plate". The name was applied to Spanish and Hispanic American pieces of eight , or pesos , by Venetian traders in the Levant in the 16th century. These pesos, minted continually for centuries, were readily accepted by traders in many parts of the world. After the countries of Latin America had gained independence, pesos of Mexico began flowing in through

780-474: Is not technically a monogram, since the letters are not combined. Royal monograms often appear on coins, frequently surmounted by a crown. Countries that have employed this device in the past include Bulgaria , Great Britain , Russia , Sweden and many German states . Today, several Danish coins carry the monogram of Margrethe II , while the current Norwegian 1 Krone coin has the "H5" monogram of Harald V on

840-498: Is on the verge of death." The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society was founded in 1882, in part to help fight against the abuses of the Brotherhood. In 1893 Saint Raphael Hawaweeny wrote "An Historical Glance at the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher" , attacking its abuses and ethnic discrimination under a Pseudonym. When this was discovered he was expelled and escaped to Russia. Saint Raphael Hawaweeny believed that once

900-601: Is one of the most recognizable monograms internationally. The victor is a monogram of the Latin victor or Spanish vítor painted on Spanish and Hispanic universities to celebrate a student receiving a doctorate . Athletes have also been known to brand merchandise with their monogram logo; notably Tiger Woods and Roger Federer . A notable example of a royal monogram is the H7 monogram of King Haakon VII of Norway . While in exile during World War II, Haakon VII spearheaded

960-668: Is still used in Mauritius when bidding in auction sales, similarly to the way that guineas are used at British racehorse auctions. It is equivalent to 2 Mauritian rupees . Eckfeldt, Jacob Reese; Du Bois, William Ewing; Saxton, Joseph (1842). A manual of gold and silver coins of all nations, struck within the past century. Showing their history, and legal basis, and their actual weight, fineness, and value chiefly from original and recent assays. With which are incorporated treatises on bullion and plate, counterfeit coins, specific gravity of precious metals, etc., with recent statistics of

1020-524: The locum tenens and thus implicitly Damianos' deposition. In response, the protesters occupied the Patriarchate, and even local Muslims joined in. Citing fears of public anarchy and the safety of the Brotherhood and its property, the deposition of Damianos was rescinded. Meletios and Chrysostomos lobbied Constantinople, but ended up being exiled from Jerusalem. The British military governor Ronald Storrs wrote: “The attempt to preserve it as less

1080-656: The Louisiana Purchase . Calling the US dollar a piastre is still common among speakers of Cajun French and New England French . Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well. The term is still used as slang for US dollars in the French-speaking Caribbean islands, most notably Haiti . Piastre is another name for kuruş , 1 ⁄ 100 of the Turkish lira . The piastre

1140-534: The Merovingian period until the 14th century in the Frankish Empire and its successors, of signing a document or charter with a special type of monogram or royal cypher. Monograms of the names of monarchs are used as part of the insignia of public organizations in kingdoms, such as on police badges. This indicates a connection to the ruler. However, the royal cypher , so familiar on pillar boxes ,

1200-515: The Young Turk revolution , Palestinian Orthodox began a series of meetings with Patriarch Damianos demanding indigenous representation, which was repeatedly denied. In November 1908 there were demonstrations in Jerusalem and protests in Jaffa and Bethlehem. Chief Secretary Meletios Metaxakis began rumors in the Brotherhood that Damianos was secretly supportive of the indigenous Orthodox, and with

1260-484: The obverse . The only countries using the Euro to have a royal monogram as their national identifying mark are Belgium and Monaco . In Thailand, royal monograms appear on the individual flag for each major royal family member. An individual's monogram may appear in stylized form on stationery, luggage, clothing, or other personalized items. These monograms may have two or three letters. A basic 3-letter monogram has

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1320-483: The Brotherhood which always had all indigenous clergy, but in 1534 Germanus "the Peloponnesian" became Patriarch of Jerusalem and founded the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre. Germanus was a fervent Greek Nationalist who began replacing Arab bishops on their death with Greek bishops, eventually passing a law that a non-Greek cannot be elevated to the bishopric. Also seeking to have a Greek successor, he brought

1380-623: The Catholics. In 1250 Sultan Baybars again confirmed the right of the indigenous Orthodox over the Holy Sepulchre. When Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, Patriarch Athanasius IV of Jerusalem came to him and reconfirmed the document, and this happened again under Salim I and Patriarch Atallah. A local Orthodox tradition states that when Caliph Umar wanted to write the Document of Guardianship, he saw that Christians were divided into many groups, so asked Patriarch Sophronius what he should call

1440-467: The Caucasus. Many Metochia were built in Jerusalem, Constantinople, Russia, Crete, Macedonia, and elsewhere in order to collect alms under the name of the Holy Sepulchre. The annual income rose to over forty million piasters , and many of the monks of the Brotherhood lived in what resembled mansions. Patriarch Cyril would later be nicknamed the "Father of Gold". Patriarch Dositheus II reports that upon

1500-525: The Christians of Jerusalem. After praying fervently for an answer, he heard the fifth Psalm, "Oh my King and my Lord", and decided upon the name Melkite , meaning "Royal People". Members of the Brotherhood would later claim that this tradition was meant specifically to refer to the Greek nation, because they claim Patriarch Sophronius was Greek, thus using this as a justification for discrimination of non-Greeks. Monastic groups existed in Jerusalem prior to

1560-696: The Church of the Palestine Orthodox than as an outpost of Hellenism… was the source not only of constant intrigue and wire-pulling… but also of increasing discouragement and bitterness to the Orthodox Arabs of the country.” ... “The Adelfotis – the Orthodox Brotherhood – is an absolutely closed corporation: there were not Arab Metropolitans, Bishops or even Archimandrites, and a modern Arab Patriarch (though there have been such in

1620-532: The Jerusalem Patriarchate, or to Sylvester with Patriarchs of Antioch. French author Eugene Bori in "The Holy Land" accuses the Greek monks of being foreign embezzlers, which Patriarch Constantios argued against using a revisionist history where the people and clergy of Jerusalem have been Greek since the very beginning, denying the reality of any Arab or Palestinian Orthodox of Jerusalem. The Brotherhood elected Metropolitan Cyril , who moved

1680-844: The Norwegian resistance to the German occupation , and H7 became a symbol used by the Norwegian populace to mark solidarity and loyalty to the King, and adherence to the Norwegian resistance movement . The act of drawing or creating a H7 symbol in German-occupied Norway was punishable by imprisonment. Similarly, in Poland during the war, the "PW" monogram was used as a resistance symbol, known as 'The Anchor' (Polish: Kotwica ), due to its characteristic shape. Its meaning varied, as

1740-461: The Patriarch of Constantinople, who then approved Paisios rather than confront the Prince. Since the people of Jerusalem did not elect him, Paisios, a relative of Patriarch Theophanes, traveled to Jerusalem with a royal official of Constantinople to try to force the people to recognize him. The Bishops recognized him, but the vast majority of clergy and monastics who were indigenous, opposed him and made

1800-652: The Sepulchre and other holy sites, with Patriarch Theophanes succeeding him. The Brotherhood from its founding began to immediately redirect proceeds from the Holy Places, and using Greek princes in Moldavia and Serbia were able to change the ownership of many monasteries together with their properties, as well as those of affluent Orthodox, to come under the Brotherhood, as well as seeking properties in Georgia and

1860-512: The abuses in the Catholic Church by selling indulgences to pilgrims, although ceasing for fear of bad press once it was made known. Many also resorted to baptizing dead infants. It became a custom for monks to have two or even three nuns as wives, and even pedophilia spread among the monks. The Brotherhood would often spread rumors of those who disagreed with its agenda or actions that they were mentally deranged, and would exile them. During

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1920-411: The building. Times and places of worship for each community are strictly regulated in common areas. Under the status quo , no part of what is designated as common territory may be so much as rearranged without consent from all communities. This often leads to the neglect of badly needed repairs when the communities cannot come to an agreement among themselves about the final shape of a project. Just such

1980-547: The burial chamber, or sepulchre , of Jesus , which is believed to be inside the eponymous Church . The organization is also known as the Hagiotaphite Brotherhood, and its members referred to as Hagiotaphites or Agiotaphites, from the Greek hagios ("holy") and taphos ("sepulchre"). The Brotherhood believes itself to trace its foundation back to monastic guardians of the Holy sites existing prior to

2040-643: The candidates for the offices of the patriarchate be citizens of Jordan, but the changes were discontinued after negotiation between the Patriarchate and the Jordanians. Jordanian Law No. 227, dated 16 January 1958, regulates the Brotherhood's government. After the renovation of 1555, control of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre oscillated between the Roman Catholic Franciscans and the Orthodox, depending on which community could obtain

2100-1039: The communities. The primary custodians are the Greek Orthodox Church, which has the lion's share; the Custodian of the Holy Land , an official of the Franciscans affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox , Armenian Apostolic Churches . In the 19th century, the Coptic Orthodox , the Ethiopian Orthodox and the Syriac Orthodox acquired lesser responsibilities, which include shrines and other structures within and around

2160-467: The control of the Sepulchre became based on a tenuous ethnic claim rather than local Church or state authority, this led to the many disputes over the Holy Places, and that "these disputes ... will never cease so long as the Greek monks of Jerusalem continue to control the Jerusalemite church and are domineering the Holy Sepulchre and all the Holy Places contrary to every canon and law." Inspired by

2220-492: The death of Patriarch Theophanes, the Ecumenical Patriarch Parthenios sought to extend Greek influence by personally ordaining the Patriarch of Jerusalem. The monks of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre who lived in Moldavia "in need of a sincere and amiable Patriarch and a leader, not a despot," propitiated Prince Vasile of Moldavia to nominate Abbot Paisios of Galta Monastery. Vasile wrote to

2280-689: The debased values of the piastres in the Middle East , these piastres became subsidiary units for the Turkish , Lebanese , Cypriot , and Egyptian pounds. Meanwhile, in Indochina, the piastre continued into the 1950s and was subsequently renamed the riel , the kip , and the dong in Cambodia , Laos and Vietnam respectively. Early private bank currency issues in French-speaking regions of Canada were denominated in piastres, and

2340-406: The doors and the window ledges as common ground. The ladder remains there to this day, in almost exactly the same position. It can be seen to occupy the ledge in century-old photographs and engravings. None of the communities controls the main entrance. In 1192, Saladin assigned responsibility for it to a Muslim family. The Joudeh Al-Goudia a noble family with a long history were entrusted with

2400-551: The elementary schools and seminary opened by Cyril, and threw out all the indigenous people from poor homes belonging to the Church. He also launched persecution against the indigenous Orthodox by reporting them to the government as being Russian partisans. In 1864 the immorality of the Brotherhood in Moldavia was seen as so atrocious that the government of Moldavia deported them and took possession of all their Monasteries and properties, changing them into charity homes and military places. The Brotherhood in Jerusalem had begun imitating

2460-533: The first three letters of the Greek name of Jesus, is usually written as a cypher, but sometimes as a monogram. Perhaps the most significant Christogram is the Chi Rho , formed from the first two letters of Χριστος. The symbol was used by the Roman emperor Constantine I (r. 306–337) as part of a military standard . Signum manus (sometimes also known as Chrismon ) refers to the medieval practice, current from

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2520-497: The fourth century. Under Umar , a Document of Guardianship was given to the Church of Jerusalem to have ownership over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. When the Crusaders occupied Jerusalem in 1099, they appropriated the Holy Sepulchre and other Holy places until Saladin threw them out of Egypt and reconfirmed he Document of Guardianship of Umar as placing the Holy Sepulchre under the "Indigenous Orthodox Arab people" rather than

2580-567: The headquarters of the Brotherhood from Constantinople to Jerusalem, fearing the disintegration of the Brotherhood due to the large Roman Catholic influence and the immoral and luxurious lifestyle of the monks. He established a seminary in the Monastery of El-Musalanah, which allowed indigenous Orthodox although with heavy discrimination. He also founded elementary schools in Palestine and an Arabic printing house and hospital. These concessions to

2640-497: The help of Chrysostomos Papadopoulos and the support of Patriarch Photios and Patriarch Joachim , he called a midnight meeting of the whole Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre who unanimously decided to dethrone Damianos, formally enacting this the next morning on December 13. Damianos refused to step down and was threatened with defrocking, but the Ottoman government stalled any final decision until January 20, formally recognizing

2700-542: The home like towels, bedding, robes etc. Monograms first appeared on coins, as early as 350 BC. The earliest known examples are of the names of Greek cities which issued the coins, often the first two letters of the city's name. For example, the monogram of Achaea consisted of the letters alpha (Α) and chi (Χ) joined together. Monograms have been used as signatures by artists and craft workers on paintings, sculptures and pieces of furniture, especially when guilds enforced measures against unauthorized participation in

2760-589: The indigenous Orthodox were seen by the Brotherhood as a betrayal of their ethnic policy, and so he was eventually accused of partiality towards the Russians at the Council of Constantinople (1872) and deposed, Procopios being elected to take his place. Procopios pledged to promote education among the people, but as soon as he took office, in order to appease the Brotherhood Procopios closed down

2820-455: The initial letter of the organization's name and/or the letters v,c,f or e,f,v, together with an exclamation mark if the society is still active. A Japanese rebus monogram is a monogram in a particular style, which spells a name via a rebus , as a form of Japanese wordplay or visual pun . Today they are most often seen in corporate logos or product logos. Piastre The piastre or piaster ( English: / p i ˈ æ s t ər / )

2880-430: The initial of the individual's last name (surname) set larger, or with some special treatment in the center, while the first name initial appears to the left of it and the middle name initial appears to the right of it. There is a difference in how this is written for men and women. For example, if the individual's name is Mary Ann Jones, and Jones is the surname, then the arrangement of letters would be thus: M J A , with

2940-465: The initial of their shared surname. For example, the monogram M J A might be used for Michael and Alice Jones. However, monogramming etiquette for the married couple varies according to the item being monogrammed. Linens , for example, typically list the woman's given initial first, followed by the couple's shared surname initial and then the man's given initial ( A J M ). Monograms can often be found on custom dress shirts where they can be located in

3000-616: The initials were useful for many different slogans, such as 'Poland Fights', 'Warsaw Uprising', 'Polish Army', and others. Like the Norwegian example above, its use was punished by the Nazi occupation authorities. Another example is the monogram of La Liga Filipina . The monogram sees the letters L and F as well as two hexagons. In the Germanosphere , certain student societies ( Studentenverbindung ) use monograms known as Zirkel ("circle", as in "circle of friends"), consisting of

3060-408: The keys as custodians. This arrangement has persisted into modern times. The establishment of the status quo did not halt the violence, which continues to break out every so often even in modern times. For example, on a hot summer day in 2002, a Coptic monk, who was stationed on the roof to express Coptic claims over Ethiopian territory there, moved his chair from its agreed spot into the shade; this

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3120-527: The modern Canadian dollar is dollar .) When used colloquially in this way, the term is often pronounced and spelled "piasse" (pl. "piasses"). It was equivalent to 6 New France livres or 120 sous, a quarter of which was "30 sous", which is also still in slang use when referring to 25 cents. Piastre was also the original French word for the United States dollar, used for example in the French text of

3180-539: The monks of the Brotherhood dwelling in the Jerusalemite Metochion in Constantinople with the help of Prince Vasile were able to elect Nectarios as Patriarch of Jerusalem. However, he soon resigned after seven years due to the constant harassment of the Greek monks of the Brotherhood when he refused to persecute indigenous Orthodox. Members of the Brotherhood took up the practice of only commemorating Greek patriarchs, dating back to either Germanus with

3240-526: The remote past) was about as probable a prelate as an English Pope.” On the election of Patriarch Benedict I in 1957 the Jordanian government approved a law establishing new regulations concerning relations between the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre and the indigenous Arab community of the Orthodox Church. The rules gave the Arab laity a role in the financial affairs of the Patriarchate, and required that

3300-437: The surname initial set larger in the center, the M for Mary to the left and the A for Ann to the right. Traditionally, individual monograms for men are based on the order of the name. The name Kyle George Martin would be written ( KGM ). Married or engaged couples may use two-letter monograms of their entwined initials, for example on wedding invitations . Married couples may also create three-letter monograms incorporating

3360-640: The term continued in official use for some time as a term for the Canadian dollar . For example, the original French version of the 1867 Constitution of Canada refers to a requirement that senators hold property d'une valeur de quatre mille piastres . The term is still unofficially used in Quebec , Acadian , Franco-Manitoban , and Franco-Ontarian language as a reference to the Canadian dollar, much as English speakers say "bucks." (The official French term for

3420-644: The trade routes, and became prolific in the Far East , taking the place of the Spanish pieces of eight which had been introduced by the Spanish at Manila , and by the Portuguese at Malacca . When the French colonised Indochina , they began issuing the new French Indochinese piastre ( piastre de commerce ), which was equal in value to the familiar Spanish and Mexican pesos . In the Ottoman Empire ,

3480-403: The trade. A famous example of a monogram serving as an artist's signature is the "AD" used by Albrecht Dürer . Over the centuries, monograms of the name of Jesus Christ have been used as Christian symbols . The IX monogram consists of the initial Greek letters of the name "Jesus Christ," "I" for Ιησούς, ( Jesus in Greek) and "X" for Χριστος ( Christ in Greek). The "IHS" Christogram, denoting

3540-421: The word piastre was a colloquial European name of Kuruş . Successive currency reforms by debasing the Ottoman currency had reduced the value of the Ottoman piastre by the late 19th century so as to be worth about two pence (2d) sterling . Hence the name piastre referred to two distinct kinds of coins in two distinct parts of the world, both of which had descended from the Spanish pieces of eight. Because of

3600-445: Was interpreted as a hostile move by the Ethiopians, leading to an altercation that left eleven people hospitalized. In another incident in 2004 during Orthodox celebrations of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross , a door to the Franciscan chapel was left open. This was taken as a sign of disrespect by the Orthodox and a fistfight broke out. Some participants were arrested, but no one was seriously injured. On Palm Sunday , in April 2008,

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