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38-471: [REDACTED] Look up hair spray in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hairspray may refer to: Hair spray , a personal grooming product that keeps hair protected from humidity and wind Hairspray (1988 film) , a film by John Waters Hairspray (1988 soundtrack) , the film's soundtrack album Hairspray (musical) , a stage musical based on

76-428: A monohydrate . The anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, while the monohydrate forms when citric acid is crystallized from cold water. The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form at about 78 °C. Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 °C. It decomposes with loss of carbon dioxide above about 175 °C. Citric acid

114-499: A chelate complex is formed using all three carboxylate groups, the chelate rings have 7 and 8 members, which are generally less stable thermodynamically than smaller chelate rings. In consequence, the hydroxyl group can be deprotonated, forming part of a more stable 5-membered ring, as in ammonium ferric citrate , [NH + 4 ] 5 Fe (C 6 H 4 O 4− 7 ) 2 ·2H 2 O . Citric acid can be esterified at one or more of its three carboxylic acid groups to form any of

152-419: A dry powdered form is commonly sold in markets and groceries as "sour salt", due to its physical resemblance to table salt. It has use in culinary applications, as an alternative to vinegar or lemon juice, where a pure acid is needed. Citric acid can be used in food coloring to balance the pH level of a normally basic dye. Citric acid is an excellent chelating agent , binding metals by making them soluble. It

190-701: A food additive are defined by the Food Chemicals Codex , which is published by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). Citric acid can be added to ice cream as an emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating, to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or in recipes in place of fresh lemon juice. Citric acid is used with sodium bicarbonate in a wide range of effervescent formulae, both for ingestion (e.g., powders and tablets) and for personal care ( e.g. , bath salts , bath bombs , and cleaning of grease ). Citric acid sold in

228-408: A lower pH. Acid salts of citric acid can be prepared by careful adjustment of the pH before crystallizing the compound. See, for example, sodium citrate . The citrate ion forms complexes with metallic cations. The stability constants for the formation of these complexes are quite large because of the chelate effect . Consequently, it forms complexes even with alkali metal cations. However, when

266-451: A mild acid is used to neutralize and stop their action quickly, but commonly used acetic acid leaves a strong vinegar odor in the darkroom. Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. The citric acid is included to improve palatability Citric acid is an excellent soldering flux , either dry or as a concentrated solution in water. It should be removed after soldering, especially with fine wires, as it

304-413: A number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." These included hairspray, which was among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture" and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity . Sales of hairspray declined in the 1970s as hairstyles became predominantly worn straight and loose. By the 1980s, hairspray’s popularity came back as big hairstyles resurged with

342-528: A reverse, non-enzymatic Krebs cycle reaction . Global production was in excess of 2,000,000 tons in 2018. More than 50% of this volume was produced in China. More than 50% was used as an acidity regulator in beverages, some 20% in other food applications, 20% for detergent applications, and 10% for applications other than food, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and in the chemical industry. Citric acid can be obtained as an anhydrous (water-free) form or as

380-475: A six percent concentration of citric acid will remove hard water stains from glass without scrubbing. Citric acid can be used in shampoo to wash out wax and coloring from the hair. Illustrative of its chelating abilities, citric acid was the first successful eluant used for total ion-exchange separation of the lanthanides , during the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. In the 1950s, it was replaced by

418-508: A small volume of a can of hairspray. Most of a canister is filled solvents such as isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) and ethanol. Early hair sprays were developed in Europe in the 1920s. In the US, hair sprays were developed around the time of the aerosol can in the 1940s, and the first patents describing copolymers for hair styling were published in the 1940s. In the US, the first to package it

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456-438: A variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits . Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/L in the juices ). The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from 0.005  mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes; these values vary within species depending upon

494-517: A variety of mono-, di-, tri-, and mixed esters. Citrate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle , also known as the TCA ( T ri C arboxylic A cid) cycle or the Krebs cycle, a central metabolic pathway for animals, plants, and bacteria. In the Krebs cycle, citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate. Citrate then acts as the substrate for aconitase and

532-416: Is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts , esters , and the polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate ; an ester is triethyl citrate . When citrate trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as C 6 H 5 O 7 or C 3 H 5 O(COO) 3 . Citric acid occurs in

570-407: Is a tribasic acid , with pK a values, extrapolated to zero ionic strength, of 3.128, 4.761, and 6.396 at 25 °C. The pK a of the hydroxyl group has been found, by means of C NMR spectroscopy , to be 14.4. The speciation diagram shows that solutions of citric acid are buffer solutions between about pH 2 and pH 8. In biological systems around pH 7, the two species present are

608-490: Is an organic compound with the skeletal formula H O C (CO 2 H)(CH 2 CO 2 H) 2 . It is a colorless weak organic acid . It occurs naturally in citrus fruits . In biochemistry , it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle , which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms . More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as acidifier , flavoring , preservative , and chelating agent . A citrate

646-477: Is converted into aconitic acid . The cycle ends with regeneration of oxaloacetate. This series of chemical reactions is the source of two-thirds of the food-derived energy in higher organisms. The chemical energy released is available under the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Hans Adolf Krebs received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. Citrate can be transported out of

684-600: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages hair spray Hair sprays consist of the following components: concentrate, plasticizers , luster agents, and fragrances , as well as propellants. Hair spray are a blend of polymers that provide structural support to hair. These frequently include copolymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). Vinyl acetate- crotonic acid copolymers give harder films. In this way hairsprays can be formulated as flexible, medium, and maximum hold. The copolymer mixture

722-544: Is mildly corrosive. It dissolves and rinses quickly in hot water. Alkali citrate can be used as an inhibitor of kidney stones by increasing urine citrate levels, useful for prevention of calcium stones, and increasing urine pH, useful for preventing uric acid and cystine stones. Citric acid is a versatile precursor to many other organic compounds. Dehydration routes give itaconic acid and its anhydride. Citraconic acid can be produced via thermal isomerization of itaconic acid anhydride. The required itaconic acid anhydride

760-409: Is no need for phosphofructokinase to continue to send molecules of its substrate, fructose 6-phosphate , into glycolysis. Citrate acts by augmenting the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of ATP , another sign that there is no need to carry out glycolysis. Citrate is a vital component of bone, helping to regulate the size of apatite crystals. Because it is one of the stronger edible acids,

798-480: Is used as an odorless alternative to white vinegar for fabric dyeing with acid dyes . Sodium citrate is a component of Benedict's reagent , used for both qualitative and quantitative identification of reducing sugars. Citric acid can be used as an alternative to nitric acid in passivation of stainless steel . Citric acid can be used as a lower-odor stop bath as part of the process for developing photographic film . Photographic developers are alkaline, so

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836-436: Is used to remove and discourage the buildup of limescale from boilers and evaporators. It can be used to treat water, which makes it useful in improving the effectiveness of soaps and laundry detergents. By chelating the metals in hard water , it lets these cleaners produce foam and work better without need for water softening. Citric acid is the active ingredient in some bathroom and kitchen cleaning solutions. A solution with

874-463: Is usually adjusted to achieve the desired physical properties (adhesive strength, foaming, etc.), using plasticizers such as aminomethyl propanol , surfactants such as benzalkonium chloride , and other agents like dimethicone . Since the phase-out of CFCs in the 1980s, hydrocarbons are popular propellants. These include propane, butane, isobutane, and related volatile hydrocarbons, as well as other mixtures. Such hydrocarbons are poor solvents for

912-461: The cultivar and the circumstances under which the fruit was grown. Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , who crystallized it from lemon juice. Industrial-scale citric acid production first began in 1890 based on the Italian citrus fruit industry, where the juice was treated with hydrated lime ( calcium hydroxide ) to precipitate calcium citrate , which

950-469: The glam metal scene. Prior to 1979, the most popular propellants in hairsprays were CFCs . Owing to environmental concerns, they were replaced. Hair spray can be used for things other than hair. For example in the beauty world one might spray some hairspray on the leg and on the inside of the dress so that the dress won't ride up and stay in place. [REDACTED] Media related to Hair spray at Wikimedia Commons Citric acid Citric acid

988-416: The mitochondria and into the cytoplasm, then broken down into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis , and into oxaloacetate. Citrate is a positive modulator of this conversion, and allosterically regulates the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase , which is the regulating enzyme in the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA (the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis). In short, citrate is transported into

1026-461: The US as Hairspray Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hairspray . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hairspray&oldid=1215274403 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1064-525: The active ingredients such as the polymers. For this reason dimethyl ether is often added as well. It functions both as a propellant and a solvent. In addition to hydrocarbon propellants, fluorinated gases have been widely used as propellants to replace CFCs, with the most common gas being 1,1-difluoroethane . It is often listed as hydrofluorocarbon-152a. Plasticizers used in hair spray include esters of citric acid and adipic acid . Silicones and polyglycols are also used. The concentrate comprises only

1102-411: The citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate ion. The SSC 20X hybridization buffer is an example in common use. Tables compiled for biochemical studies are available. Conversely, the pH of a 1 mM solution of citric acid will be about 3.2. The pH of fruit juices from citrus fruits like oranges and lemons depends on the citric acid concentration, with a higher concentration of citric acid resulting in

1140-431: The cytoplasm, converted into acetyl-CoA, which is then converted into malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is allosterically modulated by citrate. High concentrations of cytosolic citrate can inhibit phosphofructokinase , the catalyst of a rate-limiting step of glycolysis . This effect is advantageous: high concentrations of citrate indicate that there is a large supply of biosynthetic precursor molecules, so there

1178-558: The dominant use of citric acid is as a flavoring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks and candies. Within the European Union it is denoted by E number E330 . Citrate salts of various metals are used to deliver those minerals in a biologically available form in many dietary supplements . Citric acid has 247 kcal per 100 g. In the United States the purity requirements for citric acid as

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1216-429: The far more efficient EDTA . In industry, it is used to dissolve rust from steel, and to passivate stainless steels . Citric acid is used as an acidulant in creams, gels, and liquids. Used in foods and dietary supplements, it may be classified as a processing aid if it was added for a technical or functional effect (e.g. acidulent, chelator, viscosifier, etc.). If it is still present in insignificant amounts, and

1254-576: The mold is filtered out of the resulting suspension , citric acid is isolated by precipitating it with calcium hydroxide to yield calcium citrate salt, from which citric acid is regenerated by treatment with sulfuric acid, as in the direct extraction from citrus fruit juice. In 1977, a patent was granted to Lever Brothers for the chemical synthesis of citric acid starting either from aconitic or isocitrate (also called alloisocitrate) calcium salts under high pressure conditions; this produced citric acid in near quantitative conversion under what appeared to be

1292-400: The original film Hairspray (2002 album) , the musical's cast album Hairspray Live! , a live television musical version of the stage musical Hairspray (2007 film) , a film based on the musical Hairspray (2007 soundtrack) , the film's soundtrack album Hairspray: The School Musical , a UK reality TV series Pucker! , a 1995 album by The Selecter released in

1330-490: The pharmaceutical company Pfizer began industrial-level production using this technique two years later, followed by Citrique Belge in 1929. In this production technique, which is still the major industrial route to citric acid used today, cultures of Aspergillus niger are fed on a sucrose or glucose -containing medium to produce citric acid. The source of sugar is corn steep liquor , molasses , hydrolyzed corn starch , or other inexpensive, carbohydrate solution. After

1368-543: The technical or functional effect is no longer present, it may be exempt from labeling <21 CFR §101.100(c)>. Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and is an active ingredient in chemical skin peels. Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin . Citric acid is used as one of the active ingredients in the production of facial tissues with antiviral properties. The buffering properties of citrates are used to control pH in household cleaners and pharmaceuticals . Citric acid

1406-508: Was Chase products (an aerosol manufacturer) in 1948, as the beauty industry saw that the aerosol cans used in World War II for insecticides could be used as a dispenser for hairspray. It thrived and became increasingly popular and mass-produced, as updos and other such hairstyles were created. By 1964, it became the highest selling beauty product on the market. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest , protestors symbolically threw

1444-463: Was isolated and converted back to the acid using diluted sulfuric acid . In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce citric acid from sugar. However, microbial production of citric acid did not become industrially important until World War I disrupted Italian citrus exports. In 1917, American food chemist James Currie discovered that certain strains of the mold Aspergillus niger could be efficient citric acid producers, and

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