Haisyn ( Ukrainian : Гайсин , IPA: [ˈɦɑjsɪn] ) or Haysyn is a city in central Ukraine . It serves as the administrative center of Haisyn Raion within Vinnytsia Oblast . It is located on the Sob [ uk ] in the eastern part of the historical region of Podolia . Its population is 25,698 (2022 estimate).
115-1208: It is believed by many scholars that the origin of the name "Haisyn" is Turkic in origin, as the land was previously inhabited by the Black Klobuks during the 11th and 12 centuries. Haisyn is derived from a Turkic word meaning "camp(ing) on a hill". In addition to the Ukrainian Гайсин ( Haisyn ), in other languages the name of the city is Polish : Hajsyn and Russian : Гайсин , romanized : Gaysin, Gaisin . [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1459–1569 [REDACTED] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1672 [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire 1672–1699 [REDACTED] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1699–1793 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1793–1917 [REDACTED] Ukrainian People's Republic 1917-1918, 1918-1920 [REDACTED] Ukrainian State 1918 [REDACTED] Soviet Ukraine 1920–1922 [REDACTED] Soviet Union 1922–1941 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Romania 1941–1944 [REDACTED] Soviet Union 1944–1991 [REDACTED] Ukraine 1991–present Hajsyn
230-498: A language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia , East Asia , North Asia ( Siberia ), and West Asia . The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China , where Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken, from where they expanded to Central Asia and farther west during
345-651: A better position should there arise a war of succession to the Austrian territories. The wedding celebration in Dresden was one of the most splendorous and expensive of the Baroque era in Europe. Over 800 guests were invited for a 2-week celebration. The main banquet was held in a chamber that was transformed into an artificial silver mine to astound the invitees. Apart from exotic dishes, over 500 deer were brought in from
460-641: A fervent Protestant throughout her life and never set foot in Catholic Poland during her 30-year service as queen consort. Despite the pressure from Augustus II, she was never crowned at Wawel in Kraków and purely held a titular title of queen. This move was viewed by the Polish nobility as a provocation and from the beginning the prince was treated with prejudice in Poland. From his early years, Augustus
575-551: A hospital, bank, grand hotel, law office, schoolhouse, and pharmacy. During World War I, the 75th Sevastopol Infantry Regiment [ ru ] of the Southwestern Front was stationed in the city. Following the beginning of the Russian Revolution , pogroms broke out across the entire country, including Haisyn. The town had a local Bolshevik faction, which included many Jews, who fought back against
690-582: A near-total destruction of the communities during the conflict. In 1744, King Augustus III granted Haisyn Magdeburg rights , making it a royal city of the Poland . In 1768, another Haydamak uprising occurred, and the citizens of the town joined the revolt. A mass-murder of Jews and Poles once again ensued. After the suppression of the uprising, the lands of Haisyn were divided among the magnates of Potocki family , among others Jaroszynski [ ru ] , Sobanski , and Holoniewski. Haisyn itself with
805-594: A pact known as the Treaty of the Three Black Eagles , which would prevent Augustus III and Stanisław Leszczyński from inheriting the Polish throne. The royal elections in Poland and the elective monarchy, in general, weakened the country and allowed other powers to meddle in Polish affairs. The neighbouring countries that signed the treaty preferred a neutral monarch like Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém , brother of John V of Portugal , or any living relative of
920-535: A promise that as king, Augustus would both renounce any claim to the Austrian succession and continue respecting the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . Augustus on his candidacy to the Polish throne was opposed by Stanisław I Leszczyński (Stanislaus I), who had usurped the throne with Swedish support during the Great Northern War . Reigning from 1706 until 1709, Stanisław was overthrown after
1035-488: A result, Austria and Russia signed on 19 August 1733 the Löwenwolde's Treaty, named after Karl Gustav von Löwenwolde . The terms of Löwenwolde's Treaty were direct; Russia opted for a quid pro quo – they would provide troops to ensure Augustus III was elected king and in turn, Augustus would recognise Anna Ivanovna as Empress of Russia , thus relinquishing Polish claims to Livonia and Courland . Austria received
1150-452: A result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922). The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches: In this classification, Oghur Turkic is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or Common Turkic . It
1265-718: A strip of land in Silesia and Lusatia which made the movement of troops even more difficult. Frederick's plans also entailed annexing the Electorate of Hanover , but joining France would trigger an Austro-Russian attack and occupation. On 29 August 1756, the Prussian Army preemptively invaded Saxony, beginning the Third Silesian War , a theatre of the Seven Years' War. Saxony was bled dry and exploited at
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#17327941132521380-490: A wealthy merchant by the name of Israel Rozin settled in Haisyn and began a business producing and selling alcohol. His philanthropic activity towards the local population and soldiers made him favorable in eyes of the local government, which bestowed upon him honors equal to a military rank in civilian status. During a cholera epidemic in 1855, Rozin undertook paycuts and provided free services and alcohol to citizens. By 1855,
1495-463: Is a common characteristic of major language families spoken in Inner Eurasia ( Mongolic , Tungusic , Uralic and Turkic), the type of harmony found in them differs from each other, specifically, Uralic and Turkic have a shared type of vowel harmony (called palatal vowel harmony ) whereas Mongolic and Tungusic represent a different type. The homeland of the Turkic peoples and their language
1610-425: Is as follows. Armed men burst into a town or locality, scatter through the streets, rush in groups into Jewish apartments, murder with no care for age or sex, they brutally rape and often kill women, extort money under threat of death and then kill the victims, seize what they can carry, and break down ovens and walls in search of money and valuables. One group is followed by the second, the third, and so on, until there
1725-443: Is currently regarded as one of the world's primary language families . Turkic is one of the main members of the controversial Altaic language family , but Altaic currently lacks support from a majority of linguists. None of the theories linking Turkic languages to other families have a wide degree of acceptance at present. Shared features with languages grouped together as Altaic have been interpreted by most mainstream linguists to be
1840-582: Is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged. With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic , the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic . Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to
1955-413: Is nothing left to carry or take away. In Pereyaslav during the pogrom of 15–19 July by Zeleny, each Jewish apartment was visited by bandits 20-30 times a day. Later, the building was reduced to nothing but window panes, bricks and beams. Both those who would be murdered and the survivors are stripped down to their underwear, or sometimes even naked. Delegations of Jews or well-meaning Christians are sent to
2070-517: Is suggested to be somewhere between the Transcaspian steppe and Northeastern Asia ( Manchuria ), with genetic evidence pointing to the region near South Siberia and Mongolia as the "Inner Asian Homeland" of the Turkic ethnicity. Similarly several linguists, including Juha Janhunen , Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, suggest that modern-day Mongolia is the homeland of the early Turkic language. Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about
2185-411: Is the least harmonic or not harmonic at all. Taking into account the documented historico-linguistic development of Turkic languages overall, both inscriptional and textual, the family provides over one millennium of documented stages as well as scenarios in the linguistic evolution of vowel harmony which, in turn, demonstrates harmony evolution along a confidently definable trajectory Though vowel harmony
2300-604: Is widely rejected by historical linguists. Similarities with the Uralic languages even caused these families to be regarded as one for a long time under the Ural-Altaic hypothesis. However, there has not been sufficient evidence to conclude the existence of either of these macrofamilies. The shared characteristics between the languages are attributed presently to extensive prehistoric language contact . Turkic languages are null-subject languages , have vowel harmony (with
2415-415: The ğ in dağ and dağlı is not realized as a consonant, but as a slight lengthening of the preceding vowel. The following table is based mainly upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson . [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across
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#17327941132522530-669: The 2nd Kotovsky Cavalry Corps . From 1923 to 1925, Gaisyn was the center of the Gaisynsky district of the USSR . In 1922, a Yiddish department was opened at the local higher education institution. During the NEP period, there was a short-term revival of trade and entrepreneurial activity in the Jewish community, but with the winding down of the NEP and the cessation of private trade activity, some of
2645-655: The Baroque Catholic Church of the Royal Court in Dresden (present-day Dresden Cathedral ) was built, in which he was later buried as one of the few Polish kings buried outside the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków . He greatly expanded the Dresden art gallery , to the extent that in 1747 it was placed in a new location at the present-day Johanneum , where it remained until 1855 when it was moved to
2760-577: The Białowieża Forest for the feast. Approximately 4 million thalers were spent for this occasion. Augustus II died suddenly on 1 February 1733, following a Sejm (Polish parliament) session in Warsaw . Augustus III inherited the Saxon electorate without any problems, but his election to the Polish throne was much more complicated. Shortly before the ailing king died, Prussia, Austria and Russia signed
2875-606: The Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania . The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars , debatably the parent or a distant relative of Chuvash language , are dated to the 13th–14th centuries AD. With the Turkic expansion during the Early Middle Ages (c. 6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in
2990-559: The Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider it an independent Chuvash family similar to Uralic and Turkic languages. Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for the classification purposes. Some lexical and extensive typological similarities between Turkic and
3105-825: The Hetman and in favor of the Central Rada . Headman of the district Olexandr Savostyanov [ uk ] reported the leaflets to the Minister of Internal Affairs , resulting in the arrests of the Assistant District Commissioner and the Chairman of the People's Council. Nearly a year later, during the seizure of Haisyn by the gangs of Ataman Ananiy Volynets [ uk ] , 1,200 people were killed, most of whom were Jews. Later in
3220-668: The House of Czartoryski and the Potocki paralyzed the Sejm ( Liberum veto ), fostering internal political anarchy and weakening the Commonwealth. Augustus delegated most of his powers and responsibilities in the Commonwealth to Heinrich von Brühl , who served in effect as the viceroy of Poland. Brühl in turn left the politics in Poland to the most powerful magnates and nobles, which resulted in widespread corruption. Under Augustus, Poland
3335-610: The Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1654), which was accompanied by looting of property and mass murder of the Jewish population in the area. In 1659, King of Poland John II Casimir Vasa granted Gaisin to the Zaporizhian Maxim Bulyga. This was most likely done in an attempt to appease the Cossack population in order to maintain security in the region in the event that Turkish or Russian forces invaded
3450-622: The Piast dynasty . The agreement had provisions for all three powers to agree that it was in their best interest that their common neighbour, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not undertake any reforms that might strengthen it and trigger expansionism. The new king would also have to maintain friendly relations with these countries. The treaty quickly became ineffective as Prussia began to support Leszczyński and allowed him safe passage from France to Poland through German lands. As
3565-615: The Second Silesian War , which erupted after Prussia proclaimed its support of Charles VII as Holy Roman Emperor and invaded Bohemia on 15 August 1744. The true cause behind the invasion was Frederick's personal expansionist ideas and goals. On 8 January 1745, the Treaty of Warsaw united Great Britain , the Habsburg monarchy, the Dutch Republic and Saxony into what became known as the "Quadruple Alliance", which
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3680-616: The Vistula panorama of the Warsaw Old Town . In 1733, the composer Johann Sebastian Bach dedicated the Kyrie–Gloria Mass in B minor, BWV 232 I (early version) , to Augustus in honor of his succession to the Saxon electorate, with the hope of appointment as Court Composer, a title Bach received three years later. Bach's title of Koeniglicher Pohlnischer Hoff Compositeur ( Royal Polish Court Composer , and court composer to
3795-808: The War of Austrian Succession and again in the Seven Years' War (1756), both of which resulted in Saxony being defeated and occupied by Prussia. In Poland , his rule was marked by the increasing influence of the Czartoryski and Poniatowski families, and by the intervention of Catherine the Great in Polish affairs. His rule deepened the social anarchy in Poland and increased the country's dependence on its neighbours, notably Prussia, Austria, and Russia. The Russian Empire prevented him from installing his family on
3910-471: The " Turco-Mongol " tradition. The two groups shared a similar religion system, Tengrism , and there exists a multitude of evident loanwords between Turkic languages and Mongolic languages . Although the loans were bidirectional, today Turkic loanwords constitute the largest foreign component in Mongolian vocabulary. Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of
4025-562: The Elector of Saxony) is engraved on the title page of Bach's famous Goldberg Variations . Augustus III was also the patron of composer Johann Adolph Hasse , who was granted the title of the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Kapellmeister by his father, Augustus II, in 1731, and thanks to Augustus III the same title was obtained in 1716 by composer Johann David Heinichen . In 1732, a French priest named Gabriel Piotr Baudouin founded
4140-505: The French language and learnt how to approach politics and diplomacy. In June 1715, he departed Versailles and travelled across France, visiting Bordeaux , Moissac , Toulouse , Carcassonne , Marseille and Lyon . Apart from sightseeing, the purpose of this trip was to understand how cities and villages function. Being brought up in great wealth, Augustus was not entirely aware of how extensive poverty and poor living conditions could be in
4255-609: The Habsburgs concentrated their supreme force on Hungary and Italy. They held onto the fortresses of Glogau , Breslau , and Brieg , but abandoned the rest of the region and withdrew into Moravia . This campaign gave Prussia control of most of the richest provinces in the Habsburg monarchy , with the commercial centre of Breslau as well as mining, weaving and dyeing industries. Silesia was also rich in natural resources such as coal, chalk , copper and gold. Saxony joined Austria in
4370-589: The Jews of Gaisin were forced to join the Jewish collective farm organized in the city. In 1926, 5,190 Jews (33.9% of the total population) lived in Gaisin, and in 1939, the number fell to 4,109. In the late 1930s, the large synagogue was demolished, and the small synagogue and Jewish school were closed. During World War II, Haisyn was occupied by the 11th Field Army of the Wehrmacht on 25 July 1941. In accordance with
4485-457: The Polish entourage thwarted a kidnapping attempt organized by British agents of Queen Anne in order to prevent him from converting. He also witnessed the coronation of Charles VI in 1711 after the death of his brother and predecessor, Joseph I . Augustus eventually converted to Catholicism in November 1712 while extensively touring Italy , and its cultural and religious heritage. He
4600-405: The Polish throne, supporting instead the aristocrat Stanisław August Poniatowski , the lover of Catherine the Great. Throughout his reign, Augustus was known to be more interested in ease and pleasure than in the affairs of state; this notable patron of the arts left the administration of Saxony and Poland to his chief adviser, Heinrich von Brühl , who in turn left Polish administration chiefly to
4715-516: The Protestant states within the Empire. Ten days earlier, on 10 August 1719, Maria Josepha was forced to renounce her claim to the throne of Austria in favour of her uncle's daughter, Maria Theresa . In accordance with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 issued by Charles, a female heir or the eldest daughter would be permitted to inherit the throne of Austria. Augustus II also hoped to place Saxony in
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4830-574: The Swedish defeat at Poltava . Returning from exile in 1733 with the support of Louis XV of France and Spain , Stanisław sparked the War of the Polish Succession . Throughout the spring and summer of 1733, France began mobilizing and stationing forces along its northern and eastern borders, while Austria massed troops on the Polish frontier, reducing garrisons in the Duchy of Milan for
4945-453: The Turkic family. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility , upon moderate exposure, among the various Oghuz languages , which include Turkish , Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Qashqai , Chaharmahali Turkic , Gagauz , and Balkan Gagauz Turkish , as well as Oghuz-influenced Crimean Tatar . Other Turkic languages demonstrate varying amounts of mutual intelligibility within their subgroups as well. Although methods of classification vary,
5060-442: The Turkic language family (about 60 words). Despite being cognates, some of the words may denote a different meaning. Empty cells do not necessarily imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language may be formed from another stem and is not cognate with the other words in the row or that a loanword is used in its place. Also, there may be shifts in
5175-496: The Turkic languages are usually considered to be divided into two branches: Oghur , of which the only surviving member is Chuvash , and Common Turkic , which includes all other Turkic languages. Turkic languages show many similarities with the Mongolic , Tungusic , Koreanic , and Japonic languages. These similarities have led some linguists (including Talât Tekin ) to propose an Altaic language family , though this proposal
5290-593: The West. (See picture in the box on the right above.) For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian , Slavic , and Mongolic languages . This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as
5405-501: The Western provinces. The local government organization developed many town offices, including: In 1834, the Jewish community in Haisyn had reached 1,692 people. The town contained a synagogue, a beit-midrash , two houses of prayer, and six cheders . There were three rabbis and three mohels . The population grew further to 2,175 by 1863, split across 262 "individual Jewish buildings". By 1896, that figure had risen to 5,152. In 1843,
5520-603: The agreement signed on 30 August in Bender between the German and Romanian commanders, Haisyn, unlike Mogilev-Podilskyi , was not part of " Transnistria ", but of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine . The occupation of Haisyn lasted almost 32 months. During this period, the German concentration camps Stalag 329/Z and Stalag 348 (March to August 1943) were located in the area. According to various estimates, during
5635-560: The aphorism and phrase od Sasa do Lasa (lit. from the Saxon to Leszczyński) exists in the Polish language and is used when describing two completely opposite things in everyday life. As King, Augustus was uninterested in the affairs of his Polish–Lithuanian dominion, focusing instead on hunting, the opera, and the collection of artwork at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister . He spent less than three years of his thirty-year reign in Poland, where political feuding between
5750-402: The area. However, in 1660, the land was granted to Stanislaw Jakubowski. In 1699, according to the Treaty of Karlowitz , the Ottoman Empire recognized Haisyn as part of Poland. Polish feudal lords began managing the land once more, between which there were constant internecine disputes. The Ogiński and Sapieha families fought over the city. Caught in the crossfires of the dispute, Haisyn
5865-400: The bandits. From 1918 to 1920 there were continued pogroms in the city. Troops of volunteers, the Red Army , and the Ukrainians took part in them. Bolshevik troops (7th Army of the Southwestern Front) captured Haisyn and took control of the city on 2 February 1918. In June 1918, the Haisyn district committee of the Council of Peasant Deputies distributed leaflets condemning the election of
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#17327941132525980-433: The central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages. Hruschka, et al. (2014) use computational phylogenetic methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological sound changes . The following isoglosses are traditionally used in the classification of the Turkic languages: Additional isoglosses include: *In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish,
6095-403: The city from hand to hand was accompanied by pogroms and looting. After the Soviet offensive on 6 June 1920, Haisyn was reconquered under the command of Pyotr Solodukhin , after being defended by the 18th Polish Infantry Division . A local newspaper began publishing in Haisyn in 1920. In 1922, the 24th Samara Rifle Division [ uk ] was stationed in the city, followed by troops of
6210-473: The city had become one of the largest in Podolia. In 1900, the town budget of Haisyn amounted to more than 30,000 rubles (36,437 rubles in revenues, and 23,944 rubles in expenditures). By 1902, Haisyn had a total of 10,765 residents. There was a public school, 23 factories and plants employing 631 workers, with a total annual production value of 656,820 rubles. A library was opened the same year. Many Jews began to leave Haisyn in 1905 following Pogroms that hit
6325-473: The city particularly hard. Nevertheless, there were nearly 7,000 Jews in Gaisyn in 1917, constituting half the city's population. The population of Haisyn in 1910 was 13,222. It had 6,208 Russian Orthodox, 359 Catholics, 14 Mohammedans, and 6,629 Jews. The development of the city was fast on the eve of World War I . There were 36 registered enterprises in the town, including a newly opened meteorological station. Stone buildings became more commonplace, including
6440-427: The city was occupied by units of the Volunteer Army . By January, Denikin's troops had fled the city. On 7 January 1920, Prime Minister Isaak Mazepa , Colonel N. Nikonov, and P. Fedenko arrived in Haisyn on their way from Vinnitsa . Mazepa described the condition of the city upon his arrival: In Haisyn itself, there had been no law enforcement for more than two weeks. There was complete indifference and apathy [towards
6555-414: The city's population decreased by 476 people. In 1859, in the village of Mohylne, Haisyn district [ uk ] , the Mohylne sugar factory was founded. Refining sugar from sugar beets became an important industry for the town. In the 1864–1865 season, the Mohylne factory, as well as Krasnosilka factory, produced a total of 24,480 poods of sugar. Another refinery, the Sobolivka Sugar Refinery,
6670-407: The climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern, taiga-steppe zone of the Sayan - Altay region. Extensive contact took place between Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols approximately during the first millennium BC; the shared cultural tradition between the two Eurasian nomadic groups is called
6785-443: The command of Peter Lacy entered Poland to secure Augustus' succession. The election was de jure won by Stanisław, with 12,000 votes. Augustus received 3,000, however, he had the support of Poland's influential, wealthiest and most corrupt magnates , such as Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki . The Franco-Spanish coalition declared war on Austria and Saxony on 10 October. The Italian states of Savoy - Sardinia and Parma also joined
6900-561: The common morphological elements between Korean and Turkic are not less numerous than between Turkic and other Altaic languages, strengthens the possibility that there is a close genetic affinity between Korean and Turkic. Many historians also point out a close non-linguistic relationship between Turkic peoples and Koreans . Especially close were the relations between the Göktürks and Goguryeo . Augustus III Augustus III ( Polish : August III Sas – "the Saxon"; Lithuanian : Augustas III ; 17 October 1696 – 5 October 1763)
7015-485: The countryside. On 20 August 1719, Augustus married Maria Josepha of Austria in Vienna . She was the daughter of the deceased Emperor Joseph I and niece of Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire , whose coronation young Augustus attended. This marriage wasn't coincidental; Augustus II the Strong orchestrated it to maintain the position of the Saxons within the Holy Roman Empire. The alliance with Catholic Charles would prove fruitful in case of hostile or armed opposition from
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#17327941132527130-436: The course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia , from Siberia to the Mediterranean . Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into Persian , Urdu , Ukrainian , Russian , Chinese , Mongolian , Hungarian and to a lesser extent, Arabic . The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of Siberia to Turkey in
7245-412: The directorship. On 26 September 1714, Augustus was warmly welcomed by Louis XIV of France at Versailles . Louis rejoiced when he heard that Augustus converted to Catholicism and permitted him to stay at the royal court and in Paris . The young prince participated in balls, masquerades and private parties that were hosted by the Sun King himself. During this time, Augustus improved his knowledge of
7360-403: The early Turkic language. According to him, words related to nature, earth and ruling but especially to the sky and stars seem to be cognates. The linguist Choi suggested already in 1996 a close relationship between Turkic and Korean regardless of any Altaic connections: In addition, the fact that the morphological elements are not easily borrowed between languages, added to the fact that
7475-400: The end of the 18th century, the governor of Haisyn was Colonel Petro Chechel, who is famous for the palace that he erected as his residence after purchasing multiple villages in the Starokonstantinovsky district . In the first half of the 19th century, the town had a mixed population of Jews and Ukrainians. A resolution was issued on 1836, authorizing local police to allocate 2000 rubles from
7590-417: The family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family. The Codex Cumanicus (12th–13th centuries AD) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between the Kipchak language and Latin , used by
7705-408: The first orphanage in Poland, situated in Warsaw's Old Town. The facility was later moved to the nearby Warecki Square (now Warsaw Insurgents Square ), and in 1758 Augustus III decreed that the new institution be called Szpital Generalny Dzieciątka Jezus (The General Hospital of Infant Jesus). The newly established hospital expanded its operations into treating not only orphans but also the sick and
7820-496: The first millennium. They are characterized as a dialect continuum . Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish , spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans ; its native speakers account for about 38% of all Turkic speakers, followed by Uzbek . Characteristic features such as vowel harmony , agglutination , subject-object-verb order, and lack of grammatical gender , are almost universal within
7935-418: The following days, around four thousand Jews were shot, brought from the surrounding area. Shootings were also carried out in October 1941 and 7–10 May 1942. By the end of the occupation, about 20 Jews remained in Haisyn (less than 1% of the pre-war population). On 14 March 1944, Haisyn was taken back by units of the 232nd Rifle Division of the Red Army. Turkic languages The Turkic languages are
8050-446: The friendly French faction and the Habsburg faction of Maria Theresa. Between 1741 and 1742 Saxony was allied with France, but changed sides with the help of Austrian diplomats. In the first days of December 1740, the Prussians assembled along the Oder river and on 16 December, Frederick II invaded Silesia without a formal declaration of war. The Austrian troops which then stationed in Silesia were poorly supplied and outnumbered as
8165-415: The land would be disputed with neighboring families until 1616 when the land was finally transferred to the Odrzywolski family for "lifetime possession". On 16 November 1621, King of Poland Sigismund III gave the land of Haisyn to the nobleman Jan Dzierzka for his military services. 8 years later, the census of 1629 showed the village to have a population of 822 people. Haisyn suffered many damages during
8280-537: The larger Saxon Palace and transformed it into a rococo masterpiece, which later became known as the Brühl Palace . Both buildings were completely destroyed by the Nazis during World War II . With the marriage to the Austrian princess Maria Josepha , Augustus was bound to accept the succession of her cousin, Maria Theresa , as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia . Saxony mediated between
8395-588: The maximum extent to support Prussia's war effort. The Treaty of Hubertusburg signed on 15 February 1763 ended the conflict with Frederick's victory and Saxony renounced its claim to Silesia. In April 1763, Augustus returned ill and frail from Poland to Dresden with his closest advisors, leaving Primate Władysław Aleksander Łubieński behind to take care of the affairs in the Commonwealth. He died suddenly on 5 October 1763 in Dresden from apoplexy (stroke). Unlike his father who rests at Wawel in Kraków, Augustus III
8510-975: The meaning from one language to another, and so the "Common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases, the form given is found only in some dialects of the language, or a loanword is much more common (e.g. in Turkish, the preferred word for "fire" is the Persian-derived ateş , whereas the native od is dead). Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted. (to press with one's knees) Azerbaijani "ǝ" and "ä": IPA /æ/ Azerbaijani "q": IPA /g/, word-final "q": IPA /x/ Turkish and Azerbaijani "ı", Karakhanid "ɨ", Turkmen "y", and Sakha "ï": IPA /ɯ/ Turkmen "ň", Karakhanid "ŋ": IPA /ŋ/ Turkish and Azerbaijani "y",Turkmen "ý" and "j" in other languages: IPA /j/ All "ş" and "š" letters: IPA /ʃ/ All "ç" and "č" letters: IPA /t͡ʃ/ Kyrgyz "c": IPA /d͡ʒ/ Kazakh "j": IPA /ʒ/ The Turkic language family
8625-967: The nearby Tungusic and Mongolic families, as well as the Korean and Japonic families has in more recent years been instead attributed to prehistoric contact amongst the group, sometimes referred to as the Northeast Asian sprachbund . A more recent (circa first millennium BC) contact between "core Altaic" (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic) is distinguished from this, due to the existence of definitive common words that appear to have been mostly borrowed from Turkic into Mongolic, and later from Mongolic into Tungusic, as Turkic borrowings into Mongolic significantly outnumber Mongolic borrowings into Turkic, and Turkic and Tungusic do not share any words that do not also exist in Mongolic. Turkic languages also show some Chinese loanwords that point to early contact during
8740-714: The newly built Semper Gallery . In 1748 he founded the Opera House ( Operalnia ) in Warsaw and the Collegium medico-chirurgicum , the first medical school in Dresden. During his reign, the extension of the Saxon Palace in Warsaw, begun by his father Augustus II, was completed, and the reconstruction of the eastern façade of the Royal Castle was ordered, thus creating the so-called Saxon Façade, an iconic part of
8855-422: The newly-appointed authorities to ask for an end to the pogrom. The authorities agree on the condition that the surviving Jewish population pay a ransom to the government. The money is paid, new demands are made to deliver boots, meat, and so on. In the meantime, the groups [of bandits] continue to terrorize the remaining Jews, extort money, kill, and rape. Then, the enemy enters the town or locality, often completing
8970-434: The notable exception of Uzbek due to strong Persian-Tajik influence), converbs , extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions , and lack of grammatical articles , noun classes , and grammatical gender . Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. In terms of the level of vowel harmony in the Turkic language family, Tuvan is characterized as almost fully harmonic whereas Uzbek
9085-465: The occupation in the northeastern outskirts of the city (Belendijka tract) the Germans shot from 8,000 to 10,000 people, mostly local Jews and Jews specially brought there for extermination from other occupied areas. During the first mass shooting on 16 September 1941, about three thousand (according to other sources - 1,300) Jews were killed, and on 17 September another three thousand people were shot. In
9200-519: The outskirts of the city. Two printing houses were established in the city by Jews. One by Udla Leibovna Shvartsman in 1876, and one in 1893 by Nukhim Volkovich Weinstein. In May 1886, by the initiative of Archpriest Nikandr Gavrilovich Mikhnevich, the Holy Protection City Cathedral was founded. It was a five-domed brick building on a stone plinth with a bell tower. Inside, there was a three-tiered wooden iconostasis . There
9315-434: The poor. Augustus remained a charitable man throughout his life and donated to the hospital. His successor, Stanisław Augustus, also contributed to the cause. Despite his charitable manner, Augustus was viewed in Poland as an impotent monarch, obese, plump, ugly and lazy sybarite with no interest in the affairs of the state. Such harsh critique and opinion continues to this day. On the other hand, historian Jacek Staszewski
9430-758: The population rapidly grew. By the year 1800, there were 1,275 Jews in the Haisyn district , with a total population of 1,857. On 22 May 1792, Haisyn became a town of regional significance. The city was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 during the Second Partition of Poland , and became part of the Bratslav Viceroyalty . It became part of the Podolia Governorate in 1797, with its town status upheld in 1804. The county
9545-468: The possibility of establishing a Duma to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (...) The government took a number of practical steps to develop the province, including the provision of special benefits: 24 December 1841. To improve the welfare of the cities of Podolia province , privileges were granted to merchants, burghers, and people of free means, who moved to these cities from areas that did not belong to
9660-677: The powerful Czartoryski family. Royal titles in Latin : Augustus tertius, Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniæ, Russiæ, Prussiæ, Masoviæ, Samogitiæ, Kijoviæ, Volhiniæ, Podoliæ, Podlachiæ, Livoniæ, Smolensciæ, Severiæ, Czerniechoviæque, nec non-hæreditarius dux Saxoniæ et princeps elector etc. English translation: August III, by the grace of God, King of Poland , Grand Duke of Lithuania , Ruthenia , Prussia , Masovia , Samogitia , Kiev , Volhynia , Podolia , Podlachia , Livonia , Smolensk , Severia , Chernihiv , and also hereditary Duke of Saxony and Prince-Elector , etc. Augustus
9775-623: The purpose. Prince Eugene of Savoy recommended to the emperor a more warlike posture against its longtime rival, France. He suggested that the Rhine valley and northern Italy should be strengthened with more troops, however only minimal steps were taken to improve imperial defences on the Rhine. In July 1733, Augustus agreed to Austria's and Russia's terms per Löwenwolde's Treaty. During the election sejm in August, Russian troops counting 30,000 men under
9890-481: The ratio of Jews to Christians was 1,246 to 1,305, with 271 Jewish merchants and 45 Christian merchants. There were many artisans among the Jewish population. In 1858, there were 10,106 inhabitants (5,316 men and 4,790 women) in Haisyn, the town budget was a little over 5,000 rubles (the town's income was 5060 rubles 93.75, and their expenses were 5055 rubles 25 kopecks). In 1863 there were 9,630 inhabitants in Haisyn (4,952 men and 4,678 women). Over five years (see above)
10005-522: The result of a sprachbund . The possibility of a genetic relation between Turkic and Korean , independently from Altaic, is suggested by some linguists. The linguist Kabak (2004) of the University of Würzburg states that Turkic and Korean share similar phonology as well as morphology . Li Yong-Sŏng (2014) suggest that there are several cognates between Turkic and Old Korean . He states that these supposed cognates can be useful to reconstruct
10120-620: The robbery of Jews and continuing the savage violence. The old thugs disappear, only to return again a few days later. [...] It is extremely common for Jews to be transported for mass murder, torture and robbery to one house: to the synagogue like in Ivankov, Rotmistrovka , and Ladyzhenka , to the Office or Executive Committee in Funduklejevka, Ladyzhenka, and Novomirgorod , or simply to some house as in Gaisin or Davydka. In October 1919,
10235-532: The struggle against Austrian rule in northern Italy. Most of the battles took place outside of Poland and the main focus of the war was personal interests and demonstration of superiority. The Russian-Saxon forces chased Stanisław until he was besieged at Gdańsk (Danzig) on 22 February 1734. In June, when the garrisons at Gdańsk surrendered, Stanisław fled to Königsberg and then back to France. The Pacification Sejm in 1736 de facto confirmed Augustus III as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. To this day,
10350-636: The suffering]. No one even thought of organizing the authorities. Even the local rebel Ataman Volynets, with whom Fedchenko had a meeting at that time, was sitting in one of the neighboring villages near Haisyn and "resting" without work. Until the establishment of the USSR, the city would change hands, with death and destruction following. In February 1920. Haisyn was captured by the Red Army, in May by Tyutyunnyk's forces, then by Volynets' gang. And every transition of
10465-541: The surrounding villages, was given to Anthony Leduchowski in 1775. In 1783, he received the royal privilege to own the city and surrounding villages for the next 50 years. However, in 1789, Haisyn was given by Leduchowski to Earl Felix Potocki , who owned 10 thousand dessiatinas of settled land and 1,200 dessiatinas of forest in the region. At the time of the 1790 census , there were only 50 Jews in Haisyn. Following Jewish immigration waves within Eastern Europe ,
10580-819: The time of Proto-Turkic . The first established records of the Turkic languages are the eighth century AD Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks , recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects ( Divânü Lügati't-Türk ), written during the 11th century AD by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate , constitutes an early linguistic treatment of
10695-575: The treasury due to insufficient funds from the government. Lack of funding for the town's necessities had a negative impact on the organization and work of the local government, hindering the development of the rapidly growing town. I commanded to leave the Magistrate in its former position in Gaisin, until the sources for multiplying municipal revenues are found, so (...) 2) that the local provincial administration, upon discovering new ways to sufficiently increase municipal revenues, submit its thoughts on
10810-558: The year, during the city's capture by Anton Denikin , business and homes were looted and women were raped. At least 152 people were killed in Haisyn in May 1919. Other estimates place the death toll as high as 390. More violence against Jews took place between 20 July and 25 July. One witness of pogroms in Ukraine during the Russian Revolution stated the following about how the pattern took place: The most common type of pogrom
10925-637: Was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1733 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (German: Friedrich August II ). He was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong , and converted to Catholicism in 1712 to secure his candidacy for the Polish throne. In 1719 he married Maria Josepha , daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor , and became elector of Saxony following his father's death in 1733. Augustus
11040-531: Was a church cemetery near the cathedral. In the 1930s, the church, like many other religious buildings, was destroyed by Soviet authorities . In 1896, there were 9,367 inhabitants in Haisyn, including 5,152 Jews (55.5%), and 3,840 Orthodox Christians (41.0%). There was one church, one synagogue, five Jewish prayer houses, and one schismatic chapel. There were nine plants and factory-industrial establishments, including one distillery, one candle factory, one tobacco factory, one copper-iron factory. For education, there
11155-565: Was able to find a description of Augustus' character in the Dresden archives in the late 1980s; he was considered an honest and affectionate man, who was widely respected during his reign by both the Saxons and the Poles. In his personal life, Augustus was a devoted husband to Maria Josepha, with whom he had sixteen children. Unlike his father who was a notorious womanizer, he was never unfaithful and enjoyed spending time with his spouse, uncommon among
11270-446: Was able to gain the support of Charles VI by agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and also gained recognition from Russian Empress Anna by supporting Russia's claim to the region of Courland . He was elected king of Poland by a small minority on 5 October 1733 and subsequently banished the former Polish king Stanisław I . He was crowned in Kraków on 17 January 1734. Augustus was supportive of Austria against Prussia in
11385-522: Was aimed at securing the Austrian throne for Maria Theresa. Soon-after Charles VII died of gout in Munich, which weakened the Prussians. However, Prussia still maintained military superiority; the successful battles of Hennersdorf and Kesselsdorf opened the way to Dresden, which Frederick occupied on 18 December. The Treaty of Dresden was eventually completed on Christmas Day (25 December) and Saxony
11500-633: Was also the head of the Saxon court in Dresden and was fond of collectibles, such as gadgets, jewellery and Meissen porcelain , the most famous being the Swan Service composed of 2,200 individual pieces made between 1737 and 1741. It has been described as possibly "the finest table service ever produced" and part of it are exhibited at the National Museum in Warsaw . He also owned the largest collections of watches, vests, wigs and hats in Europe, though this cannot be accurately assessed. Brühl
11615-532: Was born 17 October 1696 in Dresden , the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong , Prince-Elector of Saxony and ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth who belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin . His mother was Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth , daughter of Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth . Unlike his father, Christiane remained
11730-485: Was buried at Dresden Cathedral and remains one of the few Polish monarchs who were buried outside of Poland. Augustus's eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian , succeeded his father as elector but died two and a half months later. In the Commonwealth, on 7 September 1764, with the small participation of the szlachta initiated by the Czartoryski's and the strong support of Russia, Stanisław August Poniatowski
11845-402: Was depicted by his rivals as a nouveau-riche materialist, who used his wealth to gain support. His lavish spending was immortalized by Augustus' reported question to the viceroy "Brühl, do I have money?" By 1748 Augustus III completed extending the Saxon Palace in Warsaw and made significant contributions in remodelling the Royal Castle . In 1750, von Brühl purchased a residence adjacent to
11960-471: Was divided into 3 districts, Kuna [ uk ] , Teplyk , and Ternovka. A stone church, the Church of St. Nicholas, was built in the town. The Haisyn City Council was created in 1793, but its oversight was limited to collection of taxes, and maintenance of city utilities (police, schools, hospitals, etc.). From 1793 to 1861, it also had a City Magistrate, which performed judicial and tax functions. At
12075-419: Was elected king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Reigning under the name Stanisław II Augustus, Poniatowski was the son of the elder Stanisław Poniatowski , a powerful Polish noble and a onetime agent of Stanisław I; in youth he was a lover of Catherine II of Russia and as such enjoyed strong support from that Empress's court. Augustus III was a great patron of the arts and architecture. During his reign
12190-732: Was first mentioned in 1545. In 1566, following the Union of Lublin , it became part of the Bracław Voivodeship of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . Under the rule of Stephen Báthory , the land was given to Tromchinsky family of feudal lords. In 1600, the settlement was granted to nobleman Swirski . In 1605, it passed from nobleman Oriszewski to Jadwiga Różynska of the Ruzhinsky family [ uk ] through right of her 4th husband, although her rights to
12305-438: Was founded in 1868. Russian economic reforms from 1860 to 1880 significantly accelerated the industrial development in the region. Cloth manufacturing in Haisyn county accounted for more than half of the total manufacturing capacity in the entire Podolia govenrorate. A silk factory was opened in the city, and in 1870, a brick factory was founded. Two tobacco processing plants were founded in 1880 and 1897. A steam mill opened up on
12420-403: Was groomed to succeed as king of Poland-Lithuania; best tutors were hired from across the continent and the prince studied Polish, German, French and Latin. He was taught Russian, but was unable to speak it fluently, as well as exact sciences including mathematics, chemistry and geography. He also practiced equestrianism in his youth. While his father spent time in Poland, the young Augustus
12535-401: Was involved in the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763. The Saxons were allied with Austria and Russia against Frederick the Great of Prussia, who saw Saxony as another potential field for expansion. Saxony was then merely a buffer zone between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia as well as Silesia , which Frederick attempted to annex in their entirety. Moreover, Saxony and Poland were separated by
12650-449: Was left in the care of his grandmother, Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark , who initially raised him Lutheran . This was particularly unfavourable for the Poles, who wouldn't accept or tolerate a Protestant monarch. As a consequence, a troubled Augustus II organized a tour of Catholic countries in Europe for his son which he hoped would bring him closer to Catholicism and break the bond between him and his controlling grandmother. In Venice ,
12765-422: Was not involved in any major conflicts which further lessened its position in Europe and allowed the neighbouring countries to take advantage of the disorder. Any opposition was violently crushed by Brühl, who used either Saxon or Russian forces that permanently stationed in the country. Brühl was a skillful diplomat and strategist; Augustus could only be reached through him if an important political feud arose. He
12880-566: Was obliged to pay one million rixdollars in reparations to the Prussian state. The treaty ended the Second Silesian War with a status quo ante bellum . Maria Theresa was finally recognized in her inheritance with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, which proved a Pyrrhic victory for Augustus III; the conflict nearly bankrupted Saxony. Meanwhile, the affairs in Poland remained highly neglected. The Electorate of Saxony
12995-466: Was one male college for higher education and one female college with preparatory and handicrafts classes. According to the 1897 census, there were 9,374 inhabitants in Haisyn, including: A significant event for the city's economy was the opening by the Southern Society of access roads in 1900 of a narrow-gauge railroad from Zhytomyr to Olviopil , which passed through Haisyn. By that time,
13110-471: Was plundered in 1701 and nearly destroyed. Much of the 18th century was a turbulent time for Jews and Poles in the town. During 1734 and 1750, Haydamak uprisings devastated the ethnically Polish and Jewish populations in the Bratslav Voivodeship, with both being massacred by Ukrainian rebels. The exact number of victims slaughtered is not known, but almost all sources record that there was
13225-727: Was then under the supervision of the Jesuits , who certainly contributed to the cause. The public announcement of conversion in 1717 triggered discontent among the Protestant Saxon aristocracy. Faced with a hereditary Catholic succession for Saxony, Prussia and Hanover attempted to oust Saxony from the directorship of the Protestant body in the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire , but Saxony managed to retain
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