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66-456: Haifa Bay also refers one of Haifa's nine quarters, covering the overwhelmingly industrial area northeast of Downtown and south of Kiryat Hayim . Fed by the Kishon River , the cities of Haifa and Acre mark its southern and northern capes, while its centre is lined with dunes and the suburban Krayot neighbourhoods. Mount Carmel rises from the southern edge, while the mountains of

132-466: A Palestinian Arab municipal leader, described attacks "provoking terror among the women and children, who were very influenced by the horrors of Dayr Yasin ", and provided an eyewitness account of the flight of Haifa's Arab residents: Thousands of women, children and men hurried to the port district in a state of chaos and terror without precedent in the history of the Arab nation. They fled their houses to

198-649: A city "between the bay and the Promontory of Zeus" (i.e., the Carmel), which may be a reference to Shikmona , a locality in the Haifa area. By Hellenistic times, the city had moved to a new site south of what is now the Bat Galim neighborhood of modern Haifa because the old port's harbour had become blocked with sand. A Greek -speaking population living along the coast at this time was engaged in commerce. Haifa

264-482: A comprehensive pollution reduction, monitoring and reporting programme for the region. This effort, together with the practice by major plants in the region of switching from using heavy fuels to natural gas as their primary fuel source, starting in 2013, has led to a significant reduction in air pollution. The ministry estimates that between 2009 and 2014 overall air pollution in the Bay area has been reduced by 70%, although

330-634: A raid on the Arab village of Balad al-Shaykh , where many of the Arab refinery workers lived, in what became known as the Balad al-Shaykh massacre . British forces in Haifa redeployed on 21 April 1948, withdrawing from most of the city while still maintaining control over the port facilities. According to Ilan Pappé, although the Jewish mayor of the city, Shabtai Levy , urged the Arab residents to stay, in other parts of town loudspeakers could be heard ordering Arabs to leave "before it's too late." On 21 April,

396-784: A reconnaissance report was received indicating that the Turks were leaving Haifa. The British made preparations to enter the city and came under fire in the Balad al-Sheikh district (today Nesher ). After the British regrouped, an elite unit of Indian horsemen were sent to attack the Turkish positions on the flanks and overrun their artillery guns on Mount Carmel. Under the British Mandate , Haifa saw large-scale development and became an industrial port city. The Baháʼí Faith in 1918 and today has its administrative and spiritual centre in

462-407: A result of prices and salary drop. The 1922 census of Palestine , conducted by the British authorities, recorded Haifa's population as 24,634 (9,377 Muslims, 8,863 Christians, 6,230 Jews, 152 Baha'i , and 12 Druze ). By the time of the 1931 census of Palestine , this had increased to 50,403 (20,324 Muslims, 15,923 Jews, 13,824 Christians, 196 Baha'i, 126 Druze, and 10 with no religion). Between

528-524: A site established on Tel Shikmona upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon (Shiqmona). Haifa (or Haifah) is mentioned by the mid-11th-century Persian chronicler Nasir Khusraw , and the 12th- and 13th-century Arab chroniclers, Muhammad al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi . Nasir-i-Khusrau visited in 1047; he noted that "Haifa lies on the seashore, and there are here palm-gardens and trees in numbers. There are in this town shipbuilders, who build very large craft." The Crusaders, who captured Haifa briefly in

594-409: A steam-based power station , opened factories and inaugurated carriage services to Acre, Nazareth and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city. The first major wave of Jewish immigration to Haifa took place in the mid-19th century from Morocco, with a smaller wave of immigration from Turkey a few years later. In the 1870s, large numbers of Jewish and Arab migrants came to Haifa due to

660-522: Is also mentioned more than 100 times in the Talmud , a work central to Judaism. Hefa or Hepha in Eusebius of Caesarea 's 4th-century work, Onomasticon , is said to be another name for Sycaminus. This synonymizing of the names is explained by Moshe Sharon , who writes that the twin ancient settlements, which he calls Haifa-Sycaminon, gradually expanded into one another, becoming a twin city known by

726-570: Is another name used by some locals to refer to Tell es-Samak, when it was the site of a hamlet of 250 residents, before the settlement was moved in 1764–5 to the site from which the modern city emerged. In 1764–5 Zahir al-Umar moved the village to a new site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east, which he also fortified. The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was first called al-imara al-jadida (Arabic: 'the new construction') by some, but others residing there called it Haifa al-Jadida ('New Haifa') at first, and then simply Haifa . In

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792-650: Is considered part of the Krayot cluster in the northern part of metropolitan Haifa . In 2008, Kiryat Haim had a population of just under 27,000. Kiryat Haim is within the municipal borders of the city of Haifa and lies on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea . Kibbutz Kfar Masaryk , a group formed in Petah Tikva in 1932 and originally known as "Czecho-Lita", as its members came from Czechoslovakia and Lithuania , moved to Bat Galim in 1933 and then to

858-535: Is divided into two parts, Kiryat Haim West and Kiryat Haim East. Kiryat Haim West is located on the western side of the railway line between that and Kiryat Haim beach. Kiryat Haim East was expanded to later and is located on the eastern side of railway. The housing initially consisted of low-density single-family housing, with a number of public housing projects located at edge of the neighbourhood. In later decades, some of this has been replaced by higher-density developments and apartment buildings. Kiryat Haim East hosts

924-558: Is home to a handball team, Maccabi Hakiryatim  [ he ] . Kiryat Haim is served by the Kiryat Haim Railway Station , which is on the main Coastal railway line to Nahariya , with southerly trains to Beersheba and Modi'in . Three Egged bus lines route through Kiryat Haim, route 13 that travels between Kiryat Ata and Kiryat Yam , route 15 that routes via the western half of Kiryat Haim from

990-631: Is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv —with a population of 290,306 in 2022. The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area , the third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith 's Baháʼí World Centre , and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage . Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel ,

1056-718: Is the major regional center of northern Israel. Two respected academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology the oldest and top ranked university in both Israel and the Middle East, are located in Haifa, in addition to the largest K–12 school in Israel, the Hebrew Reali School . The city plays an important role in Israel's economy . It is home to Matam , one of

1122-514: The Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 32 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, and goats or beehives. Haifa was subsequently mentioned in the accounts of travelers as a half-ruined impoverished village with few inhabitants. The expansion of commercial trade between Europe and Palestine in the 17th century saw Haifa's revival as a flourishing port as more ships began docking there rather than Acre . In 1742, Haifa

1188-723: The Baháʼí Faith when the remains of the Báb , founder of the Bábí Faith and forerunner of Baháʼu'lláh in the Baháʼí Faith, were moved from Acre to Haifa and interred in the shrine built on Mount Carmel. Baháʼís consider the shrine to be their second holiest place on Earth after the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was shown by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá , in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned

1254-607: The Battle of Hattin , Saladin 's Ayyubid army captured Haifa in mid-July 1187 and the city's Crusader fortress was destroyed. The Crusaders under Richard the Lionheart retook Haifa in 1191. In the 12th century religious hermits started inhabiting the caves on Mount Carmel, and in the 13th century they formed a new Catholic monastic order, the Carmelites . Under Muslim rule, the church which they had built on Mount Carmel

1320-483: The British . During the Battle of Haifa in the 1948 Palestine war , most of the city's Arab population fled or were expelled . That year, the city became part of the then-newly-established state of Israel. As of 2016 , the city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 km (24.6 sq mi). It lies about 90 km (56 mi) north of Tel Aviv and

1386-648: The Ficus sycomorus ', and in Arabic as Tell el-Semak or Tell es-Samak , meaning 'mound of the sumak trees', names that preserved and transformed the ancient name, by which the town is mentioned once in the Mishnah (composed c. 200 CE) for the wild fruits that grow around it. The name Efa first appears during Roman rule , some time after the end of the 1st century, when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tel Shikmona. Haifa

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1452-793: The Hebrew Bible . A grotto on the top of Mount Carmel is known as the "Cave of Elijah", traditionally linked to the Prophet Elijah and his apprentice, Elisha. In Arabic, the highest peak of the Carmel range is called the Muhraka , or "place of burning", harking back to the burnt offerings and sacrifices there in Canaanite and early Israelite times. In the 6th century BCE, during the Persian period, Greek geographer Scylax wrote of

1518-694: The Hejaz Railway , known as the Jezreel Valley railway , was built between 1903 and 1905. The railway increased the city's volume of trade, and attracted workers and foreign merchants. In 1912, construction began on the Technion Institute of Technology, a Jewish technical school that was to later become one of Israel's top universities, although studies did not begin until 1924. The Jews of Haifa also founded numerous factories and cultural institutions. In 1909, Haifa became important to

1584-608: The Jewish National Fund . In 1928, the company commissioned Patrick Abercrombie to draw up a development plan. In 1934, the Phoenicia glass factory was established in Haifa Bay. The company moved to Yeruham in 1968, and is still operating today. The Port of Haifa and a private port operated by Israel Shipyards are located in Haifa Bay. In 2017 they handled a combined total of 32 million tons of cargo, making

1650-809: The Krayot Central Bus Station in the north of Kiryat Motzkin to Hutzot HaMifratz , and route 26 that travels between Kiryat Ata and Kiryat Haim beach. At night, Kiryat Haim is served by night bus 210, which runs a meandering route through the Krayot with terminuses in Kiryat Ata and Kiryat Bialik . 32°50′N 35°4′E  /  32.833°N 35.067°E  / 32.833; 35.067 Haifa Haifa ( / ˈ h aɪ f ə / HY -fə ; Hebrew : חֵיפָה , romanized :  Ḥēyfā , IPA: [ˈχajfa] ; Arabic : حَيْفَا , romanized :  Ḥayfā )

1716-476: The Western Galilee run up to the shore at the northern boundary. The Zvulun Valley , a coastal plain, runs 14 km along the coast of the bay between these mountainous boundaries. The Port of Haifa lies along part of its southeastern coastline. In the 1920s, several kibbutzim were established in the Bat Galim neighborhood on Haifa Bay in the wake of British Mandatory budgeting for development of

1782-455: The sand dunes of Kiryat Haim, west of the railway. The kibbutz raised vegetables and opened a dairy farm. At this point it adopted a new name: Mishmar Zevulun (Guardian of Zevulun Valley ). Kiryat Haim has been named after Haim Arlosoroff . It has been developed autonomously as the refugees ( olim khadashim ) temporary camp, and then - as a separate town. In 1950 it has been appended to Haifa as its district. Administratively, Kiryat Haim

1848-474: The 12th century, called it Caiphas , and believe its name related to Cephas, the Aramaic name of Simon Peter . Eusebius is also said to have referred to Hefa as Caiaphas civitas , and Benjamin of Tudela , the 12th-century Jewish traveller and chronicler, is said to have attributed the city's founding to Caiaphas , the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus. Haifa al-'Atiqa (Arabic: 'Ancient Haifa')

1914-477: The 1990s. The suburb also has a large population of Ethiopian Israelis . Thomas D'Alesandro Stadium , sometimes referred to simply as Kiryat Haim Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Kiryat Haim used mainly for football matches. It was originally the home of Hapoel Haifa and Maccabi Haifa until Kiryat Eliezer Stadium was built. It was named for Baltimore mayor Thomas D'Alesandro . Kiryat Haim

1980-685: The 3rd century CE, Haifa was first mentioned in Talmudic literature, as a Jewish fishing village and the home of Rabbi Avdimi and other Jewish scholars. According to the Talmud, fishermen caught Murex , sea snails which yielded purple dye used to make tallit (Jewish prayer shawls) from Haifa to the Ladder of the Tyrians . Tombs dating from the Roman era, including Jewish burial caves , have been found in

2046-474: The Arab residents to obey orders, be alert, keep calm, and added: "Keep away the cowards who wish to flee. Expell them from your lines. Despise them, because they harm more than the enemy". Despite the efforts, Arab residents abandoned the streets which bordered Jewish neighborhoods and during the days of the general strike instigated by the Arab Higher Committee , some 250 Arab families abandoned

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2112-573: The First Aliyah period. The Central Jewish Colonisation Society in Romania purchased over 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) near Haifa. As the Jewish settlers had been city dwellers, they hired the former fellahin tenants to instruct them in agriculture. The Jewish population rose from 1,500 in 1900 to 3,000 on the eve of World War I . In the early 20th century, Haifa began to emerge as an industrial port city and growing population center. A branch of

2178-512: The Greek names Sycaminon or Sycaminos Polis. References to this city end with the Byzantine period. Around the 6th century, Porphyreon or Porphyrea is mentioned in the writings of William of Tyre , and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa, it was a settlement situated south of Haifa-Sycaminon. Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, Haifa was used to refer to

2244-546: The Hebrew word חוֹף ( hof ), meaning "shore", or חוֹף יָפֶה ( hof yafe ), meaning "beautiful shore". Other spellings in English included Caipha , Kaipha , Caiffa , Kaiffa and Khaifa . The earliest named settlement within the area of modern-day Haifa was the city Sycaminum. The remains of the ancient town can be found in a coastal tell , or archaeological mound, known in Hebrew as Tel Shikmona , meaning 'mound of

2310-564: The Jewish community of Haifa. In 1839 the Jewish population numbered 124. Due to the growing influence of the Carmelite monks, Haifa's Christian population also grew. By 1840 approximately 40% of the inhabitants were Christian Arabs. The arrival of German messianics, many of whom were Templers , in 1868, who settled in what is now known as the German Colony , was a turning point in Haifa's development. The Templers built and operated

2376-651: The Khalisa neighborhood. On 30 December 1947, members of the Irgun , a Jewish underground militia, threw bombs into a crowd of Arabs outside the gates of the Consolidated Refineries in Haifa, killing six and injuring 42. In response, Arab employees of the company killed 39 Jewish employees in what became known as the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre . The Jewish Haganah militia retaliated with

2442-612: The area. Under Byzantine rule, Haifa continued to grow but did not assume major importance. A kinah speaks of the destruction of the Jewish community of Haifa along with other communities when the Byzantines reconquered the country from the Sasanian Empire in 628 during the Byzantine-Sasanian War . Following the Arab conquest of Palestine in the 630s–40s, Haifa was largely overlooked in favor of

2508-627: The area. With the coast of Palestine lacking a modern harbor, the British authorities drew up plans for new port facilities. The Haifa Bay Development Company, founded in February 1925 to further these plans, could not recruit the necessary capital, so the transaction was made by the Palestine Land Development Company . The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase . The land

2574-511: The campaign's final proclamation , Napoleon took credit for having razed the fortifications of "Kaïffa" (as the name was spelled at the time) along with those of Gaza , Jaffa and Acre. Between 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali governed Haifa, after his son Ibrahim Pasha had wrested control over it from the Ottomans. When the Egyptian occupation ended and Acre declined,

2640-474: The censuses of 1922 and 1931, the Muslim, Jewish, and Christian populations rose by 217%, 256%, and 156%, respectively. In 1938, 99,000 people (including 48,000 Jews) lived in Haifa. Haifa's development owed much to British plans to make it a central port and hub for Middle-East crude oil. The British Government of Palestine developed the port and built refineries , thereby facilitating the rapid development of

2706-780: The city as a center for the country's heavy industries. Haifa was also among the first towns to be fully electrified. The Palestine Electric Company inaugurated the Haifa Electrical Power Station already in 1925, opening the door to considerable industrialization. The State-run Palestine Railways also built its main workshops in Haifa. By 1945 the population was 138,300 (75,500 Jews, 35,940 Muslims, 26,570 Christians, and 290 "other"). In 1947, about 70,910 Arabs (41,000 Muslims and 29,910 Christians) and 74,230 Jews were living there. The Christian community were mostly Greek-Melkite Catholics . The 1947 UN Partition Plan in late November 1947 designated Haifa as part of

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2772-554: The city. For this reason, they have been left intact, though they are no longer actually used since technological advancements in refining have made them obsolete. Historically the concentration of industry in the area has also led to pollution of the air and the bay, and a higher incidence of cancer in the surrounding communities. In response, since the late 2000s the Israeli Environment Protection ministry , in conjunction with area industries, has implemented

2838-475: The city. In 1875, the Jewish community of Haifa held its own census which counted the Jewish population at about 200. The First Aliyah of the late 19th century and the Second Aliyah of the early 20th century saw Jewish immigrants, mainly from Eastern Europe, arrive in Haifa in significant numbers. In particular, a significant number of Jewish immigrants from Romania settled in Haifa in the 1880s during

2904-427: The coast, barefoot and naked, to wait for their turn to travel to Lebanon. They left their homeland, their houses, their possessions, their money, their welfare, and their trades, to surrender their dignity and their souls. The operation led to a massive displacement of Haifa's Arab population, and was part of the larger 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight . According to The Economist at the time, only 5,000–6,000 of

2970-578: The commercial "heart" of the suburb, with a number of shops, restaurants and a supermarket located along Achi Eilat Street, the suburb's main thoroughfare. As part of its coastal development plan, the Haifa Economic Corporation built the Kiryat Haim Promenade, named for Israeli minister of the environment Yehudit Naot . Kiryat Haim absorbed large numbers of immigrants from the former Soviet Union who arrived in

3036-645: The downtown, controlled by a combination of local and foreign (ALA) Arab irregulars, was assaulted by Jewish forces in Operation Bi'ur Hametz by the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah, commanded by Moshe Carmel . Arab neighborhoods were attacked with mortars and gunfire, which, according to Ilan Pappé , culminated in an attack on a Palestinian crowd in the old marketplace using three-inch (76 mm) mortars on 22 April 1948. Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim ,

3102-486: The early 20th century, Haifa al 'Atiqa was repopulated with many Arab Christians in an overall neighborhood in which many Middle Eastern Jews were established inhabitants, as Haifa expanded outward from its new location. A town known today as Tell Abu Hawam was established during the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). It was a port and fishing village. Mount Carmel and the Kishon River are mentioned in

3168-532: The environs of Haifa. Many Jewish immigrants of the Fourth Aliyah and Fifth Aliyah settled in Haifa. The port was a major source of income, and the nearby Jewish towns of the Krayot were established in the 1930s. At the same time, the Arab population also swelled by an influx of migrants, coming mainly from surrounding villages as well as the Syrian Hauran . The Arab immigration mainly came as

3234-433: The importance of Haifa rose. In 1858, the walled city of Haifa was overcrowded and the first houses began to be built outside the city walls on the mountain slope. The British Survey of Western Palestine estimated Haifa's population to be about 3,000 in 1859. Haifa remained majority Muslim throughout this time but a small Jewish community continued to exist there. In 1798, Rabbi Nachman of Breslov spent Rosh HaShana with

3300-595: The majority of the city's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning. From the time of its conquest by the Mamluks to the 15th century, Haifa was an unfortified small village or uninhabited. At various times there were a few Jews living there and both Jews and Christians made pilgrimages to the Cave of Elijah on Mount Carmel. During Mamluk rule in the 14th century, al-Idrisi wrote that Haifa served as

3366-401: The name Haifa remains unclear. One theory holds it derives from the name of the high priest Caiaphas . Some Christians believe it was named for Saint Peter , whose Aramaic name was Keipha. Another theory holds it could be derived from the Hebrew verb root חפה ( hafa ), from H-f-h root (ח-פ-ה), meaning to cover or shield, i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa; others point to a possible origin in

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3432-419: The old site. According to historian Moshe Sharon, the new Haifa was established by Zahir in 1769. This event marked the beginning of modern Haifa. After al-Umar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, with the exception of two brief periods. In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Haifa during his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine and Syria , but he soon had to withdraw; in

3498-493: The oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country; and prior to the opening of Tel Aviv Light Rail , Haifa is the only city with underground rapid transit system in Israel known as the Carmelit . Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry , petroleum refining and chemical processing. Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan . It is one of Israel's mixed cities , with an Arab-Israeli population of c.10%. The ultimate origin of

3564-410: The overall concentration of heavy industry in the area means that air pollution is still higher as compared with other regions in Israel. 32°49′23.01″N 35°1′26.04″E  /  32.8230583°N 35.0239000°E  / 32.8230583; 35.0239000 Kiryat Hayim Kiryat Haim ( Hebrew : קריית חיים   pronounced [kiʁˈjat χaˈjim] ) is a neighborhood of Haifa . It

3630-464: The port city of 'Akka . Under the Rashidun Caliphate , Haifa began to develop. In the 9th century under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates , Haifa established trading relations with Egyptian ports and the city featured several shipyards. The inhabitants, Arabs and Jews, engaged in trade and maritime commerce. Glass production and dye-making from marine snails were the city's most lucrative industries. Prosperity ended in 1100 or 1101, when Haifa

3696-401: The port complex one of the largest in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Bay region is also home to an extensive industrial zone containing various factories, workshops, large shore-based oil refineries, chemical, metals fabrication and power plants and other industrial and storage facilities. The 76-meter high twin cooling towers of the Haifa oil refinery are a nationally recognized icon for

3762-429: The port for Tiberias and featured a "fine harbor for the anchorage of galleys and other vessels. Haifa was apparently uninhabited at the time the Ottoman Empire conquered Palestine in 1516. The first indication of its resettlement was given in a description by German traveller Leonhard Rauwolf , who visited Palestine in 1575. In 1596, Haifa appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Sahil Atlit of

3828-405: The proposed Jewish state . Arab protests over that decision evolved into violence between Jews and Arabs that left several dozen people dead during December. The Arab city was in a state of chaos. The local Arab national committee tried to stabilize the situation by organizing garrison, calming the frightened residents and to stop the flight. In a public statement, the national committee called upon

3894-515: The settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam , a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the millennia, the Haifa area has changed hands: being conquered and ruled by the Canaanites , Israelites , Phoenicians , Assyrians , Babylonians , Persians , Hasmoneans , Romans , Byzantines , Arabs , Crusaders , Ottomans , and

3960-402: The structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson, Shoghi Effendi . In a separate room, the remains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were buried in November 1921. Haifa was captured from the Ottomans in September 1918 by Indian horsemen of the British Army armed with spears and swords who overran Ottoman positions. On 22 September, British troops were heading to Nazareth when

4026-421: The town's growing prosperity. Jews constituted one-eighth of Haifa's population, almost all of whom were recent immigrants from Morocco and Turkey who lived in the Jewish Quarter, which was located in the eastern part of the town. Continued Jewish immigration gradually raised the Jewish population of Haifa, and included a small number of Ashkenazi families, most of whom opened hotels for Jewish migrants coming into

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4092-400: Was a small village and had a Jewish community composed mainly of immigrants from Morocco and Algeria which had a synagogue. It had 250 inhabitants in 1764–5. It was located at Tell el-Semak, the site of ancient Sycaminum. In 1765, Zahir al-Umar , the Arab ruler of Acre and the Galilee , moved the population to a new fortified site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east and laid waste to

4158-445: Was besieged and blockaded by European Christians shortly after the end of the First Crusade , and then conquered after a fierce battle with its Jewish inhabitants and Fatimid garrison. Jews comprised the majority of the city's population at the time. Under the Crusaders, Haifa was reduced to a small fortified coastal stronghold. It was a part of the Principality of Galilee within the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Following their victory at

4224-419: Was located near the town of Shikmona, a center for making the traditional Tekhelet dye used in the garments of the high priests in the Temple. The archaeological site of Shikmona is southwest of Bat Galim. Early Haifa is believed to have occupied the area which extends from the present-day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery on Yafo Street. The inhabitants engaged in fishing and agriculture. In about

4290-449: Was purchased from the Sursock family , which had bought it from the Ottoman government in 1872. The 45,000 dunam tract was known as the Jidro lands. The company also acquired a 99-year concession for an additional 12,000 dunams of adjoining land, bringing the total area to 57,000. The land changed hands several times due to financial difficulties, eventually becoming the property of the Bayside Land Company, established in cooperation with

4356-403: Was turned into a mosque, later becoming a hospital. In the 19th century, it was restored as a Carmelite monastery, the Stella Maris Monastery . The altar of the church as we see it today, stands over a cave associated with Prophet Elijah. In 1265, the army of Mamluk sultan Baibars captured Haifa , destroying its fortifications, which had been rebuilt by King Louis IX of France , as well as

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